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PubMedDate not supplied

[Picture naming and memory in children: phonological and semantic effects].

BACKGROUND: [corrected] The relation between picture naming and the short and long term memories. AIM: to verify the ability of picture naming based on phonological and semantic queues, relating it to memory. METHOD: 80 pictures selected from a set of 400 (Cycowicz et al., 1997) were presented to 80 children with ages ranging from 3 to 6 years. Responses were classified in semantic and phonologic errors and number of correct answers. RESULTS: The effect of the articulatory complexity was significant and the effect of the semantic complexity was not significant. CONCLUSION: Naming is the result of memory activation which is organized in categories, physical properties and function; phonologic effects do interfere in the activity of naming, whereas the semantic effects reflect that the long term memory is organized in categories which are dependant of the context and of the development.

Child↗
PubMed2004

[Preliminary normative data for the second edition of the Boston Naming Test for young Spanish adults].

INTRODUCTION: The Boston Naming Test (BNT) is one of the most widely used tests in neuropsychological evaluation of language disorders, specifically when testing for anomia. The aim of this study is to establish preliminary normative data for the second edition of the BNT for young spanish adults (age range between 20 and 49 years). METHODS: A total of 160 subjects (60 % female and 40 % male) were administered the BNT. Mean age was 33.89 years (SD: 9.45) and average number of years of education was 13.98 (SD: 3.97). The version used in the present study is the second edition of the BNT (Kaplan et al., 2001) which includes two new components: multiple choice and error typology. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Descriptive statistics of the test's variables. Lineal regression to establish the possible degree of influence of the variables age and education on test performance. RESULTS: The sample's mean score was 51.84. Education significantly influences the final score (B: 0.476; p= 0.001). Multiple choice was effective in 89 % of cases. DISCUSSION: The present results will allow proper clinical interpretation of results in the BNT 2001 version in young Spanish adults.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Social and affective impairments are important recovery after acquired stroke in childhood.

Despite a congenital stroke, overall intelligence at school age is generally within the normal range. Language acquisition problems are more prominent when children are younger (<5 years of age) than when they are older. They are present after both right and left lesions, but appear to have different features. They are less apparent than in the child with a developmental language disorder. Acquired aphasia in childhood results in subtle and often persisting deficits. Children with congenital strokes are at risk for behavioral and psychiatric problems. Those with congenital right hemisphere strokes appear to be more difficult infants, but there is no clear side of lesion effect in older children. Children with congenital right hemisphere strokes have more prominent spatial difficulties than their left lesion counterparts. Evaluating both the process and the product highlights this. Increasing the difficulty of the task often brings out deficits in the right lesion group even when they seemingly recovered.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Melodic intonation in the rehabilitation of Romanian aphasics with bucco-lingual apraxia.

The main objective of the present study was to assess the efficiency of the melodic intonation therapy (MIT) in the rehabilitation of Romanian aphasics. Eighty predominantly Broca aphasics used the melodic intonation therapy when no other therapy methods were very efficient. The speech therapist intonated the respective word, then together with the patient and finally let him continue alone. The control group counted 80 aphasics and it applied other therapy methods. Each patient, regardless of the group, was tested twice, before and after therapy. Since most of the patients displayed severe language disorders, and other therapy methods failed in rehabilitating them, MIT was considered an efficient method in the early stages of Broca aphasia with bucco-lingual apraxia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Therapy for anomia in semantic dementia.

Semantic dementia is a commonly accepted term for a language disorder resulting from neurodegenerative changes due to frontotemporal dementia. An intervention program was designed to halt and/or decelerate the effects of progressive anomia in AK, a 63-year-old female with semantic dementia. Pictorial stimuli were selected and labeled with their respective names and a description most relevant to AK's experience. Daily homework assignments were carried out, during which AK looked at the picture, read the label aloud, and read the description. Positive short-term effects of treatment were observed on treated items.

Anomia↗
PubMed2004

Stuttering or reflex seizure? A case report.

Stuttering is characterized by involuntary syllabic repetitions and interruption in the smooth flow of speech. The exact cause of primary stuttering remains a matter of debate but a frontal dysfunction has been evoked. On the other hand, acquired stuttering is uncommon. We report a case of reflex epilepsy in which seizures were triggered by reading aloud or stressful conversation. Each paroxysmal event in left frontal region was associated clinically with a language disorder mimicking stuttering. Our observation suggests that reflex frontal focal epilepsy could be a putative etiology for acquired stuttering.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

[Verbal dyspraxia: its clinical characteristics and treatment with speech therapy].

INTRODUCTION: Verbal dyspraxia is a specific developmental language disorder that is characterised by a deficit at different levels of speech processing: in phonological planning, in phonetic planning and in the implementation of the speech motor programme. DEVELOPMENT: In this study we review the criteria for differential diagnosis, the tests that are useful to achieve this and the possible lines of speech therapy treatment.

