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PubMed2006

Personality traits after recovery from eating disorders: do subtypes differ?

OBJECTIVE: We compared individuals recovered from anorexia (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN) to determine characteristics that are shared by or distinguish eating disorder (ED) subtypes. METHOD: Sixty women recovered for > or = 1 year from AN or BN were compared with 47 control women (CW). Assessments included the Yale-Brown-Cornell Eating Disorder Scale, the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Beck Depression Inventory, the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale, the Temperament and Character Inventory, and Structured Clinical Interviews for DSM-IV. RESULTS: Individuals recovered from an ED had similar scores for mood and personality variables that were significantly higher than the scores for CW. Few recovered subjects had Cluster B personality disorder. Most individuals recovered within 6 years of their ED onset. A latent profile analysis identified an "inhibited" and "disinhibited" cluster based on personality traits. CONCLUSION: A wide range of symptoms persist after recovery and do not differ between subtypes of ED. These findings may aid in identifying traits that create vulnerabilities for developing an ED.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Violence. The neurologic contribution: an overview.

The role of cultural forces in either promoting or discouraging interpersonal violence is so obvious that it has been allowed to obscure the part played by biologic disorders in determining responses to endogenous and environmental challenges. Neuroscientists and clinicians have demonstrated, however, that aggression has a neuroanatomic and chemical basis, that developmental and acquired brain disorders contribute to recurrent interpersonal violence, that both biologic and sociologic factors are involved, and that to ignore either is to invite error.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Features associated with excessive exercise in women with eating disorders.

OBJECTIVE: Excessive exercise and motor restlessness are observed in a substantial number of patients with eating disorders. This trait has been studied extensively among animal models of activity anorexia nervosa (AN) and may hold particular interest as an endophenotype for AN. We explored features associated with excessive exercise across subtypes of eating disorders. METHOD: Participants were female probands and affected female relatives from the multi-site international Price Foundation Genetic Studies with diagnoses of AN, bulimia nervosa (BN), and both AN and BN or eating disorder not otherwise specified (ED-NOS) (N=1,857). Excessive exercise was defined based on responses to the Structured Interview for Anorexic and Bulimic Disorders (SIAB). RESULTS: Among the eating disorder diagnostic groups, excessive exercise was most common among the purging subtype of AN. Individuals who reported excessive exercise also reported lower minimum BMI, younger age at interview, higher scores on anxiety, perfectionism, and eating disorder symptom measures, more obsessions and compulsions, and greater persistence. CONCLUSION: Excessive exercise may be associated particularly with the purging subtype of AN as well as with a constellation of anxious/obsessional temperament and personality characteristics among women with eating disorders.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Thought-action fusion and its relationship to schizotypy and OCD symptoms.

Thought-action fusion (TAF) is a cognitive bias that has been linked to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Preliminary evidence suggests schizotypal traits may be associated with some types of OCD obsessions but not others. We examined the relationship between each of the two major types of TAF (i.e., likelihood and moral), schizotypal traits, and OCD symptoms in 969 nonclinical undergraduate students. We hypothesized that likelihood TAF would be associated with schizotypal traits; whereas moral TAF would not. Consistent with prediction, schizotypal-magical thinking was significantly associated with likelihood TAF even after controlling for the effects of OCD symptoms, general anxiety, and depression. Moreover, the relationship between likelihood TAF and OCD symptoms was significantly attenuated after controlling for schizotypal traits. In contrast, moral TAF demonstrated negligible association with OCD symptoms, depression, or schizotypal traits. These findings provide preliminary support for the linkage between likelihood TAF and schizotypal traits.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Psychiatric comorbidity in primary care somatization disorder.

Lifetime prevalence rates were calculated for comorbid psychiatric disorders in 119 patients who were referred from primary care physicians for unexplained somatic complaints and who met DSM III-R criteria for somatization disorder. Comparisons were made with general population norms from the ECA study. Prevalence of nine comorbid conditions was significantly higher than in the general populations. The most prevalent comorbid diagnoses were major depression (54.6%), generalized anxiety disorder (33.6%), and phobic disorders (31.1%). The least common comorbid disorders were mania (4.2%) and drug abuse (4.9%); drug abuse prevalence rates did not significantly exceed general population estimates. Risk ratios were highest for panic disorder (16.25), major depression (9.41), schizophrenia (7.77), and obsessive-compulsive disorder (7.04).

Antisocial Personality Disorder↗
PubMed1971

The hallucinations of widowhood.

227 widows and 66 widowers were interviewed to determine the extent to which they had hallucinatory experiences of their dead spouse. The people interviewed formed 80.7% of all widowed people resident within a defined area, in mid-Wales, and 94.2% of those suitable, through the absence of incapacitating illness, for interview.Almost half the people interviewed had hallucinations or illusions of the dead spouse. The proportion of men and women who had these experiences was similar. The hallucinations often lasted many years but were most common during the first 10 years of widowhood. Social isolation did not affect the incidence of hallucination, nor was it related to the incidence of known depressive illness. There was no variation within cultural groups and there was no variation with place of residence, whether this was within town, country, or village, or within England and Wales.Young people were less likely to be hallucinated than those widowed after the age of 40. The incidence of hallucination increased with length of marriage and was particularly associated with a happy marriage and parenthood. Members of the "professional and managerial" group were particularly likely to be hallucinated, while widows of "non-manual and sales workers" were the ones least likely to be hallucinated. The incidence was greater with hysteroid than obsessoid people. It was unusual for the hallucinations to have been disclosed, even to close friends or relatives.These hallucinations are considered to be normal and helpful accompaniments of widowhood.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Obsessive compulsive disorder in ultra-orthodox Jewish patients: a comparison of religious and non-religious symptoms.

