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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1988

Genotoxicity of acrylic acid, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, and ethyl methacrylate in L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells.

A series of monomeric acrylate/methacrylate esters (methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, and ethyl methacrylate) as well as acrylic acid were examined for genotoxic activity in L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells without exogenous activation. All five compounds induced concentration-dependent increases in mutant frequency. Small-colony, trifluorothymidine-resistant mutants were primarily induced, which suggests that these compounds may act via a clastogenic mechanism. This prediction was confirmed by the finding that all five compounds produced gross chromosome aberrations in mouse lymphoma cells. The two acrylates were much more potent in their response than acrylic acid. Methyl acrylate (22 micrograms/ml, survival = 18%) induced 385 mutants/10(6) survivors (total mutant frequency less the spontaneous mutant frequency) and 45 chromosome aberrations/100 cells analyzed (total aberrations less the spontaneous background). Ethyl acrylate (37.5 micrograms/ml, survival = 15%) induced 683 mutants/10(6) survivors and 48 aberrations/50 cells analyzed. Acrylic acid (500 micrograms/ml, survival = 22%) induced 245 mutants/10(6) survivors and 37 aberrations/100 cells analyzed. The two methacrylates required higher concentrations to induce a positive response. Methyl methacrylate (2,799 micrograms/ml, survival = 11%) induced 230 mutants/10(6) survivors and 29 aberrations/200 cells analyzed. Ethyl methacrylate was extremely difficult to test because of a plateau in the dose response, over which the toxicity fluctuated from 2% to 37% survival. Positive responses (twice the spontaneous background) were only obtained at toxicity levels with less than approximately 20% survival. A concentration of 1,626 micrograms/ml (survival = 16%) induced 83 mutants/10(6) survivors and 11 aberrations/200 cells analyzed. The evidence suggests that the genotoxicity of these compounds is most likely due to a clastogenic mechanism.

Acrylates↗
PubMed1984

Dermal oncogenicity bioassays of acrylic acid, ethyl acrylate, and butyl acrylate.

Male C3H/HeJ mice (40 per group) were treated with 25-microliter applications of undiluted ethyl acrylate, 1% acrylic acid, or 1% butyl acrylate on the dorsal skin 3 times weekly for their lifetime. A negative control group received acetone (diluent) only, and a positive control group received 0.1% 3-methylcholanthrene (MC). No epidermal tumors were observed in the animals that received any of the three test substances. In the positive control group, 39 animals had skin tumors, including 33 with confirmed squamous-cell carcinomas. Nonneoplastic skin changes such as dermatitis, dermal fibrosis, epidermal necrosis, and hyperkeratosis were observed in several mice that received ethyl acrylate. No statistically significant effects on survival were seen. Therefore, there was no evidence for local carcinogenic activity of acrylic acid, ethyl acrylate, or butyl acrylate under the conditions of these studies.

Acrylates↗
PubMed1995

Assessment of structurally related chemicals: toxicity and ecotoxicity of acrylic acid and acrylic acid alkyl esters (acrylates), methacrylic acid and methacrylic acid alkyl esters (methacrylates).

BUA compiled the available data on toxicity and ecotoxicity for several acrylic and methacrylic acid esters and their corresponding acids. A comparison of these data revealed a qualitative similarity in the toxicological and ecotoxicological properties of the compounds considered. The data indicate that methacrylates are less reactive than the corresponding acrylates.

Acrylates↗
PubMed1980

Location of the allergenic monomer in warm-polymerized acrylic dentures. Part II: Experiments aimed at establishing guidelines for production of acrylic dentures suited for patients allergic to acrylic monomer and complementary investigations.

