[Comparison between hypnosis, autogenic training and respiratory autogenic training].
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Autogenic Training↗
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[Chronobiologic aspects of autogenic training. Thermometric findings of autogenic training in relation to diurnal periodicity in autonomic dystonia patients].
In a cohort of patients suffering from neuro-dystonia a group of test subjects well acquainted with the techniques of autogenous training and another consisting of patients unfamiliar with these techniques were compared with regard to the rise in the skin temperature in their fingers at various times of the day. Furthermore, the connection between the personal perception of warmth of the test subjects during autogenous training and the actually measured increase the temperature was observed: 1. In the test group as well as among the controls two different patterns of reaction with regard to diurnal fluctuations of the skin temperature occurred which were interpreted as so-called "morning types" and "evening types" respectively. 2. The increase in temperature induced by autogenous training in the test group was always higher than the one in the group of controls. 3. Subject to the circadian reaction pattern of the skin temperature there were fluctuations related to the actual time of day with regard to the increases in temperature induced by autogenous training. 4. There was merely a "slight" correlation between the personal experience or warmth and the measured temperature increase, and the intensity of the temperature experience seems to be influenced more by the relative initial value of the skin temperature than by the objectifyable temperature increase. These results are discussed with regard to practical consequences for the acquisition of autogenous training and its therapeutic application with neuro-dystonic patients.
Adult↗
[Effect of compliance on treatment with autogenic training].
Autogenic therapy courses for patient with psychosomatic psychoneurotic disorders show a high dropout rate. A study among 38 ambulant patients analysed factors of the patients have influence on their compliance. Generally the dropout group, independent of the diagnosis, shows less striking deviations. Under autogenic therapy the compliance-positive group achieves a constructive change towards normality. Realisation of autogenic therapy is achieved by patients with more intensive psychoneurotic disorders. They experience a more distinct physical answer by the basic training. It is shown that it is easier for the compliant patient to learn the autogenic therapy, which is understood as conditional response. With reference to the experience in drug compliance the results recommend that autogenic therapy should be accompanied by a compliance therapy.
Arousal↗
[A psychological approach to bruxism--application of muscle relaxation training and autogenic training].
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Autogenic Training↗
The treatment of recalcitrant post-traumatic nightmares with autogenic training and autogenic abreaction: a case study.
Recurrent and frightening dreams are commonly experienced by patients who suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder after a motor vehicle accident. Such nocturnal episodes, if left untreated, can result in the experience of severe distress with physical, emotional, and psychophysiological concomitant. The present single-case study investigated the effects of the standard autogenic exercises and autogenic abreaction in reducing the frequency and severity of post-traumatic nightmares in a survivor of a car crash. The patient was also instructed in two additional organ-specific formulas in order to improve her sleep. The results of the study showed that the interventions were successful in effectively treating the patient's distressing nightmares. Follow-up data suggested that the treatment effects persisted after the termination of therapy. Suggestions for future investigations are discussed.
Accidents, Traffic↗
[Autogenic training in gerontology].
Autogenic Training (AT) is the most common method of psychotherapy in use today. It is however rarely used with older people who are generally considered less responsive to this method. In this analysis we consider whether or not this scepticism is justified. Our control group consisted of 58 subjects who learnt AT in 7 one-and-a-half-hour sessions. The age of the subjects of two groups was between 18 and 54 years ("younger group") and that of the other two groups between 58 and 80 years ("older group"). 77% of all the subjects were able to get a sufficient grasp of AT over this period. There were no statistically significant differences between young and old in the level of success attained in the individual exercises. It can be proved that the more elderly are more strongly motivated to learn AT and to integrate it into their daily lives. The group situation also meets the greater need of the elderly for contact and mutual support. The results of this small random test should show the way ahead for future investigations necessary in this area.
Adult↗
[The current state of autogenic training].
First some methodical peculiarities of autogenic training are described, insisting specially on the "basic exercises of autogenic training", pointing out their advantages. Then the increasing importance of autogenic training for children is stressed, showing several variations in the practice of it. The very great importance of the psychohygienic dimension of autogenic training is pointed out showing how this method may substantially contribute to the reduction of costs in medical treatment. Finally the connection of autogenic states producing methods, like autogenic training and graduated active hypnosis, is described and the advantages of such a double-track psychotherapy are shown. Adequately used the method may contribute to a shortening of the treatment with a corresponding lowering of costs, without at least hindering the depth of analysis.
