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PubMedDate not supplied

[Clinico-immunologic monitoring of HIV-infected patients: comparative analysis of indicators, characterizing development of the disease].

The paper contains the results of a 15-year monitoring (since 1986 to 2001) of HIV-infected patients followed up at the clinic of the Institute of Immunology, Federal Department "Medbioextrem", Russia's Health Ministry. An analysis of a category of HIV-infected persons, who practiced the intravenous consumption of drugs since 1997 to 2001, revealed not only concomitant multi-virus infections (hepatitis C--68%, hepatitis B--48%, herpes 41%, fungal infections--66% and bacterial infections--46%) but also lesions (up to 70%) in the gastrointestinal tract and in the hepatic-cellular and hepatic-biliary systems. It was established that, when only immunological indices are taken account of in presence of multi-virus infections, it does not ensure an adequate evaluation of an HIV-patient condition. The below biochemical parameters must be necessarily taken into consideration: activity of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and of alkaline phosphatase. The changes in the biochemical parameters were shown to be essentially higher in HIV patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) even during the 2 initial follow-up years, when the immunological parameters are in the norm or even insignificantly below it. A comparative analysis of dynamic clinical, immunological and biochemical indices was made within the case study for the purpose of defining the prognostic criteria for HIV progression scenarios.

Disease Progression↗

PubMed2003

[Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome: imported or native disease in the Zadar region].

AIM: The aim of the study is to warn of the need of clinical hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) recognition and determination, and of the risk of its spread from a new focus of this natural zoonosis near Zadar (north Dalmatia), i.e., in the northern part (Lika) of the Zadar County. METHOD: Clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of HFRS were analyzed in four patients. Patient sera were analyzed for Puumala (PUU) and Hantaan (HTN) viruses by immunofluorescence test (IFT) and immunoenzyme test (ELISA). RESULTS: Epidemiologic studies confirmed the source of infection to be out of the area in three patients, whereas in one patient it was near Zadar area. Mild symptoms pointed to the disease. Pathologic findings showed pathologic leukocyte values (leukocytosis), two- to four-fold alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and creatinine increase in serum, proteinuria and erythrocyturia. A significant PUU antibody titer was found by serum IF and ELISA. CONCLUSION: The occurrence of HFRS in the Zadar area was confirmed by clinical description and laboratory evidence. The newly identified focus was in the vicinity of this area could imply a risk for the disease epidemic in the Zadar area.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

[Plasma endothelin levels in patients with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome caused by fish gall bladder poisoning].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the correlation between the change of plasma endothelin (ET) and the occurrence and progress of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) caused by fish gall bladder poisoning. METHODS: Plasma ET was measured in 85 patients with fish gall bladder poisoning and 30 healthy controls and comparison of the levels of plasma ET was carried out between patients groups with different severity of fish gall bladder poisoning. The relationship between plasma ET levels and enzymology as well as some biochemistry indexes in patients with fish gall bladder poisoning was then analyzed. RESULTS: Plasma ET in patients with fish gall bladder poisoning (150.5 +/- 90.5) ng/L was much higher than that in controls (52.8 +/- 9.3) ng/L. The concentration of plasma ET in slight poisoning group (61.2 +/- 13.6) ng/L increased a little, but it was not significantly different with that in controls (P > 0.05). The concentration of plasma ET was significantly higher in moderate poisoning group and severe poisoning group (162.3 +/- 82.3) ng/L and (232.6 +/- 92.7) ng/L as compared with that in the controls (P < 0.01), with the severe poisoning group much higher than the moderate poisoning group and the latter much higher than the normal. At the same time, plasma ET in MODS group and non-MODS group (210.2 +/- 98.7) ng/L and (126.3 +/- 68.3) ng/L were both notably higher than that in the controls. Furthermore plasma ET in the MODS group was much higher than that in the non-MODS (P < 0.01). It was also found that a positive correlation existed between plasma ET and creatine kinase-MB, cardiac troponin I, lactate dehydrogenase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine (P < 0.01) and a negative correlation between plasma ET and endogenous creatinine clearance rate (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Plasma ET may be involved in the process of fish gall ladder poisoning and later in the progress of MODS. It was shown that the higher the level of plasma ET, the severer the degree of poisoning and the higher the fatality rate. So monitoring plasma ET level dynamically may be an important clinical index in judging the patients condition and their prognosis in fish gall bladder poisoning. Simultaneously it is useful for earlier diagnosis of fish gall bladder poisoning and alertness of MODS caused by it as well as for proper management with antagonist and inhibitor against plasma ET for prevention and cure of fish gall bladder poisoning.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

gamma-hydroxybutyrate protects the liver from warm ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat.