Apraxias↗
PubMed1992

Slowly progressive aphasia: report of a case.

We report on the case of a 66-year-old right-handed woman, who shows the clinical and behavioral features of "slowly progressive aphasia" described by MESULAM. At the age of 63 the patient began to develop progressive disturbances of word fluency and naming. The neuropsychological examination revealed amnestic aphasia and a mild impairment of verbal memory. Neuroradiological findings demonstrated left temporo-parietal atrophy. A neuropsychological evaluation performed two years later showed a worsening of language disorders and only a slight compromission in other cognitive areas, while the activities of daily living and the occupational functioning remained unimpaired.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Sound-based language play in four language-impaired subjects.

The production of sound-based language play in four language-impaired subjects was investigated. A battery of metalinguistic tests, incorporating the production of poems, nursery rhymes, alliteration and rhyme, was designed to assess the subjects' sound-based language play. The subjects' performance on these tests was compared with their performance on a battery of standardised language tests. Results indicated that the language-impaired subjects did not successfully involve themselves in sound-based language play. Furthermore, a decrease in sound-based language play was observed with an increase in the extent of the language impairment. Hence, a positive correlation was found between poor language competence and deficient metalinguistic skills. Diagnostic, therapeutic and theoretical implications are discussed.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Rheumatic heart disease: cause of cerebrovascular disease at the National Institute of Cardiology "Ignacio Chávez"].

OBJECTIVE: To review the epidemiological profile of stroke associated to rheumatic heart disease (RHD) in a Mexican Cardiovascular Center. Cardioembolic stroke is one of the most severe causes of death and disability and the spectrum of its neurological complications is diverse. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This is a 10-years retrospective study of 709 patients with stroke diagnosis from the National Institute of Cardiology "Ignacio Chávez" Stroke Data Bank from 1991 to 2000. Derived from this information, only the cases with RHD were selected along with those with a perfectly defined profile for cardioembolic mechanism, according to the Cerebral Embolism Task Force on Cardiogenic Brain Embolism. RESULTS: We selected 250 stroke patients; 163 of these cases (65.2%) presented cardioembolism criteria. This association was more frequent in women (126/77.3%) than in men (37/22.7%). Average age was of 50 years. The damage to valves in RHD was: DML with predominance of stenosis, 88/54%; MI, 56/34.3%; AVL, 19/11.7%. Atrial fibrillation was the most commonly associated arrhythmia. The presence of mechanical prosthetic mitral valves was of 59/36.19%. Sensor-motor syndrome and language disorders were the most common clinical neurological consequences. CONCLUSIONS: In our country, RHD continues being one of the most frequent causes of severe disability, specially when is associated to strokes in young people.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Diagnosis and treatment of brain creatine deficiency syndromes].

AIM: To review the clinical, biochemical and genetic aspects of brain creatine deficiency syndromes, as well as the therapeutic options available. DEVELOPMENT: Brain creatine deficiency syndrome has recently been described as a series of inborn errors of metabolism that affect the synthesis and transport of creatine. Three metabolic defects are known: two affect synthesis -guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) and arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT)- and one affects the transport of creatine. Clinically, these patients can display mental retardation, language disorders, epilepsy, autistic behaviour, neurological impairment and movement disorders. After the clinical selection, the different defects can be identified by a biochemical study involving the analysis of metabolites in biological fluids (guanidinoacetate and creatine/ creatinine ratio). Before continuing with the molecular studies, it is important to confirm the deficiency of brain creatine by means of magnetic resonance imaging with spectroscopy. Diagnostic confirmation of AGAT and GAMT deficits is carried out by determining the enzymatic activity in fibroblasts or lymphoblasts, or the incorporation of creatine in the case of studies of transport defects. The study of mutations in AGAT, GAMT (autosomal recessive inheritance) and SLC6A8 (X-linked) genes completes the diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: Brain creatine deficiency syndromes are mainly associated to mental retardation and autism. GAMT and AGAT deficiencies respond to treatment with creatine, whereas patients with transport defects do not respond to this therapy; new therapeutic approaches are therefore being evaluated for this disease.

Amidinotransferases↗
PubMed2006

[Primary progressive non-fluente aphasia].

When a subject shows changes in his/her ability to express himself/herself verbally or to understand the messages from the people he/she relates with, it is customary to say that such a person has a language disorder, nosologically classified in the field of aphasias. In this article, we show the case of a patient diagnosed with progressive aphasia, where such a diagnosis describes the data resulting from the neuropsychological assessment process. Finally, we provide a few reflections with regard to the case.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

[Cerebral infarction due to polycythaemia as the initial manifestation of renal cell carcinoma].

