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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed1991

[Arterial vascularization of the amygdaloid body in man].

The arterial supply of the amygdaloid body was studied on 20 brains of adult individuals of both sexes. The middle cerebral and anterior choroidal artery were selectively injected with a mixture of India ink and 5% gelatin solution. By injecting the middle cerebral artery, we filled the blood vessels of the putamen, the lateral part of globus pallidus, the internal capsule, claustrum, insular cortex and the cortex of the convex side of the hemisphere, whereas the blood vessels of the amygdaloid body remained unfilled by the mixture. By injecting the anterior choroidal artery, the blood vessels of the medial part of globus pallidus and of the amygdaloid body were filled, except in one case, when the blood vessels were filled only in it's posterior part. Based on the results obtained, a conclusion may be drawn that the branches of the anterior choroidal artery play the main role in the amygdaloid body arterial supply.

Amygdala↗

PubMed2000

[Structural and quantitative characteristics of nuclear and screen-type formation in the amygdaloid body posterior region].

Cytoarchitecture and planimetry of structures of amygdaloid body posterior region were investigated in view of A.A. Zavarzin concepts on nuclear and screen-type centres of nervous system. Amygdaloid body was shown to be a complicated heterogeneous brain formation, the structure of which reflects both basic principles (nuclear and screen-type) of grey substance organization. Structural and quantitative characteristics of the amygdaloid body posterior region provides a confirmation for assumption that it is a nucleo-paleocortical brain component.

Amygdala↗

PubMed1998

[Structural-quantitative characterization of nuclear and screen-like formations in the anterior section of the amygdaloid body of the brain].

Cytoarchitectonics and planimetry of structures of amygdaloid body anterior region were investigated in view of A.A. Zavarzin concepts on nuclear and screen-type centres of nervous system. Amygdaloid body was shown to be a complicated heterogenous brain formation, the structure of which reflects both basic principles (nuclear and screen-type) of grey matter organization. Structural and quantitative characteristics of the amygdaloid body anterior region provides a confirmation for assumption that it is a nucleo-paleocortical brain component.

Amygdala↗

PubMed1999

Topographical relationship of the amygdaloid body to the hippocampal formation and lateral ventricle - MRI study.

The relationship of the amygdaloid body to the hippocampal formation and lateral ventricle was studied on MRI slabs of brains of 25 volunteers. Considering the presence of the hippocampal formation and/or uncal sulcus on a cross-section three segments of the amygdaloid body were distinguished in rostro-caudal order: prehippocampal, suprahippocampal anterior (preuncal) and suprahippocampal posterior (uncal), each one presenting characteristic features. The lengths of the amygdaloid body and of its segments were calculated. In each segment the great variability of the topographical relations was found. Especially in the suprahippocampal anterior segment the relation of the lateral ventricle to both, the amygdaloid body and hippocampus shows great differences, even between the right and left side.

Amygdala↗

PubMed1996

Comparative study of arterial vascularization of the amygdaloid body in man and sheep.

The aim of this study was anatomical and comparative examination of vascular sources and angioarchitecture of the amygdaloid body in adult man and sheep. The studies were carried out using own injection method. The cerebral arteries filled with synthetic many-colored latex were dissected under an operating microscope. It was found that the main source of vascularization of the amygdaloid body, both in the human and sheep brains, is formed by 1-3 branches originating from the proximal segment of the middle cerebral artery. The supplementary sources are singular small branches of the anterior choroidal artery. Each of these arborescent arterioles distributes and supplies only the amygdaloid body and does not penetrate into the surrounding white matter. Their courses and topography do not create anatomical conditions for collateral circulation. Obtained results indicate also that the amygdaloid body, as a unit structure of the cerebral gray matter, possesses its own, separate and well developed arterial system.

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PubMed1998

The amygdaloid body of the rabbit--a morphometric study using image analyser.

The amygdaloid body is a telencephalic structure belonging to the limbic system. The amygdaloid body consists of the two main nuclear groups: corticomedial and basolateral. The former-phylogenetically older group is composed of the central, medial, and cortical nuclei, while the latter, phylogenetically younger one, of the lateral, basolateral and basomedial ones. The results presented in our paper indicate differences in the structure and topography of the specific amygdaloid nuclei. Their subdivisions in the rabbit are not as evident as in the rat. Apart from structural differences, the cellular composition of specific nuclei does not differ distinctly. It can suggest that their intrinsic and extrinsic connections might be similar and the role and function of them is maintained (with few exceptions) through the phylogeny.

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PubMed1984

Projections of the amygdaloid body to the insular cortex in the cat.

Experiments were performed on brains of 15 cats with the use of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) retrograde transport method. After injections of HRP to the insular cortex, relatively great numbers of labeled neurons were found in all main nuclei of the amygdaloid body. After injections to the anterior part of the granular insular cortex numerous labeled neurons were located in the lateral, central lateral, basal dorsal and basal ventral nucleus of the amygdaloid body. Injections to the agranular insular cortex labeled neurons in the lateral, basal dorsal and basal ventral nucleus and in the claustrum prepiriforme. These results indicate the presence of large projections from vast areas of the amygdaloid body to the agranular insular cortex and the anterior part of the granular insular cortex.

