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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMedDate not supplied

Hybridization between sika deer (Cervus nippon) and axis deer (Axis axis).

We report an incidence of hybridization from natural mating between sika deer (Cervus nippon) and axis deer (Axis axis). A female exhibiting physical characteristics intermediate between the two species was born on a Tennessee deer farm sometime in 1995. Gel electrophoresis of three blood proteins (TF, HBB, and SOD) from the putative hybrid, the putative sika deer sire and three axis deer hinds from the herd (not necessarily including the dam) initially verified that hybridization had occurred. Q-banded karyotypes further identified the offspring as a hybrid (2n = 67) between sika deer (2n = 68) and axis deer (2n = 66). Fertility of the hybrid remains to be assessed, although it is now of reproductive age.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Rumen ciliates of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), axis deer (Axis axis), sika deer (Cervus nippon) and fallow deer (Dama dama) from Texas.

Samples of rumen contents from 33 white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), 31 axis deer (Axis axis), 26 sika deer (Cervus nippon), and 25 fallow deer (Dama dama) were collected from four study areas in central Texas. The geometric mean concentration of total protozoa was 50.2 x 10(4) per ml, with no differences between species (P > 0.36). White-tailed deer had a higher percentage of Entodinium and lower percentage of Diplodiniinae (P < 0.01) than the other deer species, which were not different from each other. Occurrence of Epidinium, Isotricha, and Dasytricha was sporadic and did not differ among deer species. Numerous new host records of protozoan species were observed: white-tailed deer--four; axis deer--five; sika deer--five; fallow deer--four. This brings the total number of protozoan species identified in each deer species to: white-tailed--eight; axis--12; sika--15; fallow--16. For all species combined, protozoan concentration were 7.5 to 11-fold higher (P < 0.01) from Area 4, which differed from the other three areas by having a stream that allowed deer to have free access to water. Criteria used for identification of medium-size Eudiplodinium species were evaluated.

Animals↗

PubMed2007

Anesthesia induced by administration of xylazine hydrochloride alone or in combination with ketamine hydrochloride and reversal by administration of yohimbine hydrochloride in captive Axis deer (Axis axis).

OBJECTIVE: To determine the anesthetic dose and cardiopulmonary effects of xylazine hydrochloride when used alone or in combination with ketamine hydrochloride and evaluate the efficacy of yohimbine hydrochloride to reverse anesthetic effects in captive Axis deer. ANIMALS: 35 adult (10 males and 25 females) Axis deer (Axis axis). PROCEDURES: All deer were anesthetized by IM administration of xylazine (3.5 mg/kg; experiment 1), a combination of ketamine and xylazine (1.25 and 1.5 mg/kg, respectively; experiment 2), or another combination of ketamine and xylazine (2.5 and 0.5 mg/kg, respectively; experiment 3). In addition, female deer were also anesthetized by IM administration of a third combination of ketamine and xylazine (1.5 and 1 mg/kg, respectively; experiment 4). Ten to 40 minutes after induction, anesthesia was reversed by IV administration of yohimbine (5, 8, or 10 mg). RESULTS: In male deer, experiment 3 yielded the most rapid induction of anesthesia. In females, experiment 4 yielded the best induction of anesthesia without adverse effects. All doses of yohimbine reversed anesthesia. Duration of anesthesia before administration of yohimbine had no effect on recovery time. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: A combination of ketamine and xylazine can be used to induce anesthesia in Axis deer. Furthermore, anesthetic effects can be reversed by administration of yohimbine.

Adrenergic alpha-Agonists↗

PubMed1993

Xylazine-induced sedation in axis deer (Axis axis) and its reversal by atipamezole.

Eight free-ranging axis deer (Axis axis) were captured in drive nets and injected with xylazine (3.4 +/- 0.1 mg/kg; mean +/- SEM) intramuscularly using a hand-held syringe. Xylazine induced complete immobilization and sedation in three animals, heavy sedation in three, and moderate sedation in two. The mean induction time was 10.4 +/- 1.0 min. The mean rectal temperature, heart and respiratory rates of immobilized animals were 39.2 +/- 0.4 degrees C, 75.5 +/- 6.5 beats/min and 62.1 +/- 4.2 breaths/min, respectively. All the animals were given atipamezole intravenously for reversal. The mean time from injection of xylazine to administration of atipamezole was 37.8 +/- 4.6 min. A dose ratio (w/w) for xylazine:atipamezole-HCl of 10:1 was used. The mean time from injection of atipamezole to mobility was 2.41 +/- 0.58 min. Atipamezole given intravenously effectively antagonized xylazine-induced sedation in axis deer. Only one animal showed signs of overalertness after reversal and no cases of resedation were observed.

Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists↗

PubMed1985

Normal haematological values of axis deer (Axis axis), Père David's deer (Elaphurus davidianus) and barasingha (Cervus duvauceli).

