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PubMed1984

The effects of a number of short-term exogenous stimuli on pineal serotonin-N-acetyltransferase activity in rats.

The present study deals with the question as to what extent the sympathetically innervated rat pineal gland is affected by a number of short-term exogenous stimuli given during day-time, as assessed by measuring pineal serotonin-N-acetyltransferase activity (NAT) which is directly proportional to melatonin formation. In male Sprague-Dawley rats kept under LD 12:12 pineal NAT was statistically significantly depressed by physical immobilization for 2 hours, swimming for 15 min in water of 10 and 30 degrees C, exposure for 2 hours to cold (5 degrees C) or heat (40 degrees C), noise (90 db) for 2 hours and hunger for 17 hours. An increase in NAT was noted after swimming for 15 min in water of 20 degrees C. No effect was detectable after 17 hours of thirst or hunger combined with thirst and in one of 2 experiments involving exposure to heat (40 degrees C, 2 hours) and insulin-induced hypoglycemia. In animals kept under continuous illumination for 48 hours, immobilization resulted in a slightly smaller decrease than under LD 12:12 and insulin-induced hypoglycemia led to a striking increase of NAT. As the changes in pineal NAT are brought about by rather strong exogenous stimuli it is suspected that the rat pineal gland during day-time is not very susceptible to ambient factors of normal range.

Acetyltransferases↗

PubMed1996

Breakfasts with different fiber and macronutrient contents do not differentially affect timing, size or microstructure of the subsequent lunch.

The effects of four equienergetic breakfasts with varying fiber and macronutrient contents on hunger and satiety ratings, on subsequent lunch intake, and on postprandial carbohydrate and fat metabolism were investigated in normal weight male subjects in two experiments, in which lunch was offered at a predetermined time (Experiment 1) or in which the subjects were free to choose when to eat lunch (Experiment 2). Consumption of either a commercially available high fiber cereal (HFC, 10% fiber), a medium fiber cereal (MFC, 7% fiber), a low fiber cereal (LFC, 3% fiber), or a standard continental breakfast (0% fiber) on nonconsecutive days did not differentially affect hunger and satiety ratings, the size or microstructure of the subsequent lunch, and the breakfast to lunch intermeal interval (in Experiment 2). Plasma concentrations of glucose, lactate, and insulin increased more after the LFC breakfast than after the other breakfast varieties. A reactive postprandial hypoglycaemia occurred after the LFC breakfast, shortly before lunch. The plasma concentrations of fat metabolites (triglycerides, free fatty acids, beta-hydroxybutyrate) and of glucagon were not differentially affected by the breakfast varieties. The results are consistent with the assumption that energy content of a meal is the major determinant of subsequent energy intake in man and the fiber content and macronutrient composition have only a modulating effect.

3-Hydroxybutyric Acid↗

PubMed2005

Eating behavior affects quality of life in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

We evaluated the prevalence of disordered eating behavior in 168 unselected outpatients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and the effects on the health related quality of life (HRQL). Subjects in generally good glycemic control, treated by diet or oral hypoglycemic agents (58% M; 63.8+/-SD 10.1 years; BMI, 29.7+/-5.9 kg/m2) completed self-administered questionnaires for HRQL (SF-36) and eating behavior [(Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ); Binge Eating Scale (BES)]. Data on HRQL were computed as effectsizes in comparison to population norm. The prevalence of altered TFEQ scales was not different between genders, and varied between 22.1% (disinhibition) and 41.4% (restriction), but only 6.7% had a positive BES score. Age (OR, 0.58 for decade; 95% CI, 0.39-0.87), duration of diabetes (OR, 1.33 for 5 years; 1.01-1.74) and BMI (OR, 1.11; 1.04-1.18) were predictive for the presence of disinhibition. BMI also predicted hunger (OR, 1.16; 1.08-1.25). SF36 domains were not different in relation to positive BES. Disinhibition at TFEQ was significantly associated with poor social functioning (p=0.018) and role-emotional (p=0.022), whereas hunger was associated with poor physical functioning (p=0.010), role-physical (p=0.0014), social functioning (p=0.015) and role-emotional (p=0.0001). Metabolic control, duration of diabetes, and the presence of complications were not associated with HRQL. A disordered eating behavior may be present in T2DM patients, and is associated with poor HRQL. This condition must be considered for an olistic approach to weight control.

Aged↗

PubMed2005

Application of the SCOFF, Eating Attitude Test 26 (EAT 26) and Eating Inventory (TFEQ) Questionnaires in young women seeking diet-therapy.

