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PubMed2005

[Evolution of methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus in Cordoba (Spain) in the years 2002-2005].

In the last few years, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has become a very important human pathogen. Our aim was to study the evolution of methicillin resistance of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated in our hospital over a four-year period and to compare our situation with the rest of Spain and Europe. The rates varied from 39.9% in 2002 to 46.4% in 2005. Units with the highest rate were ICU and surgical wards. We found no glycopeptide-resistant strains.

Europe↗

PubMed2006

Negative pressure wound therapy to treat peri-prosthetic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection after incisional herniorrhaphy. A case study and literature review.

The preferred treatment for incisional hernias occurring post laparotomy involves use of prosthetic mesh. If this mesh becomes infected, it may have to be removed to achieve wound healing. A patient with a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-infected prosthetic mesh received negative pressure wound therapy to help facilitate healing without removing the prosthetic mesh applied to manage his hernia. After almost 4 weeks of treatment, the wound was closed secondarily. The literature contains many case studies about the use of NPWT for a variety of wounds but information about its safety and effectiveness for managing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-infected prosthetic mesh is limited. The results of this case study add to the evidence that controlled clinical studies are warranted.

Aged↗

PubMed2005

[Filter-based template preparation for rapid and sensitive PCR detection of Staphylococcus aureus in meat].

In the present study, an assay using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was developed for the detection of Staphylococcus aureus in meat. Based on flotation and solvent extraction technology, FTA filter was used to extract S. aureus DNA from artifically contaminated meat. Primers targeting the thermostable nuclease gene (nuc) were used to amplify a 279 bp DNA fragment which was confirmed by DNA sequencing. The detection limit of PCR was 10 cfu x g(-1) meat of S. aureus. This novel FTA-PCR assay allows for detection of Staphylococcus aureus in meat in <6 h, which is 12-24 h less than that of conventional PCR with enrichment method. Seventy-two samples were analyzed and the detection rate using the standard cultivation method was 70.8%, detection time was 5d. The detection rate of PCR amplification using filters was 73.6%, detection time was 6h. The detection rate of Baird-Parker R.P.F method was 69.4%, detection timewas 18 h. The detection rate of petrfilm RSA method was 61.1%, detection time was 18 h. Thus PCR amplification using filters provides a faster and more sensitive method of S. aureus detection than the standard cultivation method. At the same time,it provides an universal process for preparing DNA template.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

[Epidemic increase in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Copenhagen].

INTRODUCTION: We have found an epidemic increase in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Copenhagen. The increase has a complex background and involves hospitals, nursing homes and persons nursed in their own home. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We found 33 MRSA patients in 2003 and 121 in 2004. All isolates have been spa-typed and epidemiologic information collected. RESULTS: The number of MRSA cases has a doubling time of about six months. The epidemic has been caused by many different MRSA types and 31 staphylococcus protein A genotypes (spa types). MRSA has caused several hospital outbreaks and is endemic in 10 nursing homes. Five staff members from nursing homes have been infected with MRSA. MRSA commonly causes skin and soft tissue infections (76%), but serious infections such as septicaemia and pneumonia are also found. CONCLUSION: Treatment of MRSA-infected patients is costly due to isolation regimes, increase in bed-days and treatment with special antibiotics. After treatment of the infection and in cases of MRSA carriage, MRSA is found on the skin and in the nose. Carriage of MRSA can be eradicated by washing with chlorhexidine and nasal administration of mupirocin. The necessary resources for handling the epidemic are not available. Without active intervention, this situation will have serious implications for the health care system.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

The ability of granulocytes to engulf latex particles and Staphylococcus aureus in healthy children of parents with infectious asthma.

A test to determine engulfing of neutral latex particles and Staphylococcus aureus by peripheral blood granulocytes was carried out in 28 healthy children who had at least one parent with infectious asthma and 13 children, in whom both parents had infectious asthma. A defect in engulfing neutral latex particles and Staphylococcus aureus by granulocytes was demonstrated in children who had both parents with infectious asthma.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Thioridazine reduces resistance of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus by inhibiting a reserpine-sensitive efflux pump.

