[Biological activity of ampulated amyl nitrite depending on its stability and ampule covering].
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Amyl Nitrite↗
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[Biological activity of ampulated amyl nitrite depending on its stabilization and the type of ampule covering].
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Amyl Nitrite↗
[New specialty drugs admitted in Austria and new knowledge regarding drugs already in longer use. Leucomax-Aesca dry injection ampule with solution. Leucomax-Sandoz dry injection ampule with solution].
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AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
Drug contamination from opening glass ampules.
Recently there have been several reports of postoperative sepsis due to the intravenous injection of contaminated solutions of propofol (Diprivan). The mechanism by which this contamination occurred has not been identified. This study sought to determine whether bacterial contamination of the contents of glass ampules can be decreased by swabbing the neck of the vial with alcohol prior to opening. Glass ampules of 1% propofol and 1% lidocaine were swabbed with a solution of Staphylococcus epidermidis. Half of these ampules were subsequently wiped with alcohol pads prior to being opened. An aliquot from each ampule was pipetted into a nutrient broth and allowed to incubate overnight at 37 degrees C. These solutions were plated on agar, incubated for 24 h, and then examined for bacterial growth. Three of the eight lidocaine ampules and six of the eight propofol ampules not cleaned with alcohol demonstrated evidence of bacterial contamination. The contents of all ampules that had been wiped with alcohol prior to being opened remained sterile (P less than 0.001 vs. non-alcohol-treated group for propofol ampules and P = 0.20 vs. non-alcohol-treated group for lidocaine ampules). These data suggest that bacterial contamination of propofol and lidocaine may occur as a result of opening glass ampules. Wiping the outside of the ampule with alcohol immediately prior to opening may decrease this risk.
Alcohols↗
Moult-related changes in ampullate silk gland morphology and usage in the araneid spider Araneus cavaticus.
Major ampullate (MaA) and minor ampullate (MiA) silk glands of juvenile Araneus cavaticus (third to penultimate instars) were examined by dissection at various times relative to ecdysis. Several days before ecdysis the larger pairs of MaA and MiA glands become non-functional and remain so until ecdysis. Nevertheless, proecdysial spiders are able to draw ampullate fibres due to the presence of smaller pairs of MaA and MiA glands which are functional at this time. Indeed, it appears that these smaller ampullate glands are intended for use only during proecdysis. Thus, larger MaA and MiA glands and smaller MaA and MiA glands are typically not used concurrently (a brief transitional period is an exception). The smaller ampullate glands functioning in one juvenile stadium regress in the following stadium and become (what have previously been referred to as) accessory MaA and MiA glands. These nonfunctional accessory ampullate glands do not re-develop into functional smaller ampullate glands until the following stadium. Thus, a given pair of smaller MaA or MiA glands is only functional in every other juvenile stadium. However, because there are two sets of smaller/accessory MaA and MiA glands which function alternately, the spider is able to produce ampullate fibres during the proecdysial portion of each stadium. A new terminology for the larger, smaller and accessory ampullate glands is proposed which emphasizes the kinship between the two sets of smaller/accessory ampullate glands.
Animals↗
Glass particle contamination: influence of aspiration methods and ampule types.
Glass particle contamination of the contents of single-dose glass ampules can occur upon opening. In our study we determined if different aspirating techniques or different ampule types had any effect on glass particle contamination. In part 1 of this study different aspiration techniques were evaluated. The four groups included a control group of 3 mm tubing, an 18-g 1.5-inch needle, a filter needle, and an in-line filter. A significant reduction in glass particle contamination was found when using either an in-line filter or a filter needle compared with the control group or when aspirating through an 18-g needle. The average number of glass particles found per ampule for each group was 100.6 +/- 16.3, 65.6 +/- 18.7, 1.3 +/- 0.3, and 1.2 +/- 0.3, respectively, for the control group, 18-g needle, filter needle, and in-line filter. In part 2 we examined four types of glass ampules: transparent metal etched, transparent chemically etched, amber metal etched, and amber chemically etched. There was a significantly greater number of glass particles found in the transparent metal etched ampules compared with that found in the other three ampule types. Transparent metal etched ampules yielded an average total number of particles per ampule of 45.9 +/- 15.4 compared with 3.2 +/- 0.9, 6.0 +/- 1.7, and 3.1 +/- 0.6, in the transparent chemically etched, amber metal etched, and amber chemically etched ampule types, respectively. This study demonstrates that using drugs supplied in ampules other than transparent metal etched type and by using filters will decrease the risk of parenteral injection of glass particles.