BACKGROUND: Eating disorders (EDs) affect an increasing proportion of young women in western countries. Psychometric questionnaires represent valuable tools to investigate various and critical areas directly involved in the pathogenesis of EDS and to support diagnosis and therapeutic decisions. METHODS: 162 young women (16-35 years old) seeking diet therapy were recruited. We classified subjects in normal eating behaviour (NEB) (n = 87), binge eating disorder (BED) (n = 12) and bulimic EDNOS (Eating Disorders not Otherwise Specified) (n = 63). The SCOFF, Eating Attitudes Test (EAT 26) and Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) were administered. Body mass index (BMI) was utilised to assess the nutritional status. An analysis of the reliability and validity (sensitivity and specificity) of the SCOFF, EAT 26 and TFEQ was performed. RESULTS: Body mass index (BMI) of NEB, BED and bulimic EDNOS was 27.7, 35 and 31.1, respectively. BED showed the highest values at the dishinibition, hunger and food preoccupation scales but conversely, they were the least restrained group. The SCOFF was significantly associated with the dishinibition (r = 0.31), hunger (0.31), dieting (r = 0.34) and food preoccupation scales (r = 0.34). The reliability analysis showed that the SCOFF, EAT 26 and TFEQ had a Cronbach alpha of 0.47, 0.85 and 0.75, respectively. The ROC curves identified cut off points of 3, 10 and 25 as the best compromise between specificity and sensitivity for the SCOFF, EAT 26 and TFEQ, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The SCOFF is a valuable tool for the screening of abnormal eating behaviours but the diagnosis should be always confirmed and supported by the administration of other questionnaires and structured interviews. We have also confirmed the high reliability of the EAT 26 and TFEQ even though the utilisation of these questionnaires has generated some issues about their application in populations characterised by loss of control and overeating episodes.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Evaluation of the mood and physical symptoms scale (MPSS) to assess cigarette withdrawal.

RATIONALE: The mood and physical symptoms scale (MPSS) was developed in the early 1980s to assess cigarette withdrawal symptoms, and variants of it have been used for 20 years. To date, no paper has been published on the properties of the scale. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate psychometric properties of MPSS and the interrelationship between the key tobacco withdrawal symptoms. METHODS: The core elements of the MPSS involve 5-point ratings of depressed mood, irritability, restlessness, difficulty concentrating and hunger and 6-point ratings of strength of urges to smoke and time spent with these urges. The data set chosen for analysis was well suited to the task in that it involved a relatively large sample, abstinence was defined as "not a puff" for 24 h biochemically verified, participants were not using any medication that would have reduced withdrawal discomfort (e.show $132#g. nicotine patch), the abstinence rate was very high resulting in minimal bias due to attrition, and ratings were provided on three occasions prior to abstinence. The study involved 111 smokers setting a target quit date of whom 106 attempted abstinence and 96 achieved it. RESULTS: The MPSS items were stable prior to abstinence and sensitive to abstinence. Post-abstinence increases in mood and physical symptoms demonstrated a high level of internal coherence. Ratings of urges to smoke correlated highly with changes in mood and other symptoms. Ratings of hunger correlated less well with the scale as a whole and may involve some distinct processes. CONCLUSIONS: The MPSS meets the key requirements of a cigarette withdrawal scale. Although urge to smoke/craving was not included in the list of DSM-IV withdrawal symptoms, it should be regarded as forming part of the withdrawal syndrome.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Assessing DSM-IV nicotine withdrawal symptoms: a comparison and evaluation of five different scales.

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated four of the major scales used to measure nicotine withdrawal symptoms plus one new scale. METHODS: Eighty-three smokers were randomly assigned to continue smoking (n=37) or abstain completely for 24 h (n=46), by which time the symptoms should become manifest. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) withdrawal symptoms (irritability, depression, restlessness, insomnia, anxiety, hunger and poor concentration) plus craving were measured at baseline and after 24 h. The scales tested were the Minnesota Nicotine Withdrawal Scale (MNWS), the Mood and Physical Symptoms Scale (MPSS), the Shiffman Scale (SS), the Wisconsin Smoking Withdrawal Scale (WSWS) and the newly developed Cigarette Withdrawal Scale (CWS). RESULTS: Measurement of withdrawal symptoms was robust in the case of all scales for total withdrawal score, irritability, restlessness, poor concentration and craving. The MNWS and CWS were less sensitive to depression; the WSWS and MNWS were less sensitive to insomnia; the MPSS was less sensitive to anxiety and hunger; the CWS and WSWS did not include restlessness as a distinct symptom; the SS did not include insomnia, and its scores tended to decline over time during ad lib smoking. Longer scales, using multiple items to measure each symptom, did not yield more reliable or accurate measurement than briefer scales. CONCLUSIONS: To measure total withdrawal discomfort or craving, all of the scales examined can be recommended, and there is little to choose between them apart from length. When it comes to assessing individual symptoms, different scales have different strengths and weaknesses. There would be merits in developing a new questionnaire that combined the best features of the scales tested.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2025

Emerging prospects of Bacillus species in attaining the sustainable development goals.

