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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2007

Unpacking attitude certainty: attitude clarity and attitude correctness.

Attitude certainty has been the subject of considerable attention in the attitudes and persuasion literature. The present research identifies 2 aspects of attitude certainty and provides evidence for the distinctness of the constructs. Specifically, it is proposed that attitude certainty can be conceptualized, and empirically separated, in terms of attitude clarity (the subjective sense that one knows what one's attitude is) and attitude correctness (the subjective sense that one's attitude is correct or valid). Experiment 1 uses factor analysis and correlational data to provide evidence for viewing attitude clarity and attitude correctness as separate constructs. Experiments 2 and 3 demonstrate that attitude clarity and attitude correctness can have distinct antecedents (repeated expression and consensus feedback, respectively). Experiment 4 reveals that these constructs each play an independent role in persuasion and resistance situations. As clarity and correctness increase, attitudes become more resistant to counterattitudinal persuasive messages. These findings are discussed in relation to the existing attitude strength literature.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1990

[Effects of attitude formation, persuasive message, and source expertise on attitude change: an examination based on the Elaboration Likelihood Model and the Attitude Formation Theory].

The purpose of this study was to investigate how attitude change is generated by the recipient's degree of attitude formation, evaluative-emotional elements contained in the persuasive messages, and source expertise as a peripheral cue in the persuasion context. Hypotheses based on the Attitude Formation Theory of Mizuhara (1982) and the Elaboration Likelihood Model of Petty and Cacioppo (1981, 1986) were examined. Eighty undergraduate students served as subjects in the experiment, the first stage of which involving manipulating the degree of attitude formation with respect to nuclear power development. Then, the experimenter presented persuasive messages with varying combinations of evaluative-emotional elements from a source with either high or low expertise on the subject. Results revealed a significant interaction effect on attitude change among attitude formation, persuasive message and the expertise of the message source. That is, high attitude formation subjects resisted evaluative-emotional persuasion from the high expertise source while low attitude formation subjects changed their attitude when exposed to the same persuasive message from a low expertise source. Results exceeded initial predictions based on the Attitude Formation Theory and the Elaboration Likelihood Model.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Attitude accessibility as a moderator of the attitude-perception and attitude-behavior relations: an investigation of the 1984 presidential election.

It was hypothesized that the extent to which individuals' attitudes guide their subsequent perceptions of and behavior toward the attitude object is a function of the accessibility of those attitudes from memory. A field investigation concerning the 1984 presidential election was conducted as a test of these hypotheses. Attitudes toward each of the two candidates, Reagan and Mondale, and the accessibility of those attitudes, as indicated by the latency of response to the attitudinal inquiry, were measured for a large sample of townspeople months before the election. Judgments of the performance of the candidates during the televised debates served as the measure of subsequent perceptions, and voting served as the measure of subsequent behavior. As predicted, both the attitude-perception and the attitude-behavior relations were moderated by attitude accessibility. The implications of these findings for theoretical models of the processes by which attitudes guide behavior, along with their practical implications for survey research, are discussed.

Association↗
PubMed2001

Exploring the structure of strength-related attitude features: the relation between attitude importance and attitude accessibility.

One of the most significant current controversies in the attitude literature involves the latent structure of attitude attributes related to their strength. Four studies were conducted to explore whether 2 strength-related attributes (importance and accessibility) are affected identically by various manipulations (which would suggest that they reflect a single latent construct) and whether the attributes cause one another (which would suggest they are distinct constructs). Three laboratory experiments and I survey study show that (a) repeated expression and personal relevance manipulations have different effects on importance and accessibility and (b) increased importance can cause heightened accessibility. Thus, these 2 attitude attributes appear to constitute related but independent constructs. These studies therefore help to illuminate the nature of attitude strength and the interplay of its sources.

Attitude↗
PubMed2000

Nurses' attitudes toward substance misusers. III. Emergency room nurses' attitudes, nurses' attitudes toward impaired nurses, and studies of attitudinal change.

Emergency room nurses generally regard alcohol and drug misusers as troublesome patients and dislike caring for them. Surveys of nurses' and nurse managers' attitudes toward impaired nurses, all published in recent years, suggest that they are generally supportive of impaired nurses and sanguine about their prospects for recovery; nonetheless, a substantial minority oppose the return to work of a formerly substance-misusing nurse colleague. Programs designed to change nurses' attitudes toward substance misusers are generally ineffective, although significant gains in substance-related knowledge are commonly reported.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Attitudes towards neuroleptic treatment: reliability and validity of the attitudes towards neuroleptic treatment (ANT) questionnaire.