An account has been given of a patient with denture sore mouth caused by allergy to the denture material (Part I). In the continued investigation the residual monomer or part thereof was found to be the allergen. Patch testing of the skin with drillings from the upper and lower dentures made of a "warm-polymerized" methyl methacrylate resin was carried out with special reference to the topography of the distribution of the allergenic factor within the dentures. Only that surface of the upper denture that is in contact with the hard palate and the maxillary crista were allergenic. All other surfaces of the upper denture as well as the complete lower denture were non-allergenic. The resin was, in other words, inhomogeneous as regards the allergenic factor. An analysis of the test castings showed that the allergenic properties in the resin are located in the surface and that the resin was free from allergens below the "allergenic film" (Parts I and II). A non-allergenic, extraordinarily well-fitting denture was produced from the same make of acrylic as that used for the non-tolerated denture. It was made by a new technique, "directed polymerization," comprising initial application of heat centrally in the cuvette (a metal cup surrounding the gypsum), including tin-foiling of the palatal half of the mould. The production of the denture was based on experience from tests with test castings. A check-up 18 months later showed no stomatitis and the retention and stability of the denture were very satisfactory, and tests with the original model of the upper gum showed that it had an excellent fit.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed2000

Determination of selected fate and aquatic toxicity characteristics of acrylic acid and a series of acrylic esters.

Acrylic acid, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, and butyl acrylate are commercially important and widely used materials. This paper reports the results of a series of fate and aquatic toxicity studies. The mobility in soil of acrylic acid and its esters ranged from 'medium' to 'very high'. Calculated bioconcentration factors ranged from 1 to 37, suggesting a low bioconcentration potential. Acrylic acid and methyl acrylate showed limited biodegradability in the five day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) test, while ethyl acrylate and butyl acrylate were degraded easily (77% and 56%, respectively). Using the OECD method 301D 28-d closed bottle test, degradability for acrylic acid was 81% at 28 days, while the acrylic esters ranged from 57% to 60%. Acrylic acid degraded rapidly to carbon dioxide in soil (t1/2 < 1 day). Toxicity tests were conducted using freshwater and marine fish, invertebrates, and algae. Acrylic acid effect concentrations for fish and invertebrates ranged from 27 to 236 mg/l. Effect concentrations (LC50 or EC50) for fish and invertebrates using methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, and butyl acrylate ranged from 1.1 to 8.2 mg/l. The chronic MATC for acrylic acid with Daphnia magna was 27 mg/l based on length and young produced per adult reproduction day and for ethyl acrylate was 0.29 mg/l based on both the reproductive and growth endpoints. Overall these studies show that acrylic acid and the acrylic esters studied can rapidly biodegrade, have a low potential for persistence or bioaccumulation in the environment, and have low to moderate toxicity.

Acrylates↗
PubMed1998

Water sorption, solubility, and bond strength of two autopolymerizing acrylic resins and one heat-polymerizing acrylic resin.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Because water sorption of autopolymerizing acrylic reline resins is accompanied by volumetric change, it is a physical property of importance. As residual monomer leaches into the oral fluids and causes tissue irritation, low solubility of these resins is desired. Another requirement is a satisfactory bond between the autopolymerizing acrylic resins and the denture base acrylic resin. PURPOSE: This study compared the water sorption, solubility, and the transverse bond strength of 2 autopolymerizing acrylic resins (Duraliner II and Kooliner) and 1 heat-polymerizing acrylic resin (Lucitone 550). MATERIAL AND METHODS: The water sorption and solubility test was performed as per International Standards Organization Specification No. 1567 for denture base polymers. Bond strengths between the autopolymerizing acrylic resins and the heat-polymerizing acrylic resin were determine with a 3-point loading test made on specimens immersed in distilled water at 37 degrees C for 50 hours and for 30 days. Visual inspection determined whether failures were adhesive or cohesive. RESULTS: Duraliner II acrylic resin showed significantly lower water sorption than Kooliner and Lucitone 550 acrylic resins. No difference was noted in the solubility of all materials. Kooliner acrylic resin demonstrated significantly lower transverse bond strength to denture base acrylic resin and failed adhesively. The failures seen with Duraliner II acrylic resin were primarily cohesive in nature. CONCLUSIONS: Autopolymerizing acrylic reline resins met water sorption and solubility requirements. However, Kooliner acrylic resin demonstrated significantly lower bond strength to denture base acrylic resin.

Absorption↗
PubMed1994

Biotransformation of acrylates. Excretion of mercapturic acids and changes in urinary carboxylic acid profile in rat dosed with ethyl and 1-butyl acrylate.