Drug Contamination↗
[Comparison of glass particle contamination according to method of ampule cutting and needle aspiration].
PURPOSE: Glass particle contamination of the contents of single-dose glass ampules can occur upon opening. Different aspiration techniques, different sizes of needles, different sizes of ampules, and different cutting methods were studied to determine if they had any effect on glass particle contamination. METHOD: Different aspiration techniques(with filter, without filter), different sizes of needles(18G, 25G), different sizes of ampules(2 ml, 20 ml), and different cutting methods (with cotton, without cotton) were evaluated. METHOD: Twenty ampules were randomly assigned in each group. Three slides containing glass particles for each ampule were made and counted under a microscope by 3 study blind persons. RESULT: The number of glass particle contamination is much less when using a filter rather than without a filter. The number of glass particle contamination is much less when using a 25G needle rather than on 18G needle. The number of glass particle contamination is much less when using 2 ml ampules rather than 20 ml ampules. The number of glass particle contamination is much less when using cotton rather than without cotton. CONCLUSION: It was shown that using a filter, a small size needle, smaller sized ampules and using cotton when cutting the ampule will decrease the risk of parenteral injection of glass particles.
Drug Contamination↗
Two methods of single-dose ampule opening and their influence upon glass particulate contamination.
Contamination of glass ampules by glass fragments can occur following ampule opening. The intravenous administration of these glass fragments in animal experiments has resulted in insult to the brain, pulmonary, hepatic, renal, and splenic systems of these animals. Thus, it is of clinical importance to determine quantitatively the extent of glass particulate contamination by examining the different methods of glass ampule opening. Twenty, 2-mL single-dose glass ampules were examined for glass fragments following opening. Ten of the ampules were snapped open by hand while 10 were snapped open with the use of a commercial ampule opener. The contents of the ampules were aspirated into a 5-mL glass syringe, attached to an 18-gauge nonfilter needle. The contents of the syringe were filtered, then examined for glass fragments under a microscope. The size and number of glass particles were recorded using a calibrated ocular micrometer. Analysis of variance for repeated measures and Duncan's test showed no significant difference between the two groups. Thus, no significant difference existed in the number and size of glass particles aspirated when comparing these two ampule opening methods.
Drug Contamination↗
[The problem in the incubation of injective solutions. The difference between ampule and vial].
Variations in the actual doses with vials and ampules due to causes of dosage forms and human operations have been discussed. The differences between the labeled doses and actually administered doses with ampules and vials have been studied. The comparison of resulting blood levels revealed peaks of 4.88 +/- 1.08 micrograms/ml and 3.85 +/- 0.71 micrograms/ml actually determined with ampule preparations and vial preparations, respectively, showing some appreciable differences. These values were analyzed with compartment models. Cmax values were 5.13 micrograms/ml and 3.94 micrograms/ml, respectively, showing significant differences (P less than 0.05) between the ampule and vial preparations. However, AUC and Tmax values were equal to each other, so that it was assumed that there would be no problem about the similarity of the 2 types of dosage forms. As to the differences due to human operations, the nurse A did normally collect only 83.0% (75.2 mg) volume of the labeled doses of vials, and, even when she did it with greater care, she collected still 90.0% (81.5 mg) of the labeled doses. On the other hand, the nurse B normally collected 89.8% (81.4 mg) of the labeled dose of vials, and when she used greater care, she collected 92.4% (83.7 mg) of the labeled doses. In the group of ampule preparations, the nurses A and B collected 93.1% (94.8 mg) and 98.1% (99.9 mg), respectively. It was beyond the amount expected in advance for the actually collected dose from ampules. The differences in the collected doses between ampules and vials were within the expected range because ampule preparations usually contain approximate 10% overage, but as to the differences added to this difference due to the human operations, the nearly twice as much speed for collecting the filled preparation by the nurse A would not have been denied for the smaller doses collected on the basis of the above-mentioned results. It was noted therefore that care should be taken in collecting the filled doses from containers into injection syringes.
Adult↗
Quantitative determination of ketoprofen in gels and ampules by using flow-injection UV spectrophotometry and HPLC.
