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At least 1,765 records · Page 98Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Angiotensin II receptors in the rat urinary bladder smooth muscle: type 1 subtype receptors mediate contractile responses.

Angiotensin II (Ang II) receptors in the rat urinary bladder smooth muscle were investigated by in vitro responses of smooth muscle strips to exogenous Ang II stimulation and in radioligand binding assays. Ang II (10(-10) M. to 10(-5) M.) caused a potent contractile response in a concentration-dependent manner. Using the recently developed nonpeptide subtype-selective antagonists, the Ang II-induced contractile response was further characterized. The Ang II-induced contractile response was inhibited weakly by the type 2 subtype (AT2)-selective antagonist PD123319 but was potently inhibited by the type 1 subtype (AT1)-selective antagonist DuP 753 with a pA2 value of 9.03, suggesting that the response is mediated predominantly by AT1 receptors. [125I]Ang II was used to specifically label a single class of binding sites with a dissociation constant of 0.31 nM. and a maximal binding capacity of 41.5 fmol./mg. of protein. DuP 753 could completely antagonize the binding of Ang II in a particulate fraction of rat bladder (Ki = 14 nM), whereas PD123319 did not have any effect in the concentration range of 10(-9) to 10(-5) M. The results suggest that AT1 receptors rather than AT2 receptors predominantly mediate Ang II-induced contraction in the rat urinary bladder.

Angiotensin II↗
PubMed2007

Dietary beta-cryptoxanthin inhibits N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine-induced urinary bladder carcinogenesis in male ICR mice.

Recent epidemiological studies have indicated that high dietary consumption of fruit and vegetables results in lower risk of bladder cancer. To confirm these findings, we investigated in the current study the effects of dietary administration with beta-cryptoxanthin extracted from Citras unshiu oranges on N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (OH-BBN)-induced urinary bladder carcinogenesis in mice. Male ICR mice were divided into 6 experimental and control groups. Groups 1 through 4 were given OH-BBN (500 ppm) in drinking water for 6 weeks to induced urinary bladder neoplasms. Mice in groups 2, 3 and 4 were fed the diets mixed with 1, 5 and 25 ppm of beta-cryptoxanthin, respectively, starting 1 week after the cessation of OH-BBN exposure, and kept on these diets for 24 weeks until the termination of the study. Group 5 was treated with the diet containing the test compound (25 ppm) alone, and group 6 served as an untreated control. All animals were sacrificed at week 32 for histopathology and immunohistochemistry (cyclin D1). Feeding with beta-cryptoxanthin decreased the incidence and multiplicity of preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions of urinary bladder. Notably, the highest dose (25 ppm) of the test chemical significantly lowered the occurrence of bladder carcinoma, in conjunction with reducing the cyclin D1-positive cell ratio. These findings suggest that beta-cryptoxanthin is able to prevent OH-BBN-induced bladder carcinogenesis in mice.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Triple primary cancers involving kidney, urinary bladder, and liver in a dye worker.

A case of triple primary cancers (renal cell carcinoma of the kidney, transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder, and hepatocellular carcinoma of the liver) was reported at autopsy. A 53-year-old man, who had a history of exposure to benzidine, underwent nephrectomy for a left renal cell carcinoma and 10 years later, transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TUR-Bt) for a transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. At the age of 65, he was diagnosed as having multiple hepatic tumors. Histological examination of biopsy specimens showed these lesions to be undifferentiated carcinomas. Immunohistological examination of both biopsy and autopsy specimens revealed that multiple hepatic tumors were hepatocellular carcinomas, not metastatic tumors from kidney or urinary bladder: tumor cells of hepatic tumors were positive for alpha-fetoprotein, although renal cell carcinomas and transitional cell carcinomas of urinary bladder were positive for Ber-EP4 and keratin, respectively. These findings suggest not only that immunohistological examination is helpful for the diagnosis of multiple primary cancers but also that benzidine may be hepatocarcinogenic in addition to those cancers that are known to be associated with benzidine exposure, i.e., renal cell carcinomas and transitional cell carcinomas in urinary bladder.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Alterations in cholinergic and neuropeptide innervation of urinary bladder following partial bladder outlet obstruction.