1. The excretion of urinary metabolites was studied in rat dosed intraperitoneally with ethyl acrylate and 1-butyl acrylate. 2. Physiological carboxylic acids, namely, 3-hydroxypropanoic acid, lactic acid and acetic acid were determined by hplc and may be derived from the xenobiotic acrylates. 3. A significant increase in the amounts of 3-hydroxypropanoic acid and acetic acid excreted within 24 h after dosing was found in both the ethyl acrylate and 1-butyl acrylate-exposed rats. 4. A slight increase in the excretion of lactic acid (p < 0.10) was also found in animals exposed to ethyl and 1-butyl acrylates. 5. Two mercapturic acids, N-acetyl-S-(2-carboxyethyl)cysteine and the corresponding N-acetyl-S-[(2-alkoxycarbonyl)ethyl]cysteine were formed from both acrylate esters and were determined by glc. For ethyl acrylate the conversion to mercapturic acids amounted to 11% of the administered dose, whereas for 1-butyl acrylate the corresponding conjugates decreased from 3.6% to 0.5 mmol/kg to 1.6% at 3.0 mmol/kg. 6. Mercapturic acids appear to be potential biological markers of exposure to acrylate esters. However, more sensitive methods would be required for their determination than those available at present.

Acetylcysteine↗
PubMed1999

Shear bond strengths for composite and autopolymerized acrylic resins bonded to acrylic resin denture teeth.

Statement of problem. Composite has been used to modify acrylic resin denture teeth. Purpose. This in vitro investigation examined the shear bond strengths between composite and autopolymerized acrylic resin bonded to acrylic resin denture teeth. Material and methods. The surface treatments used for the denture teeth included wetting with methyl methacrylate (MMA), vinylethyl methacrylate monomer (VEMA), unfilled liquid resin, composite bonding agent, and composite color modifier. Nonhydrated and hydrated denture tooth groups were included. A commercial composite was bonded to the denture teeth. The control group consisted of autopolymerized PMMA resin bonded to the acrylic resin denture teeth, and another group consisted of polyvinylethyl methacrylate bonded to acrylic resin denture teeth. The samples were thermocycled and tested in shear. Results. Acrylic resin denture teeth prewetted with MMA and treated with unfilled resin or a bonding agent had bond strength values comparable to the control group. VEMA was not as effective in promoting the bond. Composite color modifier did not produce a significantly weaker bond between the acrylic resin teeth and added composite. No prewetting of the teeth with MMA resulted in the lowest bond strength. Mean shear bond strengths for corresponding hydrated and non-hydrated groups were not significantly different. Conclusion. Bond strength of composite-to-acrylic resin denture teeth was comparable to the bond strength of autopolymerized acrylic resin.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed2002