The world is witnessing a serious challenge of poverty which is reflected as hidden hunger and simultaneously overpopulation puts a grave burden on our ecosystem. In order to overcome these serious issues, the sustainable development goals (SDGs) serve a very significant role. Concurrently, the contribution of microorganisms in achieving the SDGs cannot be overlooked. Bacillus species as a probiotic has led to the development of various commercial fermented products that are available in the market. Additionally, the formulated products have been clinically validated for their health benefits. Bacillus species have also been reported to serve as bio-preservatives and biocontrol agents because they aid in preserving and maintaining the final food product as well as post-harvest goods. The utilization of Bacillus spp. as probiotics has significantly contributed to the overall well-being of animals. Moreover, many different species of Bacillus have been reported to be utilized as bio-cementing agents. All the aforementioned roles of Bacillus species contribute to addressing zero hunger (SDG 2), good health and well-being (SDG 3), and industry, infrastructure, and innovation (SDG 9). KEY POINTS: • Role of Bacillus spp. as probiotic have been successfully proven by clinical studies. • Prescence of antimicrobial genes in the Bacillus spp. genome play important role in bio-preservation and biocontrol. • In animal feeds Bacillus spp. are a good alternate of antibiotics and use of Bacillus spp. in cement industry is innovative approach.

Bacillus↗

PubMed1990

Effects of antibodies to dynorphin A and beta-endorphin on lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation in ad libitum fed and food-deprived rats.

Many laboratories have reported that systemically administered naloxone has little or no effect on lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation (LH ICSS). In the present study, lateral ventricular infusion of beta-endorphin antiserum and a high dose of naloxone (100 micrograms) produced small but significant increases in stimulation frequency threshold for LH ICSS. beta-Endorphin activity, mediated by a non-mu (e.g. delta or epsilon) receptor, may therefore be involved in the reinforcement of self-stimulation behavior. When rats are deprived of food for 24 h, LH ICSS thresholds decline. Under this condition, systemic naloxone elevates the LH ICSS threshold, often returning it to the pre-deprivation level. In the present study, lateral ventricular infusion of dynorphin A(1-13) antiserum similarly reversed the threshold-lowering effect of food deprivation. The effects of systemic naloxone and intraventricular dynorphin A antiserum on LH ICSS, which are specific to food-deprived animals, may be related to previous findings that these two treatments elevate LH stimulation threshold for eliciting feeding behavior. Results of the ICSS and stimulation-induced feeding studies suggest a model for the mediation of incentive stimuli by dynorphin A activity that is afferent to LH 'reward' neurons and positively gated by 'hunger'. An hypothesized role for 'hunger'-gated dynorphin A release in potentiating the hedonic response to alimentary stimuli and drugs of abuse is discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Curve-shift analysis of self-stimulation in food-restricted rats: relationship between daily meal, plasma corticosterone and reward sensitization.