Posterior urethral valves (PUV) are the most common cause of bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) in infancy. Bladder instability, poor compliance and myogenic failure are responsible for the poor long-term prognosis in these patients. Previous studies have reported abundance of sensory neuropeptides, e.g. substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and acetylcholinesterase (AchE) nerves in the urinary bladder. We hypothesized that the functional changes in the bladder following BOO are due to alteration in cholinergic and sensory neuropeptide innervation. We therefore investigated cholinergic and sensory innervation of urinary bladder following BOO. Fifteen immature male guinea pigs (Hartley strain) 3-4 weeks old and weighing approximately 250 g. underwent placement of a silk ligature around the bladder neck to induce BOO. Controls included 5 sham-operated animals. The animals were killed 1, 2 and 4 weeks following obstruction, respectively. Whole-mount preparation and conventional sections of bladder wall were performed. AchE histochemistry, and single-label immunofluorescence histochemistry for SP, CGRP and VIP were utilized. Light microscopy and laser scanning confocal microscopy were used to assess the results. AchE staining showed marked increase in cholinergic innervation density within the suburothelial region following BOO. The staining for SP, CGRP and VIP demonstrated marked reduction in sensory nerve density within the suburothelial region 1 week following BOO and the lack of sensory innervation 4 weeks after BOO. The marked reduction in sensory innervation of the bladder and simultaneous increase in cholinergic innervation following BOO may lead to bladder instability and decrease in bladder compliance.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Isolation of highly purified, functional endosomes from toad urinary bladder.

Endosomes are difficult to isolate as they share size and density properties with much more abundant cellular organelles such as mitochondria. In cultured cell lines the tandem use of charge-dependent isolation techniques and differential centrifugation is necessary to isolate endosomes. Endosomal populations of the toad urinary bladder are of special interest because they are thought to contain a water channel. Understanding of the molecular structure of the water channel has been constrained, as there is currently no practical method to isolate functional water-channel-containing vesicles. This study reports the tandem use of charge-dependent techniques and centrifugation to isolate populations of endosomes from the toad urinary bladder. To purify water-channel-containing vesicles aqueous two-phase partition was utilized to fractionate a preparation partially purified by differential centrifugation. Populations of endosomes were analysed by small-particle flow cytometry techniques. A 5-fold enrichment in endosomes, achieved with aqueous two-phase partition, allowed us to identify two populations of endosomes of diverse size in a toad bladder endosomal fraction. Preenrichment also improved the efficiency of flow cytometry sorting, allowing isolation of the two endosomal populations in sufficient quantities for secondary analysis. A population of larger endosomes had very high water permeability, indicating the presence of water channels. The two populations had different SDS/PAGE fingerprints. Electron micrographs of the flow-sorted material shows a uniform population of membrane vesicles devoid of mitochondria and other identifiable cellular organelles. Hence, aqueous two-phase partition and flow cytometry allow identification of two populations of endosomes in the toad urinary bladder which have diverse structural and functional properties. Isolation of functional water-channel-containing vesicles allows co-localization of water-channel function with candidate water-channel proteins.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Upper thoracic sympathetic neuron responses to input from urinary bladder afferents.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the organization of neural circuitry responsible for the intersegmental transmission of input from urinary bladder afferents to sympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPNs). The electrical activity of SPNs was recorded from axons of the cervical sympathetic trunk in anesthetized central nervous system (CNS)-intact and in unanesthetized midcollicular-decerebrate or acute C1 spinal cats. In all three preparations, tonically active SPNs were excited or inhibited by 1) electrical stimulation of myelinated afferents of the pelvic or hypogastric nerve, both of which contain bladder afferents, and 2) spontaneous contraction or distension of the urinary bladder. The SPN responses to bladder distension were abolished by pelvic nerve section. A comparison of responses of SPNs in CNS-intact and acute spinal animals to electrical stimulation of pelvic nerve afferents suggests that both propriospinal and supraspinal circuits are involved in the intersegmental transmission of input from bladder afferents to SPNs.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1994

Basic experimental studies on corpus cavernosum electromyography and smooth-muscle electromyography of the urinary bladder.