Uveal and capsular biocompatibility of hydrophilic acrylic, hydrophobic acrylic, and silicone intraocular lenses.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the long-term response of 6 types of 3-piece intraocular lenses (IOLs) by assessing the cellular reaction on the anterior IOL surface, the behavior of posterior and anterior capsule fibrosis, and flare. SETTING: Department of Ophthalmology, Medical School, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. METHODS: One hundred eighty eyes were prospectively randomized to receive 1 of 6 IOLs: hydrophilic acrylic Hydroview (Bausch & Lomb) or MemoryLens (ORC); hydrophobic acrylic AcrySof MA60BM (Alcon) or AMO Sensar AR40 (Allergan); hydrophobic silicone CeeOn 920 or CeeOn 911A (Pharmacia). The patients had standardized cataract surgery, postoperative medication, and follow-up. One year after surgery, 155 eyes were assessed. The cellular reaction was evaluated by specular microscopy of the anterior IOL surface. Anterior and posterior capsule opacification (PCO) was assessed semiquantitatively by biomicroscopy. Flare was measured with a Kowa FC-1000 laser flare-cell meter. RESULTS: Regarding uveal biocompatibility, the hydrophobic acrylic IOLs showed the highest incidence of late foreign-body cell reaction (AcrySof, 30%; AR40, 17%) followed by the hydrophilic acrylic (MemoryLens, 8%; Hydroview, 4%) and silicone (CeeOn 920, 4%; CeeOn 911A, 0%) (P =.0044). In all cases, the cellular reaction was low grade and clinically insignificant. Regarding capsular biocompatibility, some eyes developed lens epithelial cell (LEC) outgrowth on the anterior IOL surface. The highest incidence was in the hydrophilic acrylic group (Hydroview, 85%; MemoryLens, 27%) followed by the hydrophobic acrylic (AcrySof, 4%; AR40, 3%). No silicone IOL had LECs on the anterior surface. The difference among IOL groups was significant (P =.0001). Anterior capsule opacification was more predominant in the hydrophobic IOL groups. Posterior capsule opacification of the central 3.0 mm area was lowest in the groups with a sharp-edged optic (CeeOn 911A, AcrySof) followed by the round-edged silicone (CeeOn 920), hydrophobic acrylic (AR40), and hydrophilic acrylic IOLs (P =.0001). There was a significant difference in flare between the AR40 lens and the Hydroview, MemoryLens, CeeOn 911A, and CeeOn 920 (P <.004). There was no statistically significant difference in the postoperative cell count at 1 year. The power calculation showed that the sample size was sufficient. CONCLUSIONS: The differences in cellular reaction, although clinically mild in normal eyes, indicate that there were more giant cells with hydrophobic acrylic IOLs and an increased tendency toward LEC outgrowth with hydrophilic lenses. The incidence of PCO was lowest in the hydrophobic IOL groups, especially in groups with a sharp-edged optic. Second-generation silicone IOLs with a sharp edge had good uveal and capsular biocompatibility 1 year after surgery.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed2006

Acrylic acid removal by acrylic acid utilizing bacteria from acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene resin manufactured wastewater treatment system.

The aim of this study is to isolate the acrylic acid utilizing bacteria from the ABS resin manufactured wastewater treatment system. The bacteria should have the ability to remove acrylic acid and tolerate the acrylonitrile and acrylamide toxicity. The aim is also to understand the performance of isolated pure strain for treating different initial acrylic acid concentrations from synthetic wastewater. The results are: twenty strains were isolated from the ABS resin manufactured wastewater treatment system and twelve of them could utilize 600 mg/l acrylic acid for growth. Seven of twelve strains could tolerate the acrylonitrile and acrylamide toxicity, when the concentration was below 300 mg/l. Bacillus thuringiensis was one of the seven strains and the optimum growth temperature was 32 degrees C. Bacillus thuringiensis could utilize acrylic acid for growth, when the initial acrylic acid concentration was below 1,690.4 mg/l. Besides this, when the initial acrylic acid concentration was below 606.8 mg/l, the acrylic acid removal efficiency exceeded 96.3%. Bacillus thuringiensis could tolerate 295.7 mg/l acrylamide and 198.4 mg/l acrylonitrile toxicity but could not tolerate 297.3 mg/l epsilon-caprolactam.

Acrylates↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Surface doses for acrylic versus lead acrylic blocking trays for Co-60, 8-MV, and 17-MV photons.

Clear acrylic trays are commonly used on teletherapy units to support freehand and custom-molded blocks for photon beam irradiation. While these trays have many desirable physical characteristics, they have the disadvantage of degrading the buildup region by contribution of low-energy electrons to the patient's surface. Recently, clear leaded acrylic has been introduced and suggested as a replacement for acrylic. The effect of the lead acrylic on the buildup region was investigated for cobalt-60, 8-MV, and 17-MV x-ray beams. The lead acrylic was found to decrease the surface dose compared to acrylic. Except for cobalt-60, the lead acrylic results in a higher dose than an open wire tray.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed1984

Genotoxic effects of ethyl acrylate and methyl acrylate in the mouse evaluated by the micronucleus test.

The micronucleus test was used to study the mutagenic effects of ethyl acrylate and methyl acrylate. Investigated compounds were administered to Balb C male mice by i.p. injection in two doses, separated by a period of 24 h. Ethyl acrylate at doses of 225-1800 mg/kg, and methyl acrylate at doses of 37.5-300 mg/kg significantly induce chromosome damage resulting in micronuclei formation in bone marrow polychromatic erythrocytes. Both investigated compounds significantly decrease the ratio of polychromatic to normochromatic erythrocytes. Positive results provide evidence of clastogenic activity of ethyl acrylate and methyl acrylate.