Amygdala↗

PubMed1979

Connections of the posterior thalamus with the amygdaloid body of the rat.

The thalamo-amygdaloid connections arising in the posterior thalamus were studied in the brains of rats by the Nauta-Gygax and Fink-Heimer methods. They begin mainly in the neurons of the supero-medial area of the posterior segment of the pulvinar and in the peripeduncular nucleus. The amygdalopetal fibers of this pathway pass through the zona incerta, cerebral peduncle, and the lateral hypothalamus. They end in the lateral nucleus and in the lateral part of the central nucleus of the amygdaloid body.

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PubMed1988

[Topical organization of the projections to the putamen from the nuclei of the amygdaloid body in the cat].

The investigation has been performed on the cat by means of the retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase method and luminescent markers. To the putamen along its rostro-caudal length and to all the segments projection fibers get only from the neurons of the basal nucleus of the amygdaloid body, greater number of the neurons projecting to the antero-ventral parts of the putamen than to the posterior ones. The problem on likeness in organization of the projections of the amygdaloid body and the caudate nucleus is discussed.

Afferent Pathways↗

PubMed2005

Neuronal organization of structures in the central part of the amygdaloid body of the brain.

The features of neurons in the central part of a amygdaloid body (AB) were studied and compared with published data on similar measures of cells in the anterior and posterior parts of the amygdaloid complex. Neurons were impregnated with silver nitrate using the Golgi method. Neurons were classified and measured as described by Leontovich (1978). Long-axon and short-axon neurons were identified and their quantitative characteristics were described.

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PubMed1996

Acetylcholinesterase activity as a marker of maturation of the basolateral complex of the amygdaloid body in the rat.

Development and maturation of the basolateral complex of the amygdaloid body were studied in fetal and postnatal rat brains. In cresyl violet-stained sections the basolateral complex was distinguishable at the 17th prenatal day. On about the 14th postnatal day, it showed all the features of the adult structure. The acetylcholinesterase activity appeared in neuropil of the basolateral complex on the seventh postnatal day; it increased slowly up to the 60th day. After that age, the acetylcholinesterase activity was stable in all parts of the basolateral complex and corresponded to its cytoarchitectonic differentiation. Our results suggest that the process of maturation of the amygdaloid basolateral complex, being related to the ingrowing of the cholinergic fibers from the basal forebrain, lasts at least up to the end of the second month of postnatal life.

Acetylcholinesterase↗

PubMed1986

A correlated light and electron microscopic immunocytochemical study of cholinergic terminals and neurons in the rat amygdaloid body with special emphasis on the basolateral amygdaloid nucleus.

The cholinergic innervation of the rat basolateral amygdaloid nucleus (BL) was determined by the immunocytochemical localization of the acetylcholine biosynthetic enzyme, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). ChAT-immunoreactive (ChAT-IR) elements were observed throughout the BL in the form of fine puncta and varicose fibers. Electron microscopy revealed that the immunoreactive puncta represented small terminals (0.3-1.2 micron), most of which formed synaptic contacts with unlabeled dendritic shafts or spines. Less frequently, ChAT-IR terminals established synaptic contacts with large neuronal cell bodies, which had all the characteristics of projection neurons as defined on the basis of axonal projections to the ventral striatum. ChAT-IR terminals were sometimes seen to form synaptic contacts with small neuronal cell bodies, including those of ChAT-IR neurons. The ChAT-IR boutons contained pleomorphic clear vesicles of varying size, and the large majority of the synapses were of the symmetric type. Small ChAT-IR neurons were observed in all parts of the BL. Although the ChAT-IR cell bodies varied widely in shape from typical fusiform to round, most had a more or less oval shape with a major diameter of 10-14 micron. Most of the ChAT-IR neurons seemed to display a radial bipolar dendritic pattern, but multipolar cells were also observed. The ChAT-IR neurons contained an indented nucleus, which was often eccentrically located and surrounded by a thin or moderately thin rim of cytoplasm. The results obtained are discussed in relation to a quasi-cortical organization of the BL.

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PubMed1976

Localization of acetylcholinesterase activity in the amygdaloid body of man.

The localization of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the nuclei of the amygdaloid body of man was studied by Gerebtzoff's modification of Koelle's acetylthiocholine method on 10 human brains. To compare the histochemical results with the cytoarchitectionics, additionally sections from 10 human brains were stained with cresyl violet. The intensity of AChE activity in the different amygdaloid nuclei varied widely. The high AChE activity occurred in the basal lateral nucleus and in the lateral part of the central nucleus. Very little activity was found in the medial nucleus and in the intermediate part of the central nucleus. All remaining nuclei showed AChE activity of moderate intensity. In almost each amygdaloid nucleus, differences of AChE activity among various areas were observed. In the amygdala of man all nuclei described in animals were found except nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract. Most of the human amygdaloid nuclei show more differentiated structure than in lower mammals in terms of not only cytoarchitectonic subdivision, but also in the intensity of AChE activity.