In contrast to the extensive work on in vitro experiments for elucidation of the electrical properties of smooth musculature, the acquisition of knowledge on electrical signal behaviour from smooth-muscle cells in an in vivo situation remains very limited and rare. Smooth-muscle electromyographic recording from the smooth musculature of the genitourinary tract, in particular from the penile cavernous bodies and the urinary bladder, has recently become one of the most interesting issues in both impotence research as well as neurophysiological assessment of the urinary bladder. However, the inadequate available data on corpus cavernosum and EMG recordings remains controversial due to the significant discrepancy between basic physiology of the smooth musculature, technical prerequisites and the expected clinical impact from the smooth-muscle EMG of genitourinary organs. This article is an attempt to describe the fundamentals of smooth-muscle EMG signal behaviour and the technical prerequisites for data acquisition and analysis of electrical activity from smooth-muscle cells of the cavernous bodies and urinary bladder. A description is given of the technical aspects, including methodology and interpretation of the recorded data, and also of the possible interference by artefacts (endogeneous and exogeneous) that might limit the clinical relevance of this encouraging method. The advantages, pitfalls and limitations of online analogous data registration and the possibility of computer-assisted smooth-muscle electrical activity recording and analysis are demonstrated by basic in vivo studies on cavernous bodies and also the detrusor muscle.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Actin filaments and vasopressin-stimulated water flow in toad urinary bladder.

Vasopressin increases the water permeability of the apical membrane of the granular epithelial cells of the toad urinary bladder. Cytochalasin B inhibits this action of the hormone, indicating that microfilaments may play a role in the water permeability response. We have extended previous functional studies with cytochalasin B and have demonstrated that dihydrocytochalasin B, a more specific inhibitor of actin filament elongation, similarly diminishes the hydrosmotic response to vasopressin. Biochemical studies of isolated epithelial cells indicate that an actin-like protein accounts for about 10% of the soluble protein of the epithelium. Morphological studies of whole toad bladders incubated with heavy meromyosin conclusively demonstrate that actin is a component of the epithelial cells and that actin-containing filaments are associated with both plasma membranes and cytoplasmic organelle membranes. Taken together, these findings provide strong, albeit indirect, evidence that actin microfilaments play a functional role in the hormone-induced increase in water permeability in the toad urinary bladder.

Actins↗
PubMed1996

Spontaneous rupture of the urinary bladder: a late complication of radiotherapy--case report and review of the literature.

The spontaneous intraperitoneal rupture of the urinary bladder is an extremely rare life-threatening event. There are often difficulties in establishing the diagnosis. A patient with spontaneous perforation of the urinary bladder, 15 years after pelvic radiotherapy for carcinoma of the cervix is reported. Aspects of etiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management are described. Special emphasis is placed on surgical management as it relates to long-term outcome.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Evidence for a two-site model of forskolin action in frog urinary bladder.

In the present study several aspects of the osmotic water-flow-regulation mechanism in frog urinary bladder were examined, utilizing forskolin either as a direct hydrosmotic agent or in association with vasopressin. It was found that forskolin induces a hydrosmotic effect similar to the one induced by vasopressin. This effect is rapid, reversible and dose-dependent. The half-maximally effective concentration (Ec50FSK) is 1.37 microM forskolin. No additional effect on the osmotic water flow was observed when maximal concentrations of forskolin and vasopressin were given simultaneously. Moreover, forskolin can also markedly potentiate vasopressin-induced hydrosmotic response. This potentiation was maximal with submaximal doses of vasopressin, whereas it disappeared when the hormonal concentration was increased to very high levels. Therefore, forskolin increases vasopressin potency without affecting vasopressin efficacy. The Ec50FSK for the forskolin-induced increase in vasopressin potency was 11 nmol, about two orders of magnitude lower than the Ec50FSK for the direct effect of forskolin on the osmotic water transport. On the whole, our results are compatible with a two-site model of forskolin action in frog urinary bladder: a low affinity site (Ec50FSK = 1.37 microM) that mediates the direct action of forskolin on the osmotic water flow and a high affinity site (Ec50FSK = 11 nmol), which mediates the synergic effect of forskolin with the antidiuretic hormone.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Evidence of significant absorption of antipyrine from urinary bladder of rats.