Autogenic Training↗
[Autogenic training as a therapy for adjustment disorder in adults].
INTRODUCTION: Autogenic training is a widely recognised psychotherapy technique. The British School of Autogenic Training cites a large list of disorders, states, and changes, where autogenic training may prove to be of help. We wanted to explore the application of autogenic training as a therapy for adjustment disorder in adults. Our sample consisted of a homogeneous group of 35 individuals, with an average age of 39.3 +/- 1.6 years, who were diagnosed with adjustment disorder, F 43.2, in accordance with ICD 10 search criteria. AIM: The aim of our study was to research the effectiveness of autogenic training as a therapy for adjustment disorder in adults, by checking the influence of autogenic training on the biophysical and biochemical indicators of adjustment disorder. METHOD: We measured the indicators of adjustment disorder and their changes in three phases: before the beginning, immediately after the beginning, and six months after the completion, of a practical course in autogenic training. We measured systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressure, brachial pulse rate as well as the levels of cortisol in plasma, of cholesterol in blood, and of glucose. During that period, autogenic training functioned as the sole therapy. RESULTS: The study confirmed our preliminary assumptions. The measurements we performed demonstrated that arterial blood pressure, pulse rate, concentration of cholesterol and cortisol, after the application of autogenic training among the subjects suffering from adjustment disorder, were lower in comparison to the initial values. These values remained lower even six months after the completion of the practical course in autogenic training. CONCLUSION: Autogenic training significantly decreases the values of physiological indicators of adjustment disorder, diminishes the effects of stress in an individual, and helps adults to cope with stress, facilitating their recuperation.
Adjustment Disorders↗
[Autogenic training as a therapy for adjustment disorder in adolescents].
INTRODUCTION: Autogenic training is a widespread technique used in psychotherapy. The British school of autogenic training cites a large list of diseases, health states, and life changes, in which autogenic training can be of help. We wanted to explore the application of autogenic training as a therapy for adjustment disorder in adolescents. The sample consisted of a homogeneous group of 31 individuals, with an average age of 17.3 +/- 0.2 years, who were diagnosed with adjustment disorder, F 43.2, in accordance with ICD 10 search criteria. OBJECTIVE: The aim of our work was to figure out the influence of autogenic training on adjustment disorder, through biophysical and biochemical indicators, and to research the efficiacy of autogenic training as a therapy for adjustment disorder in adolescents. METHOD: We observed adjustment disorder indicators and their changes in three phases, using initial, final, and control values, which we measured immediately before the beginning, immediately after the completion, and six months after the completion, of the practical course in autogenic training. We measured systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressure, brachial pulse rates, cortisol levels in plasma, cholesterol levels in blood, as well as glucose concentrations. During that period, autogenic training was employed as the sole therapy. RESULTS: The study confirmed our preliminary assumptions. The measurements we performed showed that arterial blood pressure, pulse rates, cholesterol and cortisol concentrations, after the application of autogenic training among adolescents suffering from adjustment disorder, were lower than the initial values. They remained lower even six months after the completion of the practical course in autogenic training. CONCLUSION: We concluded that autogenic training significantly decreases the values of physiological indicators of adjustment disorder, diminishes the effects of stress in an individual, and eases the adaptation of adolescents to stress, helping with recovery.
Adjustment Disorders↗
Psychophysiological effects of autogenic training and progressive relaxation.
Although autogenic training and progressive relaxation are widely used relaxation techniques, little research has been conducted on their comparative effects. Twenty-two normal subjects received five sessions of instruction in either progressive relaxation or autogenic training over a 5-week period. Both types of training, when compared to the control group, significantly decreased SCL-90 scores on four scales: anxiety, depression, number of symptoms, and intensity of symptoms. Also, autogenic training appeared to produce specific effects on self-perception of heaviness and warmth in the limbs and depth of breathing. However, there were no significant differences between groups in pretest versus posttest changes in heart rate or skin conductance. These results are consistent with the results of other recent research on nonanxious individuals in this laboratory.