Previous studies suggested that the phenothiazine chlorpromazine (CPZ) could reverse or reduce the antibiotic resistance of bacteria. In some areas of the world, the majority of Staphylococcus aureus isolates are now resistant to methicillin, prompting this study to see whether such resistance can be altered by phenothiazine thioridazine (TZ), an agent with equal antibacterial activity, which is free of the severe side-effects associated with chronic administration of CPZ. The results indicated that, whereas methicillin-sensitive strains of Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) were not rendered more susceptible to oxacillin, resistance to oxacillin by highly-resistant strains (MRSA) could be significantly reduced by sub-inhibitory concentrations of TZ. Reserpine, an inhibitor of efflux pumps, was also shown to reduce the resistance of MRSA strains to oxacillin in a concentration-dependent manner. The phenothiazines have been shown, by others, to inhibit the efflux pumps of bacteria and the mechanism by which MRSA are rendered more susceptible to oxacillin in the presence of TZ is believed to be due to a similar efflux pump.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in veterinary medicine: a "new emerging pathogen"?].

The problem of nosocomial infections is of increasing importance in veterinary medicine. As an example, this review summarizes current knowledge regarding methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) as a typical example, as these pathogens are the most important agents of nosocomial infections in human medicine worldwide and are being increasingly reported in veterinary medicine. MRSA are classified by their ability to be resistant against oxacillin/methicillin, this feature being confered by mecA, a gene which was acquired by horizontal gene transfer of the staphylococcal gene cassette (SCCmec). It is this genetic information that enables MRSA to be resistant against all penicillins, cehalosporins and carbapenems. In addition, MRSA are often resistant against a variety of other antiinfectives, i.e. aminoglycosides, macrolides, lincosamide, streptomycins, tetracyclin, chloramphenicol, but also against fluorquinolones and rifampicin. Presumably, these highly adapted strains are particularly able to acquire resistance genes located on plasmids or transposons. They are also able to develop point mutations, further leading to resistant phenotypes. If these pathogens are leading to infectious diseases, veterinarians may be confronted with a worst-case scenario, being left without any antiinfective therapeutic. As Staphylococcus aureus is highly tenacid, professional hygiene management is of utmost importance. The increasing number of published sporadic MRSA infections, MRSA-infectious diseases as well as MRSA outbreaks in veterinary medicine justifies their recognition as a "New Emerging Pathogen". So far, horses and dogs are mostly affected by MRSA. Although transmission between humans and animals has been reported occasionally, the sources, routes of transmission or the epidemiological relevance of MRSA infections in animals are far from being understood. Therefore, epidemiological investigations utilizing molecular typing tools are mandatory. Typing tools like multilocus-sequence-typing (MLST), pulsefield-gelelectrophoresis (PFGE), sequence analysis of the gene encoding protein A (spa-typing) as well as SCCmec-typing are all at hand.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin infections among tattoo recipients--Ohio, Kentucky, and Vermont, 2004-2005.

Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) infections have emerged as a major cause of skin disease in the United States. Outbreaks of CA-MRSA have occurred among athletes, inmates at correctional facilities, and military recruits. This report summarizes investigations of six unlinked clusters of skin and soft tissue infections caused by CA-MRSA among 44 recipients of tattoos from 13 unlicensed tattooists in three states (Ohio, Kentucky, and Vermont); use of nonsterile equipment and suboptimal infection-control practices were identified as potential causes of the infections. Clinicians should consider CA-MRSA in their differential diagnosis for staphylococcus diseases, including skin infections. Clinicians can contact their local health departments to determine the prevalence of CA-MRSA in their community and whether the disease is reportable. MRSA infections should be added to education and prevention campaigns highlighting the risks of unlicensed tattooing.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

[Sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from the patients of the SP ZOZ Hospital in Nidzica to bacteriocidal agents].