Full blood counts and fibrinogen estimations were carried out on a number of clinically normal adult axis deer (Axis axis), Père David's deer (Elaphus davidianus) and barasingha (Cervus duvauceli). Apart from the finding of higher total red cell counts and a lower mean red cell volume in axis deer than in Père David's deer and barasingha, there was little interspecies variation. Some individual Père David's deer showed eosinophilia, thought to be associated with subclinical intestinal nematode infestation. The findings should provide a useful reference base for monitoring health in these species.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Personality disorder and Axis I psychopathology: the problematic boundary of Axis I and Axis II.

The confusion of personality disorders with Axis I disorders can be traced in part to inadequacies of assessment instruments and diagnostic criterion sets. However, it also reflects the absence of adequate conceptualization. If Axis I continues to include early onset, chronic impairments that characterize everyday functioning, then there is unlikely to be a clear or meaningful distinction. Inherent and unique to personality disorders is that they concern a person's sense of self and identity. They are disorders of everyday functioning. Personality disorders have an early onset, characterize everyday functioning, and relate closely to personality functioning evident within the general population; Axis I disorders, in contrast, have an onset throughout adult life, are episodic, and are readily distinguishable from normal personality functioning.

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disord↗

PubMed2001

Surgical epicondylar axis vs anatomical epicondylar axis for rotational alignment of the femoral component in total knee arthroplasty.

The anatomical epicondylar (AEpi) axis and the surgical epicondylar (SEpi) axis have been widely used as the epicondylar axis, one of the most commonly used axes for rotational alignment of the femoral component in total knee arthroplasty. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the differences and reliability between these two axes. Computerized tomography scan of the distal femur was done in 55 osteoarthritic knees. Thirty-two knees were varus and 23 knees were neutral in alignment. Axes for rotational alignment of the femoral component were lined including posterior condylar (PC), anteroposterior (AP), AEpi, and SEpi axes. Angles between each pair of axes were measured including PC-AEpi, PC-SEpi, AP-AEpi, AP-SEpi and AP-PC. The average PC-AEpi angle was 5.7 degrees +/- 1.7 degrees. The average PC-SEpi angle was 1.5 degrees +/- 2.1 degrees. The average AP-AEpi angle was 90.2 degrees +/- 1.0 degrees. The average AP-SEpi angle was 94.5 degrees +/- 1.3 degrees and the average AP-PC angle was 95.9 degrees +/- 2.0 degrees. Twenty-nine per cent of knees had prominent medial epicondyle (a landmark for AEpi axis) and 5 per cent had prominent medial sulcus (a landmark for SEpi axis). The lateral epicondyle was prominent in all knees. There were no significant differences of all angles of referencing axes between men and women (p>0.05). There were no significant differences between varus and neutral knees in terms of PC-AEpi angle and PC-SEpi angle (p>0.05). The AEpi axis was more perpendicular to the AP axis and more external rotated to the PC axis than the SEpi axis. Because the perpendicular line to the AEpi axis was closer to the AP axis than that of the SEpi axis and the AEpi axis provided appropriate external rotated to the PC axis, the AEpi axis was more reliable for rotational alignment of the femoral component than the SEpi axis. On the other hand, SEpi axis, providing less external rotated to the PC axis, may be difficult to define and could cause patellofemoral tracking problems in total knee arthroplasty.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1991

Antler cycle and endocrine parameters in male axis deer (Axis axis): seasonal levels of LH, FSH, testosterone, and prolactin and results of GnRH and ACTH challenge tests.

1. Antler cycles of six adult male axis deer of southern Texas were relatively well synchronized within the herd. The old antlers were cast from December to March and regenerated antlers polished between March and June. The rutting season occurred in June and July. 2. LH and FSH exhibited little seasonal variation (LH 0.7-1.3 ng/ml; FSH 32-65 ng/ml). Prolactin levels were lowest in December (20 ng/ml) and highest in June (115 ng/ml). Testosterone concentrations exhibited a distinct seasonal pattern: minimum in December (0.1 ng/ml) and maximum in May (1.75 ng/ml). 3. After GnRH challenge (100 micrograms given i.m. in November), maximal LH levels (reached 40-60 min after injection), varied from 7.7 to 11.2 ng/ml, and T levels varied from 1.3 to 1.6 ng/ml. 4. Twenty I.U. of ACTH (given in March), elevated cortisol levels from 4-8 micrograms/dl (pretreatment) to 16-21 micrograms/dl (140 min post-administration).

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗

PubMed1998

Reliability of the anteroposterior axis and the posterior condylar axis for determining rotational alignment of the femoral component in total knee arthroplasty.

