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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1978

Artistic anatomy, dimensions, and proportions of the external ear.

All ears are different, and the degree of difference within the bounds of acceptability is remarkable. To that end, the keys to construction, reconstruction, or modification must be observed in order to mold an ear that "looks right." Simply stated, these keys are as follows: The ear is a flap approximately 50 to 60% as wide as it is high, sitting back one earlength (6.5 to 7.5 cm) from the lateral orbital rim, with the top of the ear level with the brow inclined approximately 20 degrees and protruding 1.5 to 2.0 cm from the head. It is composed of five critical elements: concha, helix, antihelix, tragus, and lobule, and parts of lesser importance including antitragus, intertragic notch, and Darwin's tubercle. The subtleties of form and proportion of its features will be revealed by careful observation and study.

Anatomy, Artistic↗
PubMed2000

Homologies among different adductor mandibulae sections of teleostean fishes, with special regard to catfishes (Teleostei: siluriformes).

The adductor mandibulae complex has been a subject of discussion and uncertainties due to a wide range of differentiations and fusions that have occurred during teleost evolution. The adductor mandibulae of numerous catfishes was studied in detail and compared with that of several other teleosts described in the literature. Our observations and comparisons demonstrate that: 1) the adductors mandibulae Aomega, A2, and A3 of acanthopterygians correspond, respectively, to the Aomega, A2, and A3 of ostariophysines; 2) the antero-dorso-lateral (A1) and the antero-ventro-lateral (A1-OST) sections of the adductor mandibulae present, respectively, in acanthopterygians and in basal ostariophysines are the result of two different patterns of differentiation of this muscle; 3) some derived ostariophysines present a lateral section of the adductor mandibulae attached to the upper jaw (A0) that is not homologous with any other section of this muscle present in any other ostariophysine or acanthopterygian fish; 4) the configuration of the adductor mandibulae present in Diplomystes seems to be the plesiomorphic condition for catfishes; and 5) the muscle retractor tentaculi, present in a large number of catfishes, is derived from the inner section of the adductor mandibulae (A3) and, thus, is not homologous with the lateral bundle of this muscle (A0) that inserts on the upper jaw in some derived ostariophysine fishes.

Anatomy, Artistic↗
PubMed2002

Anatomy online: presentation of a detailed WWW atlas of human gross anatomy--reference for medical education.

We present an online anatomy atlas based on the Visible Human Project (VHP) of the US National Library of Medicine. The objective is to provide original unlabeled as well as labeled sections of the human body of high quality and resolution on the Internet, for use in basic and continuing medical education. For a representative overview of the body, 370 axial sections were selected from the male and female data base of the VHP with special regard to regions of clinical interest. Each section is accompanied by its corresponding computer tomography (CT) image and, if available, magnetic resonance images (MRI) for quick and easy comparison of morphologic and radiologic structures. The sections can be studied unlabeled or labeled according to the current Terminologia Anatomica. A linked vocabulary with more than 850 terms explains the labeling. Animations of the sections as well as of CT and MR images allow for further visualization of the topographic relationships of anatomical structures. The responses to the project indicate that students and physicians regard the Internet Atlas of Human Gross Anatomy as a most useful aid for learning and reviewing anatomical details. The atlas is accessible on: http://www.uni-mainz.de/FB/Medizin/Anatomie/workshop/vishuman/Eready.html.

Anatomy, Artistic↗
PubMed2004

A deformable digital brain atlas system according to Talairach and Tournoux.

Brain atlases are valuable tools which assist neurosurgeons during the planning of an intervention. Since a printed atlas book has several disadvantages-among them the difficulty to map the information onto a patient's individual anatomy-we have developed a digital version of the well-established stereotaxic brain atlas of Talairach and Tournoux. Our atlas system is mainly dedicated to assist neurosurgical planning, and its benefits are: (i) a three-dimensional (3D) representation of most brain structures contained in the Talairach atlas; (ii) a nonrigid matching capability which warps the standard atlas anatomy to an individual brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) dataset in a few minutes and which is able to take deformations due to tumors into account; (iii) the integration of several sources of neuroanatomical knowledge; (iv) an interface to a navigation system which allows utilization of atlas information intraoperatively. In this paper we outline the algorithm we have developed to achieve 3D surface models of the brain structures. Moreover, we describe the nonrigid matching method which consists of two tasks: firstly, point correspondences between the atlas and the patient are established in an automatic fashion, and secondly these displacement vectors are interpolated using a radial basis function approach to form a continuous transformation function. To generate appropriate target structures for the first of these tasks, we implemented a quick segmentation tool which is capable to segment the cortex and ventricles in less than 5 min. An evaluation shows that our nonrigid approach is more precise than the conventional piecewise linear matching, though it should be further improved for the region around the deep grey nuclei. Summarizing, we developed a Win32 program which permits the convenient and fast application of standardized anatomy to individual brains which potentially contain tumors.

Algorithms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An Internet atlas of mouse development.

A prototype two- and three-dimensional color atlas of mouse development is described. The prototype has been developed using two embryos, a 13.5 d normal mouse embryo and a PATCH mutant embryo of the same age. Serial sections of the embryos, with an external registration marker system, introduced into the paraffin embedding process, were prepared by standard histological methods. For the 2D atlas, color images were digitized from 100 consecutive sections of the normal embryo. For the 3D atlas, 300 gray scale images digitized from the mutant embryo were conformally warped and reconstructed into a 3D volume dataset. The external fiducial system facilitated the three-dimensional reconstruction by providing accurate registration of consecutive images and also allowed for precise spatial calibration and the correction for warping artifacts. The atlases, with their associated anatomical knowledge base, will be integrated into a multimedia on-line information resource via the Internet's World Wide Web (WWW) using an enhanced (patent pending, Eòlas Technologies) version of the Mosaic WWW browser program from the National Center for Supercomputer Applications. These programs will provide research biologists with a set of advanced tools to analyze normal and abnormal development.

Anatomy, Artistic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Normal cross-sectional anatomy of the feline thorax and abdomen: comparison of computed tomography and cadaver anatomy.

Computed tomographic images of two adult domestic short-haired cats were obtained with a whole body scanner. Images of the thorax and abdomen were compared with cross-sectional anatomy cadaver specimens from the same two cats. Anatomic structures were first identified on the cadaver specimens with the aid of numerous anatomy texts and references and were then identified and labeled on the computed tomographic images. Results from this project provide an atlas of normal cross-sectional gross and CT anatomy of the feline thorax and abdomen that can be used in the interpretation of any cross-sectional imaging modality.

Abdomen↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A four-dimensional probabilistic atlas of the human brain.

The authors describe the development of a four-dimensional atlas and reference system that includes both macroscopic and microscopic information on structure and function of the human brain in persons between the ages of 18 and 90 years. Given the presumed large but previously unquantified degree of structural and functional variance among normal persons in the human population, the basis for this atlas and reference system is probabilistic. Through the efforts of the International Consortium for Brain Mapping (ICBM), 7,000 subjects will be included in the initial phase of database and atlas development. For each subject, detailed demographic, clinical, behavioral, and imaging information is being collected. In addition, 5,800 subjects will contribute DNA for the purpose of determining genotype- phenotype-behavioral correlations. The process of developing the strategies, algorithms, data collection methods, validation approaches, database structures, and distribution of results is described in this report. Examples of applications of the approach are described for the normal brain in both adults and children as well as in patients with schizophrenia. This project should provide new insights into the relationship between microscopic and macroscopic structure and function in the human brain and should have important implications in basic neuroscience, clinical diagnostics, and cerebral disorders.

Adolescent↗