The aim of this study was to evaluate a frequency of isolation and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from clinical specimens obtained from patients hospitalized in different hospital wards (SP ZOZ) in Nidzica from 01. 09. 2000 to 31. 12. 2003. During over three years 716 Staphylococcus aureus strains were cultured out of 15517 clinical specimens supplied to the Bacteriological Laboratory of SP ZOZ in Nidzica. S. aureus strains were isolated from 4.6% of examined samples. Samples were collected from patients hospitalized in all wards (five wards). Analysis of susceptibility to antimicrobial agents of identified S. aureus strains was performed. Seventy strains (9.8%) were metihicillin-resistant (MRSA). One hundred twenty four strains (17.3%) revealed inducible resistance to macrolides, linkosamides and streptogramins B (MLS, mechanism). The greatest activity in vitro against clinical S. aureus strains showed glycopeptide antibiotic--vancomycin (100% of susceptible strains). Clinical S. aureus strains isolated from patients of hospital in Nidzica are in the majority susceptible to antibiotics/chemotherapeutics, except of penicillin. Percentage of methicillin-resistant strains (MRSA) is not high (<10). Nevertheless, constant monitoring of a drug susceptibility of nosocomial S. aureus strains is important, considering the necessity of control of current epidemiological and therapeutic situation.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed2006

[Characteristics of community-acquired Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in children].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence and drug resistant patterns of community-acquired Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in children. METHODS: Samples of sputum, blood, liquor puris/secretion of skin or stool in Beijing Children's Hospital between January, 2002 and March, 2005 were cultured. The characteristics of community-acquired MRSA infection were analyzed and compared with hospital-acquired MRSA infection. RESULTS: A total of 25 strains of MRSA were found during the study period and they accounted for 4.7% in 512 strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Of the 25 strains of MRSA, 20 strains were community-acquired but only 5 were hospital-acquired. The prevalence of MRSA infection in Staphyloccus aureus has kept rising over last two years, 3.1% in 2003, 5.4% in 2004 and 7.2% in the first season of 2005. There were no statistical differences in the results of antimicrobial susceptibility testing and multi-resistance testing between the groups of community-acquired and hospital-acquired MRSA. In both groups, all isolates were susceptible to vancomycin. The percentage of the patients with underlying disease in the hospital-acquired infection group was significantly higher than in community-acquired infection group (P < 0.05), but the onset age was not different. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of community-acquired MRSA infection tends to increase in children. The drug resistant patterns of community-acquired MRSA were not significantly different from the hospital-acquired MRSA in children.

Child↗

PubMed2006

Carriage of Staphylococcus aureus among Hajj pilgrims.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) carriage among a cohort of pilgrims during 2004 Hajj season. METHODS: Pilgrims attending the 2004 Hajj season were recruited and screened for carriage of MRSA. Standard microbiological techniques were used to screen for the presence of MRSA. RESULTS: Out of 411 individuals screened, 85 (20.6%) were positive for Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) of which only 6 (1.46 %) were MRSA. Four individuals (4.6%) had the S. aureus organism in both nasal and axillary swabs, while 7 individuals (8%) had the organism in their axillae only. The other 74 individuals (87.1%) had the organism in their nares only. The 6 MRSA isolates were positive for the mecA gene by polymerase chain reaction method. None of the pilgrims examined had any risk factors for community-acquired methicillin resistant S. aureus (CAMRSA). Overall, the prevalence of MRSA in the population of pilgrims examined was found to be low (1.46%) in comparison with most community based studies. CONCLUSION: A low rate of MRSA carriage was noticed among the screened cohort. Physicians treating patients suspected of S. aureus infection during the Hajj pilgrimage should bear in mind the possibility of community acquired - MRSA and should obtain appropriate samples for bacterial cultures and susceptibility testing so that antimicrobial agents could be introduced when necessary at a later stage.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of Staphylococcus toxins isolated from dairy cow milk on Vero cell monolayers.