Adult↗
Chronobiometric assessment of autogenic training effects upon blood pressure and heart rate.
Autogenic training, a method of self-hypnosis, lowers the extent of within-day variation of systolic blood pressure assessed by the circadian double amplitude. The blood pressure and heart rate of ten patients, conventionally diagnosed as having hypertension or white-coat hypertension, were automatically monitored at 30-min intervals for 7 days before autogenic training and again for 7 days, at 1 or 2 months after the start of autogenic training (practiced three times daily). The circadian double amplitude of systolic blood pressure of the patients investigated was 3 to 17 mm Hg lower on autogenic training. In 5 patients, reductions by 7 to 17 mm Hg were statistically significant. These results are regarded as provisional statistics, the utility of which depends on replication. By contrast, the over-all group reduction of the circadian double amplitude of systolic blood pressure by 8 mm Hg on the average can be taken at face value. Autogenic training also lowered the circadian double amplitude of diastolic blood pressure, but the effect was small as was the effect of autogenic training upon the MESOR (a rhythm adjusted mean) and acrophase (a measure of the timing of over-all high values recurring each day). The effect of autogenic training upon the circadian double amplitude of systolic blood pressure suggests its trial as first-line treatment of patients with an excessive circadian blood pressure amplitude, a condition which, even in the absence of an elevated 24-hr, average of blood pressure, is associated with a large increase in the risk of developing ischemic stroke or nephropathy.
Aged↗
[Limits, conditions and possibilities in the use of high level autogenic training in aerospace medicine].
Initial results obtained by systematic training using high level autogenic training are presented. The use of this very demanding method for psychotherapy requires that the diagnosis given for the patients ist "neurotic development", that the course of treatment is long, that the basic technique of autogenic training has been mastered, and that the group can be used as a therapeutic factor. Patients who are stable when confronted with conflicts do not react to the demands represented by high level training in the same way as those who exhibit lability in conflict situations. The application of high level autogenic training to improve the psychological performance of subjects with a stable mentality still involves many problems.
Arousal↗
[Autogenic training: quo vadis?].
The authors point out that a very successful psychotherapeutic treatment method, autogenic training, shows some trends in its development which require some thought. Basing on the technique theoretically and experimentally developed by J. H. Schultz the authors examine different questions in connection with autogenic training: The "autogenic" question, the commercialization and the application of biofeedback techniques in autogenic training therapy. Further the relationship between autogenic training and analytical methods are studied: autogenic neutralisation, daydream techniques (katathymes Bilderleben), doubletrack psychotherapy etc. are being discussed. The authors show that optimal results can be obtained from autogenic training only if combined with an analytical method.
Autogenic Training↗
[Mood and emotions in autogenic training].
The effects of Autogenic Training on mood and feeling (assessed by an adjective list) were investigated with personality (assessed by the Eysenck Personality Inventory) and suggestibility (assessed by a questionnaire) and the state of training (assessed by regular training) as independent parameters. There are positive and immediate effects of the training on mood and feeling as well, especially for the scales: activity, extra-/introversion, irritation, anxiety and depression.
Adult↗
[Effects of autogenic training in elderly patients].
Autogenic training (AT) is a widely available relaxation method with beneficial outcome on physiological and psychological functioning. In our study, we wanted to test the effects of an AT course in cognitively impaired, frail elderly. After a 3 month waiting period (control), AT courses (intervention) of 3 months duration were offered in 2 nursing homes. Thirty-two frail elderly took part in the study, 24 of them had a psychiatric diagnosis (mean age 82.1 +/- 7.2 years, CAMCOG 75.5 +/- 15.7, MMSE 23.3 +/- 4.3, HAMD 10.0 +/- 3.6, NOSGER 57.2 +/- 18.4, AT-SYM 32.9 +/- 17.6 points). Eight participants dropped out during the waiting period, 8 during the course. From the 16 participants, 15 (94%) were able to learn the AT according to subjective, 9 (54%) according to objective criteria. The ability to practice the AT successfully correlated with the CAMCOG (p = 0.001) and the NOSGER (p = 0.01) score. Participants with a dementia syndrome had major difficulties, whereas age, depressiveness, and number of complaints (AT-SYM) had no influence on the ability to learn the AT. There was no intervention effect, measured with the HAMD, NOSGER, AT-SYM and MMSE. In the pre-post comparison of training sessions, a significant improvement in general well being was found (p < 0.001). Mentally impaired, frail elderly participants are able to learn the AT. Cognitive impairment is disadvantageous for a successful participation.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
The treatment of persistent night terrors with autogenic training: a case study.