A 65-year-old man with known diabetes mellitus and hypertension (cardiovascular risk factors) presented to the Emergency Clinic with a transient language disorder and motor- and cognitive-function disorders that had been present for the past half a year. Brain imaging revealed multiple white-matter lesions and a recent infarction. Routine blood tests revealed polycythaemia. Further tests revealed an elevated erythropoietin level and bilateral renal tumours. The cognitive functions improved after repeated phlebotomies and surgical resection of the renal-cell carcinomas. Before surgery, transcranial ultrasound had shown very low cerebral flow velocities, which became normal after correction of the haematocrit. This case emphasises the importance of routine blood tests in patients with suspected cerebral infarction. To our knowledge, this is the first case of cerebral infarction as the first manifestation ofa renal-cell carcinoma.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Type and frequency of phonemic errors in aphasics.

The research, performed on 80 Romanian-speaking aphasics showed that the frequency of various types of phonetic errors is quite different in various languages, as presented in aphasiologic references. In our study the main phonemic errors were in the order of their frequency as follows: omissions, substitutions and additions of phonemes. The other types of errors appeared rather infrequently, in decreasing order: targeting (tir à la cible phonématique), order reversing, misplacing, repeated phonemes, preservation of phonemes of previous words. It must be underlined that for English-speaking aphasics some authors observed that substitutions are the most frequent phonemic errors but some others considered that additions are more frequent than other types of phonemic errors.

Aphasia, Broca↗
PubMed1991

[Two cases of pure agraphia developed after thalamic hemorrhage].

We have observed two cases suffered from left thalamic hemorrhage, that showed pure agraphia. The first case was a 49 year-old, right handed male, who was educated through 11th grade. The CT scan revealed left thalamic hemorrhage with ventricular casting. The second case was a 48 year- old, right handed male, who was educated through 9th grade. The CT scan revealed left thalamic hemorrhage which is smaller than that of the first case, without intraventricular rupture. With a standard neuropsychological evaluation performed at chronic stage, neither cases showed oral language disorder, apraxia and agnosia. On the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, total IQ of the first and second case were 71 and 80 respectively. Each case developed severe writing disorder. The first case showed severe neographism and scrawl, mild literal paragraphia, which were frequently accompanied with perseveration. The second case showed literal paragraphia and no response, but neographism was not detected. The common characteristics of both cases were; 1) intact copy writing. 2) discrepancy between difficulty in writing "Kana" and that in "Kanji". 3) anosognosia of agraphia. The cerebral blood flow study by 123I-IMP Single photon emission computed tomography revealed low perfusion of the left cerebral hemisphere in both cases. From these findings, we concluded that dysfunction of the left cerebral cortex is responsible for producing agraphia in these cases.

Agraphia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Asymmetrical cerebral atrophy in Alzheimer's disease.

In most Alzheimer patients brain atrophy seems to be symmetrical. Recent neuropsychological and brain imaging investigations suggest, however, that in some patients one hemisphere is more severely affected from the onset of symptoms. We have observed four Alzheimer patients with grossly asymmetrical cerebral atrophy at autopsy, in whom the topography of the most severe atrophy was consistent with the earliest clinical signs of focal brain damage. In the three patients who at onset had relevant language disorders, atrophy of the brain was more severe in the association areas surrounding the left sylvian fissure. In the fourth patient, who first complained of visuospatial troubles, the right, nondominant hemisphere was more affected. These clinical and pathological findings suggest that association areas of one hemisphere were involved quite early in the evolution of the disease, conceivably at the same time as the hippocampus and related limbic structures. In these patients, a morphometric analysis of cortical changes in homologous areas of the cortex (area 22) was carried out in order to investigate the effect of the evolution of the disease upon cortical changes. This analysis showed that the numerical densities of nerve cells and tangle-bearing neurons were lower on the more atrophied side and suggested that the severity of cortical atrophy might have affected the size, but not the density, of senile plaques.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

[Conduction aphasia. Neuropsychologic study of a patient].

We report a patient with clinical features consistent with conduction aphasia. The patient had dilated cardiomyopathy, and as a complication, had cerebral infarction one year before neuropsychiatric evaluation. His language was fluid, paraphasic, with a "phonetic approximation behavior" in an attempt to pronounce the adequate word. Comprenssion was normal and repetition difficult, with numerous paraphasias. Number repetition was particularly affected. Reading and writing had the same features as spontaneous language. In association with the language disorder, he had "aphasic" acalculia, but other signs of left parietal involvement were absent. Magnetic resonance images showed a low parietal small chronic ischemic area, which also involved the left infrasilvian region, both in the cortex and in the white matter, presumably in the arcuate bundle. The differential diagnostic difficulties of this condition are discussed from a behavioral standpoint.

Aphasia↗