The effect produced on Vero cell monolayers by toxins derived from Staphylococcus strains was characterized. 210 milk samples taken from dairy cows suffering from sub-clinical mastitis were analyzed. Strains belonging to the Staphylococcus genus were isolated from 73 of these milk samples. The production of toxins was then stimulated from these strains when they were cultured in Dolman's medium. The study of cell cultures showed that 53 toxin samples induced marked and irreversible cellular changes. This is compared to 42 samples (57.5%) which were strongly cytotoxic. The remaining 11 samples were shown to be slowly cytotoxic. 16% of the total toxins did not induce cell damage and 11% of the toxins produced cellular damage that was reversible in less than 24 hrs, and were designated as cytotonic. Haemolytic actively in vitro, using sheep red blood cells, was assessed using toxins that caused alteration in the monolayers. The results indicate that 46.51% of the toxins showed beta haemolytic activity, 2.32% alpha haemolytic activity, and 51.16% showed neither alpha nor beta haemolytic activity. The later type of activity did however cause damage to cultured cells, which suggests that the causative agent could be delta toxin. This study reveals a strong predominance of beta haemolytic strains in the dairy farm studied. These strains induced in vitro cell damage, and it is possible to speculate that mammary gland tissue damage is similarly produced, which may be attributed to both beta and/or delta haemolytic toxins.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

[Study of the influence of Staphylococcus aureus on gastrointestinal tract microbiocenosis in rats].

The authors studied the modifying effect of Staphylococcus aureus on the microbial composition of gastrointestinal tract microbiocenosis. The subjects were female rats in the condition of eubiosis or dysbiosis. The species and quantitative composition of the fecal microflora and the parietal mucin in different parts of the intestine were studied after an intragastral administration of St. aureus suspension. A single introduction of St. aureus into the gastrointestinal tract of rats led to the appearance of this microbe in the feces and parietal mucin in all the parts of the intestine regardless the initial condition of the intestinal microbiocenosis. The indigenous microflora, both in eubiotic and dysbiotic conditions, practically did not respond to an intragastral administration of staphylococcus, except a little decrease in the proportion of bifidobacteria. Meanwhile, there was a significant increase in the incidence of candid detection. The indigenous parietal microflora changed more substantially, which demonstrates a higher sensitivity of the parietal microbiocenosis to a short-time exposure to an exogenous microbial factor.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Henoch-Schönlein purpura after postoperative Staphylococcus aureus infection with hepatic IgA nephropathy.

A 66-year-old man with a two-year history of hepatitis C viral liver cirrhosis, was diagnosed as having ascending colon cancer. Right hemicolectomy was performed, and a drain was fed down to the anastomosis. On post-operative day (POD) 9, and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) was isolated from both drains. After POD 12, relapsing persistent diarrhea with some blood occurred. On POD 20, the temperature increased to 39 degrees C, with symmetrical purpura and swelling in the femurs, and knee arthralgia developed. HSP was suspected. Clinical follow-up showed slight spontaneous reduction of diarrhea and purpura on POD 26. However, despite the negative drain culture, the high fever was maintained on POD 27. Therefore, intravenous steroid pulse therapy was performed. The purpura subsequently disappeared, except for a slight pigmentation and the temperature returned to normal. A renal biopsy was performed 26 days after the appearance of purpura. Pathological views demonstrated acute focal segmental glomerulonephritis-like nephropathy in addition to cirrhotic nephropathy with a membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN)-like pattern and the mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis type. We describe a case of Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) after postoperative Staphylococcus aureus infection of the intra-abdominal drain with IgA nephropathy associated with hepatitis C virus liver cirrhosis.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Sophoraflavanone G from sophora pachycarpa enhanced the antibacterial activity of gentamycin against Staphylococcus aureus.