This is a case study of a 16-year-old male with a long history of persistent and severe night terrors. After a comprehensive medical and psychological evaluation, the patient was trained in standard autogenic training exercises and an organ-specific formula. By the end of the eight-week treatment, the nocturnal episodes ceased. Information at 11 weeks and 37 weeks follow-up supported the effectiveness of the treatment.
Adolescent↗
Autogenic training to reduce anxiety in nursing students: randomized controlled trial.
AIM: This paper reports a study to determine the effectiveness of autogenic training in reducing anxiety in nursing students. BACKGROUND: Nursing is stressful, and nursing students also have the additional pressures and uncertainties shared with all academic students. Autogenic training is a relaxation technique consisting of six mental exercises and is aimed at relieving tension, anger and stress. Meta-analysis has found large effect sizes for autogenic trainings intervention comparisons, medium effect sizes against control groups, and no effects when compared with other psychological therapies. A controlled trial with 50 nursing students found that the number of certified days off sick was reduced by autogenic training compared with no treatment, and a second trial with only 18 students reported greater improvement in Trait Anxiety, but not State Anxiety, compared with untreated controls. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial with three parallel arms was completed in 1998 with 93 nursing students aged 19-49 years. The setting was a university college in the United Kingdom. The treatment group received eight weekly sessions of autogenic training, the attention control group received eight weekly sessions of laughter therapy, and the time control group received no intervention. The outcome measures were the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Maslach Burnout Inventory, blood pressure and pulse rate completed at baseline, 2 months (end of treatment), and 5, 8, and 11 months from randomization. RESULTS: There was a statistically significantly greater reduction of State (P<0.001) and Trait (P<0.001) Anxiety in the autogenic training group than in both other groups immediately after treatment. There were no differences between the groups for the Maslach Burnout Inventory. The autogenic training group also showed statistically significantly greater reduction immediately after treatment in systolic (P<0.01) and diastolic (P<0.05) blood pressure, and pulse rate (P<0.002), than the other two groups. CONCLUSION. Autogenic training has at least a short-term effect in alleviating stress in nursing students.
Adult↗
Autogenes Training - Qualitative Meta-Analyse kontrollierter klinischer Studien und Beziehungen zur Naturheilkunde.
Autogenic Training - Qualitative Meta-Analysis of Controlled Clinical Studies and Relation to NaturopathyAutogenic training is a relaxation technique based on autosuggestions and practice in the perception of 'natural' relaxating processes of the body with an increasing calm basic attitude. The psycho-physiological changes that occur after periodical exercises can be explained by a plausible model which has been empirically proved in many of its aspects. With regard to methodological aspects the present study deals with the qualitative meta-analysis of 64 controlled clinical studies from 1952 to 1997. The clinical effect of autogenic training on the main symptoms as exclusive or at least central psychotherapeutic intervention (partly in combination with a somatic basic therapy) was evaluated. It was proved that autogenic training has positive effects on psychosomatic disorders (hypertension, asthma, intestinal diseases, 'vegetative dystonia', glaucoma, atopic eczema), on preparation for childbirth, sleep disorders and anxiety disorders. A positive effect can also be expected in case of headaches and Raynaud's disease, however, other relaxation techniques seem to be superior in these cases. Moreover, positive effects on the mood (e. g. depressive symptoms) and the general subjective condition (e. g. 'quality of life') have been proved by many studies. Hence indications can be derived according to the basic rules of evidence-based medicine. Nevertheless there are contraindications, for instance regarding exogenous, acute schizophrenic or affective psychosis. Beyond that the preparedness to therapy of many patients can be improved if the therapeutic offers are enlarged by autogenic training as a 'low level' offer. Autogenic training is an effective and useful component of preventive, rehabilitative or therapeutic interventions and can last but not least be part of therapeutic interventions which include naturopathy.
Journal Article↗