We examined the in vivo absorption and pharmacokinetics of antipyrine, a base that is unionized at physiologic pH, from the urinary bladder of adult female Fischer rats. The clearance of an i.v. dose of antipyrine (25 mg/kg) was found to vary considerably between animals, which is consistent with the literature data. Therefore, it was necessary to simultaneously determine drug clearance and bladder absorption in the same animal. This was accomplished by giving concomitantly an i.v. dose of [14C]antipyrine (2.5 muCi, about 90 micrograms/kg) via a jugular vein catheter and an intravesical dose of unlabeled antipyrine (33 mg/kg) via a urethral catheter. Unlabeled antipyrine was detected in plasma, indicating the absorption of antipyrine into systemic circulation. The bioavailability of the intravesical dose was calculated using the clearance of [14C]antipyrine and the plasma concentrations of unlabeled antipyrine. The intravesical dose was withdrawn through the urethral catheter after 90 min. To minimize mechanical manipulation and damage, the bladder was not rinsed. This may have caused the incomplete recovery of the unabsorbed dose; about 65 +/- 18% (mean +/- S.D.) of the dose was recovered at 90 min. Maximal plasma concentrations were achieved at 10 to 48 min after removal of the intravesical dose, which is consistent with a continued absorption of the residual dose. The intravesical bioavailability was variable between animals, with an average of 11.6 +/- 6.4% (mean +/- S.D.; range, 4.1-19.2%). In conclusion, these data demonstrate that neutral drugs such as antipyrine are absorbed from the bladder, that the extent of absorption is variable and that the urinary bladder may be a site of significant re-entry of drugs into the systemic circulation.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Significance of cyclin D1 overexpression in transitional cell carcinomas of the urinary bladder and its correlation with histopathologic features.

BACKGROUND: Genetic alterations leading to neoplastic transformation of the urothelium are likely to involve the activation of oncogenes and loss of functional tumor suppressor genes. Cyclin D1 has been implicated as a putative protooncogene whereas mutations of the p53 gene occur frequently in invasive transitional cell carcinomas (TCCs) of the urinary bladder. In this study, cyclin D1 overexpression and nuclear accumulation of p53 were evaluated and the results correlated with histopathologic features. METHODS: TCCs of the urinary bladder from 161 surgical procedures were evaluated for cyclin D1 overexpression and nuclear accumulation of p53. Results were correlated with tumor grade, T classification, and papillary status. Topologic distributions of cyclin D1, p53, and proliferating cellular nuclear antigen (PCNA) were evaluated. Northern blot analysis was performed on selected specimens. RESULTS: Overexpression of cyclin D1 was observed in 47% (24 of 51) of Grade 1 TCCs and 20% (13 of 65) of Grade 2 TCCs but in no Grade 3 TCCs. Approximately 34% (14 of 41) of Ta classified TCCs and 21% (13 of 63) of T1 classified TCCs were immunoreactive for cyclin D1 whereas none of the TCCs beyond T1 was immunoreactive. Overexpression of cyclin D1 was observed only in papillary type TCCs. Results of Northern blot analysis for cyclin D1 were comparable to those of immunohistochemistry. CONCLUSIONS: The observed significant relation between cyclin D1 overexpression and tumor grade/T classification suggests that cyclin D1 may be a useful biologic marker for biopsied materials or urine cytology specimens. The prognostic significance of cyclin D1 overexpression in TCCs remains to be determined.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

The effects of nifedipine and verapamil on spontaneous and carbachol-stimulated contractions of rat urinary bladder "in vivo".

The effects of nifedipine and verapamil on spontaneous and carbachol-induced contractions of rat urinary bladder have been studied after intravenous administration. Both nifedipine and verapamil delayed the onset of spontaneous contractions in a dose-dependent manner, but nifedipine on the contrary of verapamil only slightly antagonized the intensity of spontaneous contractions and of carbachol contracture. These results suggest that the effects of verapamil on rat urinary bladder "in vivo" are different from those of nifedipine.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Laparoscopic repair of ruptured urinary bladder in a stallion.

A 12-year-old stallion was evaluated because of pollakiuria; endoscopy of the urinary tract during general anesthesia revealed that the urinary bladder was intact. After recovery, the stallion developed clinical and biochemical signs of bladder rupture, which was confirmed by endoscopy. Cystoplasty in adult stallions represents a unique surgical dilemma; the large distance between the incision site and the bladder necessitates the repair be accomplished under maximum tension with minimal exposure. Because traditional surgical approaches through ventral midline or paramedian incisions provide limited access and viewing, laparoscopy was used to provide a definitive diagnosis, good viewing, easy access, tension-free dissection, and a secure repair. Lack of surgical complications and postoperative discomfort, rapid and uncomplicated healing, and patient-client satisfaction make laparoscopic cystoplasty the preferred method for surgical repair of ruptured urinary bladder in adult stallions.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Malignant lymphoma of the urinary bladder: a clinicopathological study of 11 cases.