BACKGROUND: Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) syndrome remains an important clinical consideration in hepatic surgery, hemorrhagic shock, and liver transplantation. gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) has been reported to exert protective effects against ischemia-reperfusion injury to various organs. To investigate whether GHB protects the liver from warm ischemia-reperfusion injury, we performed this study in rats. METHODS: Thirty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into a sham-operation group, a control group,and three I/R groups pretreated with GHB, GHB plus naloxone or naloxone. After 30 minutes of partial ischemia, followed by 60 minutes of reperfusion in the liver, histomorphological and enzymological changes, lipid peroxidation, apoptosis, and the plasma level of endothelin-1 were observed. RESULTS: I/R increased the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase and the plasma level of endothelin-1 significantly (P<0.01), in addition to increase of apoptotic index (AI) from 0.28%+/-0.25% to 17.68%+/-1.91%. The levels of hepatic malondialdehyde were markedly increased, whereas the activities of superoxide dismutase were markedly decreased. GHB pretreatment prevented the liver from warm ischemia-reperfusion injury significantly, but naloxone partially blocked this effect. CONCLUSION: GHB may significantly protect the liver from hepatic warm ischemia-reperfusion injury via several different mechanisms.

Anesthetics, Intravenous↗

PubMed2004

Establishment of reference intervals for enzyme catalytic activity concentration measurements at 37 degrees C--a practical approach.

The change from measuring enzyme catalytic activity concentrations from 25 degrees C to 37 degrees C in the German Federal Republic has led to the need for new reference ranges for defined patient groups and for healthy individuals. Up to now, these are only present as tentative values and are incomplete, especially for children. This article describes a method for deriving reference ranges from results obtained from measurement at 25 degrees C and 37 degrees C and the use of percentiles to establish values for 37 degrees C. A total of 1,111,378 data from 507,305 patients were used to establish reference ranges for the following 11 enzymes at 37 degrees C using the test kits from Roche Diagnostics measured on the Modular analyser: acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, cholinesterase, creatine kinase, creatine kinase - MB subunit, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase, glutamate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase - isoenzyme 1. The computed reference ranges from the data used gave rise to reference ranges, some of which were in agreement with the data from the producer, some of which, however, showed deviations from the values given by the producer. Ranges for newborns, children and adolescents could be computed with the prerequisite that ranges for 25 degrees C were available and that these had been established and validated. This method of establishing reference ranges for catalytic enzyme activities can be used for all producers, providing the number of data used is sufficient to allow for valid statistical analysis.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[New derivatives of triazino- and imidazoindole with hepatoprotective activity].

The effect of 30 indole derivatives (mainly condensed) containing a thio-carbamide fragment was investigated in rats using a model of carbontetrachloride-induced hepatitis and a model of partial hepatectomy (for some compounds). Among indoles, 1,2,4-triazino[5,6-b]- and [6,5-b]indole as well as imidazo[4,5-b]indole series the compounds, decreasing concentration of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and total bilirubin in blood serum and reducing hexenal sleep duration were found. The compounds exceeding in this respect riboxine, potassium orotate and essentiale (used for comparison) and posessing sufficient therapeutic index were found. The correlation between biological activity and ionisation constants was observed for triazinoindole derivatives, while for some indices of liver state the correlation with ionisation constants and distribution coefficients in octanol/water system was found as well. High activity was most probable at pKa < or = 8. For aminoallcyl thioderivatives of triazinoindole the protective effect increased on substituting the aminogroup for hydrogen atom at 8-position, on increasing the side chain length from 2 to 3 methylene links and on replacing of acyclic aliphatic amines residues in a side chain by cyclic amines--pyrrolidine, N-methylpiperazine and morpholine rather than piperidine which increased toxicity. There was no correlation between hepatoprotective and antihypoxic activity while for actoprotectors the probability of liver protection was increased. The results indicate perspectives in searching new hepatoprotective agents among the indicated series of indole derivatives.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