A flow-injection UV spectrophotometric method for the determination of ketoprofen in gels and ampules was developed. Quantitative determination of ketoprofen was realized by using distilled water as a carrier for gels and citrate buffer, pH 6.5, for ampules at 261 nm. No spectrophotometric interferences from additives of gels, carboxypolymethylene and triethanolamine, were observed. There were also no spectrophotometric interferences resulting from additives of ampules named as benzyl alcohol and arginine. The detection limits were 0.436 and 0.303 microg/ml for gels and ampules, respectively. Throughout the study, the flow rate, loop volume and the number of injection per hour were 13.8 mlmin(-1), 193 mcirol and 85, respectively. Analytical signal of the ketoprofen was linear in the concentration range of 7.5-75 microg/ml. Quantitative results of ketoprofen in gels, 25.25+/-0.27 (mean+/-S.D.), and in ampules, 99.42+/-0.44 were in good agreement with the labeled quantities (25 mg/1g gel, 100 mg/2 ml ampule). The recoveries were in the range of 98.65-100.63 and 99.1-101.5% for gels and ampules, respectively. Results obtained were in accordance with those obtained by HPLC. It was seen that the proposed method was fast, accurate, precise and suitable for automation as an analytical method.
Acrylic Resins↗
Glass ampules and associated hazards.
Accessing drugs dispensed in glass ampules is always associated with glass fragment contamination of the ampule contents on opening. In this study, the glass fragment contamination from the external surface of the ampule occurred 60% of the time with 1-ml sized ampules (p less than .01). Glass contamination has been shown to increase with larger ampule size. The glass ampule poses a potential source of microbial infection to the patient, as well as other hazards to the user. Increased precautions and improved drug container design appear to be desirable.
Drug Contamination↗
Molecular and mechanical properties of major ampullate silk of the black widow spider, Latrodectus hesperus.
Molecular and material properties of major ampullate silk were studied for the cobweb-building black widow spider Latrodectus hesperus. Material properties were measured by stretching the silk to breaking. The strength was 1.0 +/- 0.2 GPa, and the extensibility was 34 +/- 8%. The secondary structure of the major ampullate silk protein was studied using carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy. Alanine undergoes a transition from a coiled structure in pre-spun silk to a beta sheet structure in post-spun silk. We have also isolated two distinct cDNAs (both about 500 bp) which encode proteins similar to major ampullate spidroin 1 and 2 (MaSp1 and MaSp2). The MaSp1-like silk contains polyalanine runs of 5-10 residues as well as GA and GGX motifs. The MaSp2-like silk contains polyalanine runs of varying length as well as GPG(X)(n) motifs. L. hesperus major ampullate silk is more like major ampullate silk from other species than other L. hesperus silks.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
13C NMR of Nephila clavipes major ampullate silk gland.
The major ampullate glands of the spider Nephila clavipes contain approximately 0.2 microliter each of a highly concentrated (approximately 50%) solution of silk fibroin. Therefore, the reservoir of silk in these glands presents an ideal opportunity to observe prefolded conformations of a protein in its native state. To this end, the structure and conformation of major ampullate gland silk fibroin within the glands of the spider N. clavipes were examined by 13C NMR spectroscopy. These results were compared to those from silk protein first drawn from the spinneret and then denatured. The 13C NMR chemical shifts, along with infrared and circular dichroism data, suggest that the silk fibroin in the glands exists in dynamically averaged helical conformations. Furthermore, there is no evidence of proline residues in U-(13)C-D-glucose-labeled silk. This transient prefolded "molten fibril" state may correspond to the silk I form found in Bombyx mori silk. There is no evidence of the final beta-sheet structure in the ampullate gland silk fibroin before final silk processing. However, the conformation of silk in the glands appears to be in a highly metastable state, as plasticization with water produces the beta-sheet structure. Therefore, the ducts connecting the ampullate glands to the spinnerets play a larger role in silk processing than previously thought.
Alanine↗
An investigation of the divergence of major ampullate silk fibers from Nephila clavipes and Argiope aurantia.