AIM: To report the clinical and histological features and outcome of primary and secondary malignant lymphomas of the urinary bladder. METHODS: Eleven cases of malignant lymphoma of the urinary bladder were obtained from the registry of cases at St Bartholomews and the Royal London Hospitals. The lymphomas were classified on the basis of their morphology and immunophenotype, and the clinical records were reviewed. RESULTS: There were six primary lymphomas: three extranodal marginal zone lymphomas of mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) type and three diffuse large B cell lymphomas. Of the five secondary cases, four were diffuse large B cell lymphomas, one secondary to a systemic follicular follicle centre lymphoma, and one nodular sclerosis Hodgkins disease. Four patients with secondary lymphoma for whom follow up was available had died of disease within 13 months of diagnosis. Primary lymphomas followed a more indolent course. In one case, there was evidence of transformation from low grade MALT-type to diffuse large B cell lymphoma. The most common presenting symptom was haematuria. Cystoscopic appearances were of solid, sometimes necrotic tumours resembling transitional cell carcinoma, and in one case the tumours were multiple. These cases represented 0.2% of all bladder neoplasms. CONCLUSIONS: Diffuse large B cell lymphoma and MALT-type lymphoma are the most common primary malignant lymphomas of the bladder. Lymphoepithelial lesions in MALT-type lymphoma involve transitional epithelium, and their presence in high grade lymphoma suggests a primary origin owing to transformation of low grade MALT-type lymphoma. Primary and secondary diffuse large B cell lymphomas of the bladder are histologically similar, but the prognosis of the former is favourable.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Elevated nitric oxide in the urinary bladder in infectious and noninfectious cystitis.

OBJECTIVES: A role for nitric oxide (NO) has been suggested in inflammation and host defense. At higher concentrations, this gas shows cytotoxic effects that may be directed against microorganisms, tumor cells as well as host cells. The aim of the present study was to study the relationship between bladder mucosal inflammation and local production of NO. METHODS: We measured NO directly in the urinary bladder in patients with infectious cystitis, interstitial cystitis, irradiation cystitis, and cystitis induced by antitumor treatment with bacillus Calmette-Guérin. NO-free air was introduced into the bladder during cystoscopy. The air was aspirated after 5 minutes of incubation and injected into a chemiluminescence NO analyzer. RESULTS: NO levels were 30 to 50 times higher in all varieties of cystitis as compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS: NO may contribute to host-defense mechanisms in the bladder during bacterial infection and antitumor treatment. Direct measurement of gaseous NO in the urinary bladder seems to be an attractive diagnostic method for detection of mucosal inflammation.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Effects of ageing on muscarinic receptor subtypes and function in rat urinary bladder.

We compared the density and function of M2 and M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes in the urinary bladder of young adult (3 months) and old (23 months) male Wistar rats. Old rats had a reduced density of muscarinic receptors (96+/-10 vs. 156+/-21 fmol/mg protein), but competition experiments with the M3-selective darifenacin did not indicate alterations in the relative roles of M2 and M3 receptors, with the former being more abundant. The amount of immunodetectable alpha-subunits of various G-proteins potentially linked to muscarinic receptor function was unchanged. The potency of carbachol to contract bladder strips was also unaltered; its maximum effects as well as those of a single KCl concentration were unchanged if raw data or those corrected for strip length were analysed, but somewhat reduced when those corrected for strip weight were analysed. Antagonistic effects of atropine, the M2-selective Ro 320-6206 and the M3-selective darifenacin were unchanged. Agonistic effects of the M3-sparing agonist 4-(2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-benzoimidazol-1-yl)-[1,4']bipiperidinyl-1'-carboxylic acid ethyl ester were similarly poor in young and old rats. Additional experiments were concomitantly performed in submandibular glands from the same animals. While total muscarinic receptor density in submandibular glands was not significantly affected by age (56+/-5 vs. 61+/-4 fmol/mg protein), the relative contribution of M3 receptors significantly declined from 68+/-3% to 57+/-2% based upon darifenacin competition curves. We conclude that aged Wistar rats express fewer muscarinic receptors in their urinary bladder, but there is no change in the relative abundance of M2 and M3 receptors; this is accompanied by only minor if any alterations in receptor responsiveness. In contrast, submandibular gland expresses similar receptor numbers in young and old rats, but slightly fewer M3 receptors in old animals.

Aging↗