[Preliminary experimental study on treatment of portal hypertension with auxiliary partial orthotopic liver transplantation].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of auxiliary partial orthotopic liver transplantation (APOLT) on portal hypertension in liver cirrhosis with amelioration of portal vein congestion, changes in portal vein pressure and status of the graft. METHODS: The recipients were porcine model of biliary cirrhosis reproduced by ligation of the common bile duct. During transplantation, arterial blood pressure, central venous pressure were recorded. Buffer base, standard bicarbonate and pH of arterial blood samples were determined and analyzed in order to assess the impact of operation on the animals. The hemodynamics were also monitored. Color Doppler ultrasonographic examination was performed on recipients before operation, intra-operation and 7 days after operation, respectively. Portal vein pressure, blood bilirubin and variables of liver function were measured by using an autoanalyzer. Wedge biopsy specimens of each pig were obtained, stained with hematoxylin-eosin, and examined. Analysis of variance was performed. Otherwise non-parametric tests were used. RESULTS: Eight weeks after ligation of the common bile duct, biliary cirrhosis was reproduced in all the pigs, and histopathological examination of the liver specimen showed a large number of pseudo-lobules. In 6 pigs with hepatic cirrhosis liver transplantation was done. Five of the 6 (83.3%) animals survived for 7 days. One recipient died because of unsuccessful operation, the others showed stable hemodynamics during the operation. Seven days after transplantation, the blood flow of the two liver portal veins was observed by the use of color Doppler ultrasonography. It was found that the blood flow in the donor portal vein was much richer than that of native portal vein. The venous outflow of the graft was ample and smooth, and no thrombosis of the hepatic vein or portal vein was found. The variables, including alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, bilirubin and total bilirubin, were significantly improved 7 days after operation compared with pre-operative data. Portal pressure was found to be (20.76+/-2.42)cm H(2)O(1 cm H(2)O=0.098 kPa), (17.62+/-2.33)cm H(2)O and (14.72+/-2.25)cm H(2)O before the operation, during the operation, and 7 days after operation, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.01). On the 7 days after transplantation, histopathological examination revealed evidence of damage with mild steatosis and sporadic necrotic hepatocytes and focal hepatic lobular degeneration in the graft, especially in the area around the central vein. CONCLUSION: APOLT is a hopeful option for the treatment of portal hypertension. This procedure can provide not only some improvement of the liver function but also decrease the pressure of portal vein.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

[Impact of Chai Qin Cheng Qi Decoction on cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway in rats with severe acute pancreatitis].

OBJECTIVE: To test the change of true choline esterase (TChE) and cholineacetyltransferase (ChAT) and their correlation with interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and the impact of Chai Qin Cheng Qi Decoction (CQCQD) on cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway in rats with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). Methods Thirty SD rats were randomly divided into three groups: control group (pseudo-operated), SAP group and CQCQD-treated group, each with 10 rats. Blood samples were taken six hours after injection of testing agents for biochemical test, which included the test of amylase, TNF-alpha, IL-6, TChE, and ChAT. RESULTS: The rats in SAP group had higher levels of serum IL-6, TNF-alpha and TChE and lower levels of serum ChAT than those in control group (P < 0.05). The serum IL-6 was positively correlated with TChE (r = 0.95, P = 0.000) and negatively correlated with ChAT (r = -0.91, P = 0.000). The TNF-alpha was also positively correlated with TChE (r = 0.93, P = 0.000) and negatively correlated with ChAT (r = -0.95, P = 0.004). The rats in CQCQD-treated group had lower levels of serum IL-6, TNF-alpha and TChE and higher levels of serum ChAT than those in SAP group (P < 0.01). The increase of white blood cell, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase was observed in the control group first and followed by the CQCQD-treated group and SAP group sequentially (P < 0.05). Conclusions Cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway plays an important role in the pathological changes of SAP in rats. CQCQD can relieve the systemic inflammatory response syndrome and reduce the functional damage of organs through interference on the cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway. More studies are needed to reveal the mechanism of such impact.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Effect of ecoimmunonutrition supports on maintenance of integrity of intestinal mucosal barrier in severe acute pancreatitis in dogs.