Of 28 ultra-orthodox Jewish psychiatric referrals with obsessive compulsive disorder, 26 had religious symptoms, while 18 had non-religious symptoms. On average, each patient had three times more religious symptoms than non-religious symptoms. In only nine cases did the patients view their non-religious symptoms as the main difficulty, and all of these nine cases were ultra-orthodox from birth. There was no significant difference between the distress, resistance, sense of irrationality and hours spent daily of religious and non-religious symptoms. Further, there was no significant difference between the age of onset, age when felt to be a disturbance, and duration until help was sought. They were more likely to turn for help initially to a religious authority for a religious symptom and a mental health worker for a non-religious symptom. It may be concluded that the religious and non-religious symptoms of obsessive compulsive disorder in ultra-orthodox Jews are not experienced in markedly different ways by the sufferers. Two limitations to the study are the sample size, and the selection bias in that all had sought professional help, of itself likely to reflect their attitude to obsessive compulsive disorder.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[Adolescent eating disorders].

Anorexia and Bulimia nervosa are common psychiatric disorders in adolescent girls. In discrepancy to ICD-10 and DSM-IV we would propose the 10th BMI percentile as weight criterium for anorexia nervosa. Both disorders have a high somatic and psychiatric comorbidity; the most severe complication at long term follow-up is osteoporosis. The most prevalent psychiatric disorders are affective disorders, anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorder and substance abuse. There is undoubtedly a genetic predisposition and a range of general and personal environmental risk factors. Treatment of adolescent eating disorders mostly requires a multimodal approach which consists of several components, e.g. weight rehabilitation, nutritional counselling, individual and family psychotherapy, and treatment of comorbid psychiatric disorders.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Behavior of the patient with functional colon disease: types, analytical methods and therapeutic significance].

A proper clinical examination should provide psychological data that enriches the patient-physician relationship. Video recording and its analysis do not disturb the patient and provide for objective awareness. This technique confirms the idea that the behaviour and psychological structure of the colopath fall into two major and basic types: compulsive obsessionals and hysterophobics, types that should lead the practitioner to provide different sorts of psychological care. This care can form the basis for the treatment of the colopath.

Behavior↗
PubMed2001

Defense styles and Personality dimensions of research subjects with anxiety and depressive disorders.

We used the Bond Defense Style and Cloninger Tridimensional Personality questionnaires to assess defense styles and personality dimensions in subjects with anxiety and depressive disorders. When measured against a comparison group, maladaptive defense style scores were significantly higher in those with major depression, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and social phobia, and higher at a trend level in the subjects with obsessive-compulsive disorder and mixed anxiety and depression. However, there were no differences in adaptive defense style scores between the subjects and the comparison group. The harm avoidance personality dimension scores were significantly higher in subjects with both anxiety and depressive disorders than in the comparison group. The harm avoidance scores correlated positively with the maladaptive defense scores, but negatively with the adaptive defense scores. These findings are discussed in terms of severity of illness, level of functioning, and relationships between Axis I and II disorders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Impulsivity.

Disorders characterized by impulsivity include disorders of impulse control (intermittent explosive disorder, pyromania, kleptomania, pathological gambling and trichotillomania), paraphilias, sexual impulsions and sexual addictions and impulsive aggression personality disorders (borderline, antisocial, histrionic and narcissistic personality disorders). Impulsivity has a substantial impact on both individuals and society. Impulse control disorders may be conceptualized as a subset of the obsessive-compulsive spectrum. In this article, we examine the genetic and neurobiological aetiology of these disorders and possible treatment options. The link between serotonergic dysfunction and the pathophysiology of impulsivity is discussed, and studies that examine the efficacy of various selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and other alternatives in the treatment of impulsive disorders such as pathological gambling, sexual addictions and borderline personality disorder are presented.

Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders↗
PubMed2005

Pronouns in marital interaction.

Recent studies in social psychology have found that the frequency of certain words in people's speech and writing is related to psychological aspects of their personal health. We investigated whether counts of "self" and "other" pronouns used by 59 couples engaged in a problem-solving discussion were related to indices of marital health. One spouse in each couple had a diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder or panic disorder with agoraphobia; 50% of the patients and 40% of their spouses reported marital dissatisfaction. Regardless of patients' diagnostic status, spouses who used more second-person pronouns were more negative during interactions, whereas those who used more first-person plural pronouns produced more positive problem solutions, even when negative behavior was statistically controlled. Moreover, use of first-person singular pronouns was positively associated with marital satisfaction. These findings suggest that pronouns used by spouses during conflict-resolution discussions provide insight into the quality of their interactions and marriages.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Aetiological risk factors for personality disorders.

BACKGROUND: Elucidation of aetiological processes leading to development of Axis II disorders is important in category validation and could lead to new treatments. AIMS: To establish aetiological associations between Axis II disorders and specific risk factors. METHOD: Male and female subjects (n = 260) in maximum security hospitals and prisons were interviewed to determine DSM-III Axis II and lifetime Axis I diagnoses. Aetiological risk factors were obtained at interview and from case files. Independent statistical associations were established by logistic regression. RESULTS: Axis II categories were divided into four groups: (a) disorders of character development, secondary to an adverse early environment: antisocial, self-defeating and paranoid; (b) disorders of temperament, secondary to constitutional aetiology: avoidant, dependent, schizoid and schizotypal; (c) a 'mixed' disorder of constitutional and environmental aetiology: borderline; and (d) aetiological associations not established: narcissistic, histrionic, compulsive and passive-aggressive. CONCLUSIONS: The study validates several Axis II categories but challenges the inclusion of others within Axis II of DSM-IV, in particular schizoid, schizotypal, avoidant and borderline personality disorders. The findings have implications for future treatment interventions.

Adult↗