In this study the enhancement effect of Sophora pachycarpa roots' acetone extract on the antibacterial activity of gentamycin was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus. Disc diffusion and broth dilution methods were used to determine the antibacterial activity of gentamycin in the absence and presence of plant extract and its various fractions separated by TLC. A clinical isolate of S. aureus was used as test strain. The active component of the plant extract involved in enhancement of gentamycin's activity had Rf = 0.72 on a TLC plate. The spectral data (1H NMR, 13C NMR) of this compound revealed that this compound was 5,7,2',4'-tetrahydroxy-8-lavandulylflavanone (sophoraflavanone G), previously isolated from Sophora exigua. In the presence of 0.03 microg/ mL of sophoraflavanone G the MIC value of gentamycin for S. aureus decreased from 32 to 8 microg/mL (a four-fold decrease). These results signify that the ultra-low concentration of sophoraflavanone G potentiates the antimicrobial action of gentamycin suggesting a possible utilization of this compound in combination therapy against Staphylococcus aureus.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed1991

[Staphylococcal protein A, bacteriocin, DNase and lactamases of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus].

231 Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus (MRS) and 76 Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus (MSS) strains were investigated for Staphylococcal Protein A, bacteriocin, DNase and beta lactamase production properties. It was found that 73.6% of the strains of MRS were positive for protein A, 3.8% for bacteriocin, 76.2% for DNase and 84.4% for beta lactamase production. And it was found that 61.8% of MSS strains were positive for protein A, 11.8% for bacteriocin, 55.2% for DNase and 57.9% for beta lactamase production. Staphylococcal protein A, DNase and lactamase production. Staphylococcal protein A, DNase and lactamase production were found to be significantly higher in MRS strains than MSS strains and bacteriocin production was found to be higher in MSS strains than MRS strains according to Chi Square Test.

Bacteriocins↗

PubMed1991

[Effect of subinhibitory concentrations of beta-lactams on the production of slime, surface hydrophobicity and adhesion of Staphylococcus epidermidis].

The activity of subinhibitory concentrations of oxacillin, imipenem, cefalotin, cefuroxime, cefotaxime and amoxycillin-clavulanic acid upon slime production, surface hydrophobicity and polystyrene adherence of S. epidermidis was evaluated. Slime production and polystyrene adherence of three Staphylococcus epidermidis strains was assessed using test tube (safranin stained film) or in microtiter plate. The surface hydrophobicity was determined using a biphasic system (water/p-xylene). Using one-half and one-quarter of MIC for all antibiotics tested, a reduction in slime production and polystyrene adherence was observed in all three strains used. Regarding surface hydrophobicity, in one of the strains used we have observed a rise in surface hydrophobicity values as compared to control strains whenever one-half of MCI was used for all six antimicrobial agents and also with one-quarter of amoxicillin-clavulanate MCI. Subinhibitory MCI of all six antibiotics tested inhibits slime production and adherence of Staphylococcus epidermidis. This inhibitory effect is not related to changes in surface hydrophobicity.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed1991

[A case report of early prosthetic valve endocarditis due to methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection--an experience of intraatrial implantation of mitral prosthesis with a Gore-Tex flange].

A 60-year-old female with mitral stenosis developed prosthetic valve endocarditis due to methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus septicemia 3 weeks after mitral valve replacement. In vitro test disclosed susceptibility to minocycline and clindamycin. Despite large amount of intravenous administration, progressive heart failure due to massive perivalvular leakage occurred as a consequence of persisting infection. An emergent operation revealed valve detachment of the posterior portion resulting from ring abscess formation. A mitral prosthesis with a Gore-Tex flange was implanted partially in the left atrium just above the mitral ring and sutured to the atrial wall. Postoperative relapse was not detected even after discontinuing antibiotics. Prosthetic valve endocarditis due to methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus is highly resistant to antibiotic therapy and likely to develop valve ring abscess. Prompt surgical treatment is mandatory in this situation.

Endocarditis, Bacterial↗