Non-compliance problems may rise to 50% among patients undergoing neuroleptic treatment. There are no direct measures available to predict compliance, if previous non-compliance is not taken into account. Attitudes towards neuroleptic treatment and insight into psychotic symptoms may vary during the course of the treatment process. It would be relevant to evaluate these items before taking any clinical action and later reassess the degree of change. The instrument thus far available has been the Drug Attitude Inventory. It has limitations for use with first-episode-patients and their follow-up. Its statements are dichotomous, which makes it difficult to determine the variation of attitudes e.g. during maintenance treatment, and most of the items concentrate on the subjective state of the patient, leaving attitudes as a minority in the scale. In this study, we report the new Attitudes towards Neuroleptic Treatment (ANT) questionnaire for the quantitative assessment of attitudes. We developed 10 statements for attitudes and two items for insight in the Visual Analogue Scale form (0-100 points). These were compared with the Drug Attitude Inventory 10 Questionnaire (DAI-10) (Hogan, T. P., Awad, A.G., Eastwood, R., 1983. A self-report scale predictive of drug compliance in schizophrenics: reliability and discriminative validity. Psychol. Med. 13, 177-183.) among 106 subjects receiving neuroleptic medication. The 12 Visual Analogue Scales showed a high inter-item consistency and fair test-retest validity. The results were in accordance with the DAI-10. The scales comprised three factors: general attitudes, subjective feeling and expectations and insight. Attitudes towards neuroleptic treatment and insight into psychotic symptoms are different dimensions and can be measured quantitatively. The Attitudes towards Neuroleptic Treatment scale is useful in assessing the state of attitudes before starting medication and for follow-up among patients receiving neuroleptic medication.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Forming attitudes that predict future behavior: a meta-analysis of the attitude-behavior relation.

A meta-analysis (k of conditions = 128; N = 4,598) examined the influence of factors present at the time an attitude is formed on the degree to which this attitude guides future behavior. The findings indicated that attitudes correlated with a future behavior more strongly when they were easy to recall (accessible) and stable over time. Because of increased accessibility, attitudes more strongly predicted future behavior when participants had direct experience with the attitude object and reported their attitudes frequently. Because of the resulting attitude stability, the attitude-behavior association was strongest when attitudes were confident, when participants formed their attitude on the basis of behavior-relevant information, and when they received or were induced to think about one- rather than two-sided information about the attitude object.

Attitude↗
PubMed2005

Attitude importance as a moderator of the relationship between implicit and explicit attitude measures.

The authors examined attitude importance as a moderator of the relationship between the Implicit Association Test (IAT) and explicit attitude measures. In Study 1 (N = 194), as ratings of attitude importance regarding the 2000 presidential election increased, the strength of the relationship between a Bush-Gore IAT and explicit attitude measures also increased. Study 2 provided a conceptual replication of these results using attitudes toward Coke and Pepsi (N = 112). In addition, across both studies, explicit attitude measures were better predictors of deliberative behaviors than IAT scores. In Study 3 (N = 77), the authors examined the role of elaboration as a mechanism by which attitude importance may moderate IAT-explicit attitude correlations. As predicted, increased elaboration resulted in stronger IAT-explicit attitude correlations. Other possible mechanisms by which attitude importance may moderate the IAT-explicit attitude relationship also are discussed.

Attitude↗
PubMed2003

Intergroup attitudes and attitudes towards devolution: field and laboratory experiments.

A field experiment provided the first test of the hypothesis that intergroup attitudes within a nation predict the group members' attitudes toward the break-up of the nation. Prior to a referendum on the devolution of power from Britain to Wales, Welsh (minority) and English (majority) participants indicated their attitudes towards each other and towards devolution. As expected, there were significant correlations between intergroup attitudes and attitudes towards devolution, and these relations were different for Welsh vs. English participants. English respondents who held more positive attitudes towards Welsh people were significantly more favourable toward devolution, whereas Welsh respondents who held more positive attitudes towards English people were significantly less favourable towards devolution. A subsequent laboratory experiment provided a conceptual replication of this result, using manipulations of majority vs. minority status and of intergroup attitudes towards potentially devolving groups in psychology. These findings demonstrate that intergroup attitudes are highly relevant to understanding attitudes regarding devolution.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Electroconvulsive therapy: a study of attitudes and attitude change after seeing an educational video.

Despite the proven efficacy of Electroconvulsive Therapy [ECT], negative attitudes occur in some patients towards its use. However, research into attitudes of patients and public towards ECT, and the influence of the media on these attitudes, is limited and often contradictory. The aims of this study were: to develop a self-administered questionnaire to assess attitudes; to assess the effect of an educational video on attitudes; and to assess the effect of the media on attitudes. The questionnaire was administered to psychiatric and non-psychiatric patients of a Veterans' hospital and to a group of general hospital patients. A video was shown to a randomly assigned group of the Veteran hospital psychiatric patients. Their attitudes were assessed before and after the video. An overall positive attitude towards ECT was demonstrated in all three groups. Showing a video to the Veteran psychiatric patients produced an improvement in some attitudes, but no reduction in fear. For the psychiatric patients, the effect of the media was negative.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Attitude prototypes as determinants of attitude-behavior consistency.

This article addresses the questions of when we can predict from an individual's attitude toward a social group to the individual's behavior toward a specific member of that group. One possibility is that individuals determine their attitudes toward a social group by assessing their reactions to an imagined group representative who embodies the defining or central group characteristics--the prototypical group member. When they encounter a specific group member whose characteristics match well those of the "attitude prototype", individuals display attitude-behavior consistency; when the match is poor, they display attitude-behavior inconsistency. This proposition was tested in two experiments, and in each the attitude-behavior relationship was greater in relation to prototypical than to unprototypical group members. In addition, knowledge of an unprototypical group member had little or no effect on attitude prototypes. Rather, the unprototypical group member was dismissed as atypical, leaving the prototype intact to influence future social behavior. The implications for attitude change, and possible applications to more abstract attitudes, are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

On-line and memory-based modification of attitudes: determinants of message recall-attitude change correspondence.