BACKGROUND: One of the major causes of death in severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) is severe infection owing to bacterial translocation. Some clinical studies suggested that ecoimmunonutrition (EIN) as a new strategy had better treatment effect on SAP patients. But the experiment studies on the precise mechanism of the effect of EIN were less reported. In this study, we mainly investigated the effects of EIN on bacterial translocation in SAP model of dogs. METHODS: SAP was induced by retrograde infusion of 5% sodium taurocholate into the pancreatic duct in healthy hybrid dogs. The SAP dogs were supported with either parenteral nutrition (PN) or elemental enteral nutrition (EEN) or EIN. The levels of serum amylase, serum aminotransferase and plasma endotoxin were detected before and after pancreatitis induction. On the 7th day after nutrition supports, peritoneal fluid, mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), liver, and pancreas were collected for bacterial culture with standard techniques to observe the incidence of bacterial translocation. Pathology changes of pancreas were analyzed by histopathologic grading and scoring of the severity of pancreas, and the degree of intestinal mucosal damage was assessed by measuring mucosal thickness, villus height, and crypt depth of ileum. RESULTS: Compared with PN and EEN, EIN significantly decreased the levels of serum amylase, serum aminotransferase, plasma endotoxin, and the incidence of bacterial translocation. Furthermore, compared with the others, the histology scores of inflammation in pancreas and the ileum injury (ileum mocosa thickness, villus height, and crypt depth) were significantly alleviated by EIN (P < 0.05). Moreover, concerning liver function, the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and albumin were ameliorating significantly in the EIN group. CONCLUSION: Our results suggested that EIN could maintain the integrity of intestinal mucosal barrier and reducing the incidence of bacterial translocation in SAP dogs. Early EIN was safe and more effective treatment for SAP dogs.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1991

[Diagnosis and treatment of acute pancreatitis].

From study of 549 patients with various forms of acute pancreatitis (AP) the authors conclude that membrane disorders occur in these patients, in which case membrane modulators, products of lipid peroxidation (PLO) among others, play an inducing role. In addition to the routine clinical data, of great significance for the diagnosis of AP are laboratory findings on lactate dehydrogenase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, endogenous enzymes, transamidinase, concentrations of free kinins, blood coagulative system, study of free radical oxidation of lipids, beta-lipoprotein levels, etc. The authors recommend a wider use of fatty emulsions with heparin and intraarterial infusion of agents in the generally accepted complex of therapeutic measures. Operative treatment is usually indicated in approximately 20% of cases.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1990

Effects of soman poisoning on hematology and coagulation parameters and serum biochemistry in rabbits.

The effects of soman poisoning on hematological (counts of red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), and platelets and measurement of hematocrit) and coagulation parameters (prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time and concentrations of fibrinogen, factor V, factor VII, and factor XI) and serum biochemistry (concentration of albumin, protein, calcium, cholesterol, triglycerides, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), magnesium, and creatinine and activities of alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, cholinesterase, creatinine phosphokinase (CPK), hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, and amylase) were determined at 1, 2, 4, 24, and 48 hours after poisoning of rabbits. There were significant (p less than 0.05) decreases in the RBC counts in all treatment groups that were measured initially at 4 hours and were reflected by parallel decreases in the hematocrit values. These changes were probably due to an increase in the hemolysis of the RBC rather than a decrease in the production of RBC. There were minor changes in the coagulation parameters. Generally, the fibrinogen content increased. The activated partial thromboplastin time decreased significantly (p less than 0.05) 24 and 48 hours after soman (50 micrograms/kg) poisoning. Blood cholinesterase values were significantly reduced in all treatment groups at all time periods. The CPK activity was increased after 4 and 24 hours in the 20 and 50 micrograms/kg soman groups. There were minor changes in the other biochemistry values, but none that showed a dose-response relationship; thus, they were considered to be of limited significance with regard to the toxic manifestations of soman exposure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Influence of dopamine on the liver assessed by changes in arterial ketone body ratio in brain-dead dogs.

The influence of dopamine on liver metabolism in the state of brain death was assessed by measuring arterial ketone body ratio (AKBR) in dogs. Mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) was significantly decreased, from 137.4 +/- 3.7 to 64.7 +/- 2.8 mm Hg, 1 hour after completion of brain death (p less than 0.01). In the control group AKBR was maintained at the near control value of 1.07 thereafter, concomitant with a significant decrease in serum lactate levels, despite marked hypotension (p less than 0.05). Dopamine infusion at rates of 5 and 10 micrograms/kg/min sustained both AKBR and MABP at near control values. In contrast, dopamine given at doses greater than 15 micrograms/kg/min caused a significant reduction of AKBR, to less than 0.66 +/- 0.12 (p less than 0.01), although MABP was restored to near-normal levels. In addition, serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase were significantly elevated, reflecting liver cell injury. It is suggested that the liver is primarily tolerant to hypotension in the state of brain death and that dopamine administered at a rate of 15 micrograms/kg/min or more impairs liver metabolism by reducing the redox state (free nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide/reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide) of liver mitochondria.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Clinical laboratory manifestations of exposure to dioxin in children. A six-year study of the effects of an environmental disaster near Seveso, Italy.