Acrylates↗
PubMed1998

Failure load of acrylic resin denture teeth bonded to high impact acrylic resins.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Techniques for bonding denture teeth to an acrylic resin denture base remain empirical, with little consensus from the literature, among clinicians, or among dental laboratories. PURPOSE: This study evaluated the failure load of acrylic resin teeth bonded to 2 high impact acrylic resins. METHODS AND MATERIAL: The ridge lap portion on 120 identical denture teeth were modified with 3 variables: (1) placing a diatoric, (2) using monomer to prewet the denture tooth, and (3) breaking the glaze. Variables were combined to form 6 groups of 10 teeth each, and processed with Lucitone 199 (Lucitone) or SR-Ivocap (Ivocap) acrylic resin. Data analysis included the use of a heterogeneous variance linear regression model. RESULTS: Mean (+/- SD) failure load ranged between 10.25 +/- 1.48 Kg to 28.43 +/- 11.05 Kg for the 6 Ivocap groups and 16.63 +/- 5.87 Kg to 28.05 +/- 5.35 Kg for the Lucitone groups. For Lucitone 199 acrylic resin, the highest failure loads resulted when the ridge lap was left with an intact glaze and did not have a diatoric, with no significant influence from the use of monomer. For Ivocap resin, the highest failure loads resulted when the ridge lap had a diatoric but did not have monomer placed, with no significant influence from glaze. CONCLUSION: Failure load of bonding highly cross-linked denture teeth to SR-Ivocap or Lucitone 199 acrylic resin was significantly influenced by modifications to the ridge lap before processing.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed2001

Trypsin inhibition, calcium and zinc ion binding of starch-g-poly(acrylic acid) copolymers and starch/poly(acrylic acid) mixtures for peroral peptide drug delivery.

Newly synthesised starch-g-poly(acrylic acid) copolymers and starch/poly(acrylic acid) mixtures were evaluated for their in vitro inhibition potency towards the proteolytic enzyme trypsin. Their Ca2+ and Zn2+ binding capacity was measured. Carbopol 934P was used as reference polymer. Starch-g-poly(acrylic acid) copolymers were prepared by chemical grafting and 60Co irradiation, the starch/poly(acrylic acid) mixtures by freeze-drying. The influence of preparation method, the ratio starch:acrylic acid, the neutralisation degree and for the freeze-dried polymers the influence of heat treatment after freeze-drying was investigated. All freeze-dried polymers showed a higher inhibition factor (IF) than the chemically grafted and 60Co irradiated starches, which all showed significantly lower IF than Carbopol 934P. The heat treated freeze-dried polymer Amioca/poly(acrylic acid) (1:1) showed a significantly higher IF than the reference polymer (Mann-Whitney test, p<0.05). The Ca2+ and Zn2+ binding capacity of all chemically grafted starches was much lower than for Carbopol 934P. Only the 60Co irradiated starches and freeze-dried polymers with ratio 1:3 approached the binding capacity of the reference polymer. The freeze-dried polymers showed the highest proteolytic enzyme inhibition potency. Freeze-drying and 60Co irradiation could result in the highest ion binding capacity. This combination of proteolytic enzyme inhibition activity and ion binding capacity makes these polymers hopeful excipients for successful oral peptide delivery.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed2002