The major ampullate fiber of both Nephila clavipes and Argiope aurantia is composed of two different proteins, MaSp1 and MaSp2. Each of these proteins has a highly conserved pattern of silk-associated amino acid motifs. The GPGXX motif is the only source of proline and is unique to MaSp2. On the basis of the percent of proline, Nephila clavipes major ampullate silk was calculated to consist of 19% MaSp2 and 81% MaSp1, while Argiope aurantia was calculated to have a significantly higher MaSp2 content of 59% with MaSp1 comprising the remaining 41%. To investigate the functional implications of the difference in protein composition, major ampullate silk fibers from Nephila clavipes and Argiope aurantia were mechanically tested and compared. Stress-strain curves produced from polynomial regression show that the two significant differences between major ampullate silk fibers from Nephila clavipes and Argiope aurantia are the average peak load stress and Young's modulus, with Argiope higher for both.
Amino Acid Motifs↗
Analysis of the conserved N-terminal domains in major ampullate spider silk proteins.
Major ampullate silk, also known as dragline silk, is one of the strongest biomaterials known. This silk is composed of two proteins, major ampullate spidroin 1 (MaSp1) and major ampullate spidroin 2 (MaSp2). Only partial cDNA sequences have been obtained for these proteins, and these sequences are toward the C-terminus. Thus, the N-terminal domains have never been characterized for either protein. Here we report the sequence of the N-terminal region of major ampullate silk proteins from three spider species: Argiope trifasciata, Latrodectus geometricus, and Nephila inaurata madagascariensis. The amino acid sequences are inferred from genomic DNA clones. Northern blotting experiments suggest that the predicted 5' end of the transcripts are present in fibroin mRNA. The presence of more than one Met codon in the N-terminal region indicates the possibility of translation of both a long and a short isoform. The size of the short isoform is consistent with the published, cDNA based, N-terminal sequence found in flagelliform silk. Analyses comparing the level of identity of all known spider silk N-termini show that the N-terminus is the most conserved part of silk proteins. Two DNA sequence motifs identified upstream of the putative transcription start site are potential silk fibroin promoter elements.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
Membrane specializations in the ciliate Euplotes crassus at the site of interaction of the ampules with the plasma membrane.
In Euplotes crassus, the ampules which occur in groups that surround the cilia at their base are organelles which, unlike the extrusomes such as mucocysts and trichocysts, persist inside the cytoplasm and are not lost after discharge. By freeze-fracturing cells, we found membrane specializations denoted by the presence of particles arranged in organized patterns, at the attachment sites of the ampules to the plasma membrane. At each attachment site, an annulus and a rosette were observed in the ampule and in the plasma membrane, respectively. On this basis, it was suggested that the ampules of Euplotes might be cortical organelles functioning in secretion and, therefore, phylogenetically related to the other protozoan extrusomes.
Animals↗
Deep freezing of cattle embryos in glass ampules or French straws.
Ninety four cow embryos recovered on day 7-8 after onset of oestrus were frozen by the "Two Step" freezing procedure: 49 in pyrex glass ampules and 45 in .25 ml French semen straws. The overall survival rate was 33.7% (36.2% for embryos frozen in glass ampules; 31.1% for embryos frozen in plastic straws). 45.2% of transferred embryos resulted in pregnancies (35.7% after freezing in glass ampules v.s 52.9% after freezing in plastic straws).
Journal Article↗
The unique ribbon morphology of the major ampullate silk of spiders from the genus Loxosceles (recluse spiders).
The morphology of silk produced by recluse spiders (Loxosceles arizonica) was investigated by scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. This silk consisted entirely of very long, thin ribbons of width 2-4 microm and thicknesses of no more than 40 nm. The correspondence in shape and dimension between the silk ribbons and the elongated aperture of the major ampullate spigot indicated that these ribbons were major ampullate silk. Selected area electron diffraction patterns from single ribbons were indexed with an orthorhombic unit cell (a = 9.43(2) A, b = 8.96(3) A, c = 6.96(1) A). This unit cell is in good agreement with that previously reported for synthetic poly(L-alanylglycine). Thus it is likely that the crystalline regions of the major ampullate silk of L. arizonica consist of an alternating glycine-L-alanine motif that has adopted a beta-sheet structure. The amino acid composition achieved with the silk of L. arizonica as well as that of L. laeta confirmed that the major amino acid constituents of this silk were glycine and L-alanine in nearly equal amounts. As it was noticed that the dry ribbons were highly electrostatic, it is suggested that the electrostatic interaction plays an important role in prey capture for Loxoseles.
Amino Acids↗