Chronic food restriction lowers the threshold for lateral hypothalamic electrical self-stimulation (LHSS). This effect has previously been interpreted to reflect a sensitization of reward. In the present study a curve-shift method was used to explicitly differentiate effects of food restriction on brain stimulation rewarding efficacy and performance. Food restriction consistently shifted rate-frequency curves to the left, lowering the M-50 and Theta-0 parameters of rewarding efficacy. Asymptotic rates of reinforcement and slopes of rate-frequency functions were unaffected, confirming that food restriction does not facilitate LHSS by enhancing performance. In this and previous studies, LHSS in food-restricted rats was measured in the period immediately preceding the daily meal when hunger (i.e., period since last meal) and plasma corticosterone are at peak levels. In the light of evidence that corticosterone may regulate sensitivity of the mesolimbic dopamine pathway and account for the sensitizing effect of stress on psychomotor effects of opiates and stimulants, LHSS and corticosterone were measured in the immediate pre-and post-meal periods. While all food-restricted rats displayed elevated corticosterone levels in the pre-meal period and generally displayed a decline to control levels in the post-meal period, the sensitization of reward was not reversed in the post-meal period. These results indicate that chronic food restriction produces a sensitization of reward that does not depend upon the acute state of hunger that precedes the daily meal and does not vary with dynamic changes in plasma corticosterone level.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Satiety effects of cholecystokinin in humans.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Cholecystokinin (CCK) inhibits gastric emptying and may exert satiety effects in several species, including humans. Because the effects of physiological doses of CCK on satiety in humans is unclear, the satiety effects of CCK-33 in physiological levels in lean and obese subjects were studied. METHODS: CCK-33 was infused intravenously to 32 healthy men or women (14 obese, all women; 18 lean, 4 men and 14 women) in doses that elicited plasma CCK concentrations in the physiological range. The effects of these infusions on feelings of hunger, wish to eat, fullness, and prospective feeding intentions were measured on visual analogue scales and compared with saline during a 1-hour infusion period. RESULTS: The CCK infusions induced significant decreases in hunger feelings, wish to eat, and prospective feeding intentions (P < 0.05), whereas fullness tended to be increased (P = 0.054). No clear differences between lean and obese subjects were observed apart from a more marked decrease in fullness and increase in prospective feeding intentions during the 1-hour saline infusion in the lean group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: CCK infusion leading to physiological plasma levels significantly increases satiety in humans.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Diet-induced mood changes in normal populations.

Using an 11-item questionnaire and a double-blind experimental design, changes in mood, hunger and food preference after taking caffeine (100 mg), tryptophan (500 mg), tyrosine (500 mg) or placebo, were investigated in 60 volunteers. At the end of the study, volunteers also ranked the four treatments on a sedation/stimulation scale. Caffeine significantly increased scores for wakefulness, vigor, clarity of mind, energy, feeling full of ideas, feeling full of go and feeling efficient. Caffeine was also ranked as the most stimulating treatment (p less than 0.001). Tyrosine produced no changes, while tryptophan shifted mean scores towards somnolent and lethargic, and was ranked most sedating (p less than 0.05). None of the treatments changed hunger ratings or carbohydrate/protein preference.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

The experience of food craving: a prospective investigation in healthy women.

This study aimed to provide a detailed analysis of the experience of food craving in a healthy, non-clinical group of women. Twenty-five women who reported food cravings prospectively recorded their experiences over a period of 5 weeks using a Food Craving Record. The average number of cravings recorded was just under 2 per week. Craving for chocolate amounted to 49% of all the food cravings. Subtle differences in the change in arousal and hunger were noted between chocolate cravings and those for other sweet foods. Additional differences were found between these cravings and those for savoury foods, in their situational circumstances and speed of disappearance. There was a premenstrual increase in food cravings but no selective change in the types of food craved. Overall, the food cravings reported by these women were hunger-reducing, mood-improving experiences, directed at wanting to consume highly pleasant tasting food. This analysis should serve as a template against which other subject groups and other forms of craving may be explored.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Psychological aspects of insulin-induced thirst.

Fifteen normal volunteers received one insulin injection or saline in two nonconsecutive days. At 0', 30', 60' and 90' water intake was measured. Simultaneously subjective thirst and hunger were recorded by running a set of psychological tests. Water intake was higher after insulin than saline at 60' and 90'. Insulin increases thirst sensation even before the sensation of hunger.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Effects of 2-deoxy-D-glucose on food intake of rats are affected by diet composition.

The effect of various doses of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) on food intake in rats fed either a medium fat diet with a moderate carbohydrate content (MF-rats) or a carbohydrate-free high fat diet (HF-rats) was tested. Injections were given intraperitoneally either in the middle of the bright phase or 1 h after onset of the dark phase. During the light phase 2-DG induced a transient hyperphagia in both HF- and MF-rats, but the hyperphagia was somewhat less pronounced in HF-rats. During the dark phase 2-DG produced a hyperphagia in the MF-rats and a long-term hypophagia in the HF-rats. Since 2-DG elicited feeding in HF-rats during the light phase, the feeding response to 2-DG not only reflects hunger for carbohydrate as previously suggested but also seems to produce hunger for energy.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Assessment of the effects of phenylpropanolamine on appetite and food intake.