Experiments investigated the impact of message elaboration on attitude change-message recall correspondence when attitude change occurs in an on-line (as attitude-relevant information is received), or memory-based (on the basis of retrieved attitude-relevant information) fashion. In 2 experiments, Ss' processing goals were manipulated to increase or inhibit on-line change and message elaboration. As predicted, Ss reported postexposure attitudes more rapidly in on-line vs memory-based conditions. Decreased message elaboration increased attitude-recall correspondence, regardless of when attitude change occurred. Increased elaboration produced elaboration-attitude judgment correspondence. Results suggest that recall of message content will best predict persuasion when message content is encoded free of elaborations, regardless of when attitude change occurs.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Bioelectrical echoes from evaluative categorization: II. A late positive brain potential that varies as a function of attitude registration rather than attitude report.

We report evidence of both correspondence and independence between participants' attitude report and a late positive potential (LPP) of the event-related potential. Attitude reports and LPPs to positive, neutral, and negative stimuli that were preceded by positive stimuli were recorded while participants either reported accurately their attitudes or misreported neutral or negative attitudes. Evaluatively inconsistent, in contrast to consistent, stimuli evoked a larger LPP regardless of whether participants reported accurately or misreported their attitudes. These results were replicated in a second study in which attitude reports and LPPs to negative, neutral, and positive stimuli that were preceded by negative stimuli were recorded. Findings suggest that the LPP evoked during evaluative judgments reflects attitude categorization rather than attitude report processes and can potentially assess attitudes that people are unwilling to report.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

The relationship between the sexual attitudes of parents and their college daughters' or sons' sexual attitudes and sexual behavior.

This study determined if three selected sexual attitudes of parents were related to similar sexual attitudes of their college daughters or sons and to five sexual behaviors. Only never married, college freshmen (N = 83) with both parents participating were utilized. A self-report questionnaire was administered to students at a large midwestern university and distributed to and returned from parents by mail. The Pearson product-moment correlation and the stepwise and multiple regressions were used to test four hypotheses. Mothers' sexual attitudes had a stronger relationship than fathers' attitudes with offspring sexual attitudes and behaviors, particularly for daughters. Generally, mothers with the most positive attitudes toward sexual-self had daughters who were more responsive relative to personal sexual expression (masturbation frequency and orgasmic experience), but who were not any more involved heterosexually (frequency of coitus and number of coital partners). Fathers' sexual attitudes had little relationship to offspring sexual attitudes and behavior. None of the male students' sexual behaviors were related strongly to parent sexual attitudes. Implications for school and parent sexuality education programs are briefly discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Attitudes and attitude change.

We review empirical and conceptual developments over the past four years (1992-1995) on attitudes and persuasion. A voluminous amount of material was produced concerning attitude structure, attitude change, and the consequences of holding attitudes. In the structure area, particular attention is paid to work on attitude accessibility, ambivalence, and the affective versus cognitive bases of attitudes. In persuasion, our review examines research that has focused on high effort cognitive processes (central route), low effort processes (peripheral route), and the multiple roles by which variables can have an impact on attitudes. Special emphasis is given to work on cognitive dissonance and other biases in message processing, and on the multiple processes by which mood influences evaluations. Work on the consequences of attitudes focuses on the impact of attitudes on behavior and social judgments.

Affect↗
PubMed2005

Evaluation of an antiretroviral medication attitude scale and relationships between medication attitudes and medication nonadherence.

The objectives of this study were to refine a scale designed to assess attitudes toward antiretroviral medication, to examine variation in medication attitudes across clinical and demographic characteristics, and to assess relationships between medication attitudes and medication nonadherence. A cross-sectional design was used to survey individuals at least 18 years of age, currently on antiretroviral therapy, and served by a regional HIV/AIDS center. The survey was administered by pharmacy students using convenience sampling between February 2002 and August 2002. Nonadherence was measured using a nine-item scale with a higher score indicative of higher nonadherence. An antiretroviral medication attitude scale was developed based on revision of a zidovudine attitude inventory. The sample of 99 patients was predominantly male (79.8%), had an annual income of less than $10,000 (74%), and was comprised of 50% whites and 40.8% blacks. Participants were between 18 and 70 years old. Item reduction using item-total correlations and factor analytic techniques resulted in a 15-item medication attitude scale with good internal consistency (Cronbach alpha coefficient = 0.84). A multiple regression model showed a significant negative relationship between attitude toward medication and medication nonadherence after controlling for covariates including age, education, gender, ethnicity, work status, social support, CD4 cell count and number of antiretroviral medications, suggesting that more positive the attitude toward medication, lower the medication nonadherence. Findings underscore the importance of attitude toward medication as a modifiable factor that can be targeted to improve medication adherence.

Adolescent↗