Results of hydrophilic acrylic, hydrophobic acrylic, and silicone intraocular lenses in uveitic eyes with cataract: comparison to a control group.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the uveal and capsular biocompatibility of hydrophilic acrylic, hydrophobic acrylic, and silicone intraocular lenses (IOLs) in eyes with uveitis. SETTING: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. METHODS: This prospective study comprised 72 eyes with uveitis and 68 control eyes having phacoemulsification and IOL implantation by 1 surgeon. Patients received 1 of the following IOLs: foldable hydrophilic acrylic (Hydroview, Bausch & Lomb), hydrophobic acrylic (AcrySof, Alcon), or silicone (CeeOn 911, Pharmacia). Postoperative evaluations were at 1, 3, and 7 days and 1, 3, and 6 months. Cell reaction was evaluated by specular microscopy of the anterior IOL surface and the anterior and posterior capsule reaction, by biomicroscopy. RESULTS: Small round cell deposition was observed on all IOLs in the immediate postoperative period, especially in eyes with uveitis. This reaction decreased 3 to 6 months after surgery. Although the CeeOn 911 had a higher mean grade of small cells, there was no statistical difference between the 3 IOL types after 6 months in the uveitis and control groups. Foreign-body giant cells (FBGCs) increased after 1 week to 1 month. The AcrySof IOLs had the highest number of FBGCs; after 6 months, there was a statistically significant difference between the AcrySof and Hydroview uveitis groups (P =.036) and the AcrySof and CeeOn 911 uveitis groups (P =.003) but there was no difference among the 3 IOL types in the control group. Lens epithelial cell outgrowth persisted on the Hydroview IOLs in control eyes and regressed on all 3 IOL types in uveitic eyes and on the AcrySof and CeeOn 911 IOLs in control eyes (P =.0001). Anterior capsule opacification (ACO) was more severe on all IOL types in uveitic eyes and on the CeeOn 911 IOL in control eyes. Posterior capsule opacification (PCO) was more severe in uveitic eyes. The Hydroview group had more severe PCO than the AcrySof and the CeeOn 911 groups in uveitis and control eyes. Six months postoperatively, the difference was significant (P =.0001). There was no significant difference between the AcrySof and CeeOn 911 IOLs. CONCLUSIONS: Intraocular lens biocompatibility is inversely related to inflammation. Hydrophilic acrylic material had good uveal but worse capsular biocompatibility. Hydrophobic acrylic material had lower uveal but better capsular biocompatibility. Silicone showed a higher small cell count (mild) and more severe ACO but achieved PCO results comparable to FBGC results and better than those with the AcrySof lens 6 months after surgery. Despite the differences in IOL biocompatibility, all patients benefited from the surgery.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed2005

Evaluation of posterior capsule opacification using a new posterior view method in rabbits: single-piece acrylic versus 3-piece acrylic intraocular lens.

PURPOSE: To introduce a new procedure for evaluating posterior capsule opacification (PCO) in rabbit eyes and to perform a comparative study of the single-piece and 3-piece acrylic intraocular lenses (IOLs) on PCO using the new evaluation method. SETTING: Jinshikai Medical Foundation, Nishi Eye Hospital, Osaka, Japan. METHODS: A single-piece or 3-piece acrylic IOL was implanted in 1 eye and the other in the contralateral eye of 5 rabbits. Three weeks after surgery, PCO was scored by Evaluation of Posterior Capsule Opacification (EPCO) in posterior view. Before the posterior view was photographed, the anterior capsule was removed from the whole optic area to eliminate disturbing anterior capsule opacification (ACO) for the PCO evaluation. RESULTS: Posterior capsule opacification could be well observed and viewed in the posterior view so that it could be scored by EPCO without confusion with ACO. The mean PCO score of the single-piece and 3-piece acrylic IOLs was 3.12 +/- 0.19 and 2.41 +/- 0.70, respectively (P < .05 and P = .03, respectively). CONCLUSION: The removal of ACO allowed scoring of PCO by EPCO in rabbit eyes. The single-piece acrylic IOL showed significantly more PCO than the 3-piece acrylic IOL at least 3 weeks after surgery in rabbits.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed2003

Plasma treatment increased shear bond strength between heat cured acrylic resin and self-curing acrylic resin.

Self-curing acrylic resin is generally used for the repair of a fractured denture base. However, re-fracture of the repaired denture base resin often occurs because of poor bonding strength between the base resin and self-curing repair resin. The effect of plasma treatment on the shear bond strength between heat cured acrylic resin and the self-cured acrylic was examined. It was revealed that plasma irradiation is effective in increasing the shear bond strength. Plasma irradiation does not cause environmental pollution, as it does not require chemicals. It is a useful method to increase adhesive strength between heat cured acrylic resin and self-curing acrylic resin.

Acrylic Resins↗