Following a major environmental accident near Seveso, Italy, on July 10, 1976, we attempted to determine if the 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) released into the atmosphere had any effect on the liver function and lipid metabolism of exposed children. From July 1976 to June 1982, we analyzed the results of more than 4500 laboratory tests (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, alkaline phosphatase, cholesterol, and triglycerides in plasma and delta-aminolevulinic acid in urine) in a population of about 1500 children aged 6 to 10 years at the moment of the accident. The children exposed to the highest concentration of TCDD showed alterations in serum gamma-glutamyltransferase and alanine aminotransferase activity compared with the control group. These differences were restricted to values inside limits set from the lower end of the normal range to slightly above it. The observed abnormalities were slight and disappeared with time.

Accidents, Occupational↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Antioxidant effectiveness in isoniazid-induced lesions of the liver].

In male albino rats tocopherol acetate and sodium selenite were shown to be efficient in treatment of isoniazide-induced liver damage. The disturbances of secretion of bile, bile acids and bilirubin and excretion of cholesterol were less pronounced. A decrease of the activity of marker blood serum enzymes--alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase--also indicated the hepatoprotective effect of these drugs. The intensity of lipoperoxidation indicated by a decrease of lipid peroxidation indices in the liver and blood was diminished. Tocopherol acetate and sodium selenite increase the number of sulfhydryl groups but decrease the number of disulfide groups in these biosubstrates.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

[Effectiveness of legalon and essentiale in a tetracycline-induced liver lesion].

It was shown in the experiments with albino rats that legalon and essentiale had a pronounced hepatoprotective effect in tetracycline affections of the liver. They retarded the increase in the activity of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase in blood serum, prevented suppression of cholopoiesis by tetracycline and inhibited lipid peroxidation. The drugs may be used for prevention and treatment of tetracycline affections of the liver.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

[Use of bioflavonoids to prevent the harmful action of tetracycline on the liver].

It was shown in experiments on male albino rats that the plant bioflavonoids flamin, flakumin and tanaflon had hepatoprotective properties in liver function impairment caused by tetracycline intoxication. This was evident from a significant improvement of biliary secretion, synthesis and secretion of bile acids and bile secretion of bilirubin and cholesterol not only in the animals untreated with tetracycline but also in the controls. A decrease in the activity of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase in the serum was indicative of the pronounced hepatoprotective effect of the bioflavonoids. They inhibited lipid peroxidation in the hepatocyte membranes evident from a decrease in the content of malonic dialdehyde and diene conjugates in liver homogenates. The antioxidant properties were especially pronounced in tanaflon. Correlation between lipid peroxidation, activity of the transferases and alkaline phosphatase and cholopoiesis both in tetracycline intoxication and in the prophylaxis and treatment with flamin, flakumin and tanaflon was shown.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

Polyethylene glycol-6000 as a clearing agent for lipemic serum samples from dogs and the effects on 13 serum assays.

Polyethylene glycol-6000 (PEG) was evaluated as a clearing agent for lipemic serum from dogs. Effects of PEG-treatment in lipemic and non-lipemic samples were determined for 13 chemical and enzymatic assays (glucose, BUN, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, amylase, total protein, albumin, sodium, potassium, chloride, phosphorus, and calcium). Control samples for lipemic sera were prepared by ultracentrifugation. Treatment with PEG cleared all lipemic samples. Regression lines for all lipemic samples were highly significant (P less than 0.0001) and the SD of the control values around the regression lines were small compared with the mean value for an assay. The technique was simple, quick, and inexpensive. With proper validation, reliable predictions of true serum values could be calculated for lipemic serum samples for all assays studied.

Animals↗

PubMed1983

[Vitamin E and selenium-containing preparations in the prevention treatment of tetracycline-induced lesions of the liver].

Studies on albino rats showed that high doses of tetracycline-induced damages of the liver evident from increased activity of serum enzymes (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase) and inhibition of bile secretion, synthesis and secretion of bile acids and cholesterol excretion. Administration of vitamin E, sodium selenite, infusion of Astragalus L. and especially vitamin E combinations with sodium selenite markedly or completely arrested the occurrence of hepatotoxic properties of tetracycline. It is suggested that the use of vitamin E combinations with selenium-containing preparations is advisable in the prophylaxis and treatment of tetracycline-induced damages of the liver.

Animals↗