Single 37.5 mg doses of phenylpropanolamine (PPA) were given on each of two separate, nonconsecutive days to each of twelve nonobese women. PPA's effects on reported appetite and food intake were compared to those of a placebo also given on two nonconsecutive days. To control for possible effects on appetitive behavior of knowledge about the drug's putative role as an appetite suppressant, the subjects were told that PPA was a nasal decongestant which was expected to affect their sensitivity to flavors. Hunger rating before eating was significantly lower on trials after PPA than on trials after placebo (carry-over effect), but the direct effect of PPA on hunger was not significant. Although food intake was 26 g less under the PPA condition (407 g) than under placebo (433 g), this difference was not significant. However, because of insufficient power, the null hypothesis could not be accepted. The true effect of PPA on intake remains inconclusive. Either more subjects must be tested at this dose or the effect must be made larger by changing the dose, in order to obtain conclusive results.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

Opioidergic manipulations affect intake of 3% NaCl in sodium-deficient rats.

On six weekly occasions, a 3% NaCl solution was presented along with water to rats for 2 h 1 day after being treated with furosemide, a diuretic/natriuretic drug that causes a strong hunger for 3% NaCl. On some of the days, the sodium-hungry rats were injected with morphine in doses ranging from 0.3 to 10.0 mg/kg. Morphine produced biphasic effects on intake of 3% NaCl, with doses of 0.3-3.0 mg/kg increasing intakes dose dependently and 10.0 mg/kg decreasing intakes. The 3.0-mg/kg dose nearly doubled rats' mean intake of 3% NaCl. In contrast, naltrexone, an opioid receptor antagonist, reduced intake of 3% NaCl about 25-40% across doses ranging from 0.1 to 10.0 mg/kg. At some doses of morphine and naltrexone, NaCl ingestion was affected without significant influence of water intake. Therefore, it can be inferred that endogenous opioidergic systems participate in the control of NaCl drinking by sodium-deficient rats. The range of demonstrations of opioid involvement in the control of ingestion can now be extended to the hunger for hypertonic NaCl induced by sodium depletion.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

The role of glucose, insulin and glucagon in the regulation of food intake and body weight.

Glucose and related pancreatic hormones play a major role in the metabolism of monogastric mammals yet their influence on hunger and/or satiety is, as yet, poorly understood. Glucose, insulin and glucagon rise during a meal and gradually decline to baseline levels shortly after a meal. A sudden drop in plasma glucose as well as insulin have been reported just prior to the onset of a meal but the functional significance of this is not yet clear. Systemic injections of glucose have no acute satiety effects but intraduodenal and intrahepatic infusions reduce food intake and free-feeding and deprived animals respectively. Treatments which decrease cellular glucose utilization directly (2-DG) or indirectly (insulin) increase food intake while exogenous glucagon (which produces hyperglycemia) decreases it. There is considerable evidence that some or all of these effects may be due to a direct central action of glucose, 2-DG, insulin, and glucagon on brain mechanisms concerned with the regulation of hunger and satiety although influences on peripheral "glucoreceptors" have been demonstrated as well. The functional significance of glucoprivic feeding is, however, questioned. The feeding response to 2-DG and related compounds is capricious, and its temporal course does not parallel the hyperglycemic reaction which presumably reflects cellular glucopenia. Moreover, numerous brain lesions which increase, decrease, or have no effect on ad lib intake and often have no effect on the response to deprivation have been shown to severely impair or abolish feeding responses to systemic injections of 2-DG that produce severe central as well as peripheral glucopenia. Feeding responses to insulin are intact after most of these lesions, suggesting that this hormone may influence food intake in a fundamentally different fashion. The mechanism of insulin action is not understood--the classic feeding response is obtained only with doses that are pharmacological when compared to normal plasma levels and there is increasing evidence that lower doses may have opposite, inhibitory effects on food intake and body weight. Relatively small doses of glucagon decrease food intake (although opposite facilitatory effects have been reported after even smaller doses) but the effect does not appear to be due to hepatic mobilization of glucose as initially assumed. Decreases in food intake after intracranial injections of very small doses suggest a direct central action.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Effects of a physiological dose of cholecystokinin on food intake and postprandial satiation in man.

CCK-33 was infused intravenously to groups of 9 lean and 9 obese volunteers in doses that elicited plasma CCK concentrations in the physiological range. The effect of these infusions on food intake and satiety signals was compared with the effect of saline infusions in the same subjects. Food intake (486 +/- 52 g; mean +/- S.E.M.) was slightly, but not significantly decreased (553 +/- 55 g after saline), and hunger and fullness feelings after eating were unaffected, in both of the two groups. We conclude that the infusion of CCK-33 to plasma levels comparable to those observed after a fatty meal does not have a major effect on food intake and postprandial hunger feelings.

Adult↗