Acetylcholinesterase↗

PubMed1985

Some behavioral effects of microinjections of noradrenaline and serotonin into the amygdaloid body of the rat brain.

The effects of microinjections of noradrenaline (NA) and serotonin (5HT) into the basomedial part of the amygdaloid body (BM AB) on various forms of behavior were studied in rats. NA as well as 5HT administered to the BM AB had dose-related and general inhibitory influence on the rats' behavior in the open field test. The reactivity of rats to pain (tail compression) was attenuated by 5HT injections. The effect of NA in this test was less clear, though some inhibitory tendency was also present. Pretrial injections of NA (40 micrograms) and 5HT (40 micrograms) significantly impaired the retention of a passive avoidance reaction. NA injections also produced some disinhibitory effects on shock-suppressed drinking in the conflict test. The effects of intra-amygdalar administration of NA and 5HT on open field behavior were potentiated by pretreatment of rats with nialamide, a monoaminooxidase inhibitor. The results are discussed in terms of an involvement of the amydalar NA and 5HT in the regulation of animal behavior.

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PubMed2003

[Neuronal structure of piriform cortex of anterior amygdaloid body of the rat brain].

The cytoarchitecture and neuronal organization were studied in piriform cortex at rostral and caudal levels of anterior amygdaloid body using the methods of Nissl and Golgi. The division of the piriform cortex into several areas is proposed, including basal area (area basalis), lateral area (area lateralis), and transitional, or terminal area (area terminalis), bordering the insular cortex. It is recommended to subdivide the lateral area into two subareas, L1 and L2. All the areas defined differ in their neuroarchitecture, structure of the layers and neuronal composition.

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PubMed2005

Quantification of neurons expressing androgen receptor and volume estimation of the basolateral nuclear group of the canine amygdaloid body.

A protocol was developed for the stereological quantification of neurons expressing androgen receptor (AR) in the basolateral nuclear group (BNG) of the canine amygdaloid body. The Cavalieri method was used to estimate the BNG volume and the physical disector technique was applied for assessing the numerical densities and total numbers of both ordinary and AR-positive BNG neurons. The overall number of BNG neurons and the BNG volume were assessed on Nissl-stained sections, while AR was visualised using indirect immunohistochemistry. The morphological differentiation between neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes in these immunohistochemical sections was hampered by the cytoplasmic localisation of AR in these cells. Therefore, an additional criterion was developed based on the nuclear diameters of these cells. With the cutoff value of 7.4 microm, a sensitivity of 97.7% and specificity of 97.6% were obtained. A negative correlation was found between the BNG volume and the numerical density of its neurons, implicating that a large BNG will not necessarily have a higher number of neurons. Therefore, the numerical density or BNG volume should always be assessed in addition to the total number of neurons, justifying the use of the physical disector instead of the fractionator technique in the present study. However, higher coefficients of error were obtained for the total number of neurons with the physical disector method because of the indirect measurement of cell numbers. Therefore, the precision of the estimates must be high enough when using the disector method to compensate the precision loss caused by this indirect calculation of the total cell number.

2',3'-Cyclic-Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases↗

PubMed2004

The central nucleus of the amygdaloid body of the brain: cytoarchitectonics, neuronal organization, connections.

This review considers the questions of the structural-functional organization of the central nucleus (CN) of the amygdaloid body (AB) of the brain in relation to new data on its involvement in the formation of stress reactions and adaptive behavior in animals. Data are presented on the distribution of neuropeptides, neurotransmitters, and modulators in the CN. It is noted that the CN, appearing at the earliest stages of establishment of the AB, is reorganized with it and reflects the evolution of the whole AB. Detailed data are presented on the cytoarchitectonics of the CN of the AB, its heteromorphousness, and subdivision into zones (subnuclei) based on the use of different study methods and assessment criteria. The neuronal organization of the CN and its subnuclei is considered; detailed descriptions of different types of neurons are provided, with consideration of their topographies, sizes, and shapes and of their perikarya, the orientation and type of branching of their dendrites, the organization of the spine apparatus, and axon structure. The characteristics of the development of the CN of the AB in the ontogenesis of mammals and man are discussed. Analysis of published data and our own results supports the role of the CN not only as an intra-amygdalar integrative center, but also as one of the major channels for the afferent and efferent connections of the AB with the rest of the brain.

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PubMed1993

Effects of argipressin injected into medial amygdaloid body on blood pressure and heart rate in rats.

Graded injections of argipressin (Arg, 150, 300, and 600 ng/1.5 microliters CSF, 2 min) into the medial amygdaloid body in anesthetized rats produced a dose-related increase in the mean arterial pressure and heart rate (Maximal delta MAP = 2.9 +/- 1.5 kPa, Maximal delta HR = 67 +/- 38 bpm), which lasting > 40 min at 600 ng dosage. Naloxone (15 micrograms/15 microliters CSF) injected into the lateral ventricle blocked the cardiovascular responses to Arg. These results suggest that Arg exerts a central action on the cardiovascular system via the opioid in the lateral ventricle.

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