We examined the reliability of the anteroposterior and posterior condylar axes for determining rotational alignment of the femoral component in total knee arthroplasty (TKA). A computed tomography scan was taken at the level of the femoral epicondyle in 84 knees (27 varus knees with medial femorotibial arthritis (FT-OA) in 26 patients, 17 knees with patellofemoral arthritis in 14 patients, and 40 normal knees in 40 volunteers). On the image, an anteroposterior axis, a line perpendicular to the anteroposterior axis, an epicondylar axis and a posterior condylar axis were drawn, and the relationship between the three axes was assessed. The mean values for the 84 knees were evaluated, and the posterior condylar axis was 6.0 degrees +/- 2.4 degrees internally rotated relative to the epicondylar axis, while the line perpendicular to the anteroposterior axis was 1.4 degrees +/- 3.3 degrees internally rotated relative to the epicondylar axis. The internal rotation angle of the posterior condylar axis relative to the epicondylar axis was 6.2 degrees +/- 1.9 degrees in the knees with medial femorotibial arthritis, 6.4 degrees +/- 2.4 degrees in the knees with patellofemoral arthritis, and 5.8 degrees +/- 2.7 degrees in the normal knees, showing consistent values in normal and osteoarthritic knees. The internal rotation angle of the line perpendicular to the anteroposterior axis relative to the epicondylar axis was 0.1 degrees +/- 3.3 degrees, 1.3 degrees +/- 3. 3 degrees, and 2.3 degrees +/- 3.1 degrees in the three groups, respectively (i.e., there were significant differences between the medial FT-OA knees and the normal knees). The results demonstrated that the anteroposterior axis was rotated externally to a significant degree in medial FT-OA knees and was less reliable than the posterior condylar axis for use in alignment for TKA on medial FT-OA knees.

Aged↗

PubMed2001

Mechanical impedance of the sitting human body in single-axis compared to multi-axis whole-body vibration exposure.

OBJECTIVE: The study was aimed to investigate the mechanical impedance of the sitting human body and to compare data obtained in laboratory single-axis investigations with multi-axis data from in vehicle measurements. DESIGN: The experiments were performed in a laboratory for single-axis measurements. The multi-axis exposure was generated with an eight-seat minibus where the rear seats had been replaced with a rigid one. The subjects in the multi-axis experiment all participated in the single-axis experiments. BACKGROUND: There are quite a few investigations in the literature describing the human response to single-axis exposure. The response from the human body can be expected to be affected by multi-axis input in a different way than from a single-axis exposure. The present knowledge of the effect of multiple axis exposure is very limited. METHODS: The measurements were performed using a specially designed force and accelerometer plate. This plate was placed between the subject and the hard seat. RESULTS: Outcome shows a clear difference between mechanical impedance for multi-axis exposure compared to single-axis. This is especially clear in the x-direction where the difference is very large. CONCLUSIONS: The conclusion is that it seems unlikely that single-axis mechanical impedance data can be directly transferred to a multi-axis environment. This is due to the force cross-talk between different directions.

Acceleration↗

PubMed1987

Intensity judgments of vibrations in the Y axis, Z axis, and Y-plus-Z axes.

Seated subjects matched their perceptions of the intensity of Y-axis, Z-axis, or Y-plus-Z vibrations, by adjusting the intensity of a sinusoidal, 5-Hz, X-axis response vibration. Stimuli were sinusoidal at 3.2, 5, and 8 Hz. For each frequency there were six vibration conditions (Y axis alone, Z axis alone, or both axes together with 0 degrees, 90 degrees, 180 degrees, or 270 degrees phase angles between them) presented at each of two acceleration levels (0.15 and 0.25 G R.M.S.). Results showed that X-axis response accelerations for the dual-axis stimuli were greater than those for either one of their Y-axis or Z-axis components. This occurred for both acceleration levels and for all three frequencies. In addition, response acceleration was nearly constant for the dual-axis stimuli regardless of the phase angle between their Y-axis and Z-axis components. Again, this was true for both acceleration levels and all three frequencies. These findings indicate that although dual-axis vibrations are judged to have greater subjective intensity than either of their single-axis components the phase relationship between those components appears to have no appreciable effect.

Acceleration↗

PubMed1995

Comorbidity of axis I and axis II disorders.

OBJECTIVE: In light of continuing controversies concerning the DSM-III-R system for diagnosing personality disorders, their construct validity, and the assignment of disorders to a particular axis, the authors studied patterns of axis I-axis II comorbidity. METHOD: Semistructured interviews were used to assess axis I and axis II disorders in 200 inpatients and outpatients. Odds ratios were calculated to determine significant comorbidity between classes of current axis I disorders and axis II personality disorders diagnosed according to two methods and defined at two diagnostic thresholds. Distributions of personality disorder traits were also compared in patients with and without axis I disorders. RESULTS: Significantly elevated odds ratios were found for co-occurrence of current mood disorders with avoidant and dependent personality disorders; anxiety disorders with borderline, avoidant, and dependent personality disorders; psychotic disorders with schizotypal, borderline, and dependent personality disorders; psychoactive substance use disorders with borderline and histrionic personality disorders; and eating disorders with schizotypal, borderline, and avoidant personality disorders. These results held when conservative and liberal definitions of personality disorders were used. Non-specific axis I and axis II associations were confirmed for distributions of personality disorder traits. CONCLUSIONS: Significant associations occurred between most axis I classes of disorders and axis II disorders and traits in more than one cluster. All axis I classes of disorders except mood disorders co-occurred with borderline personality disorder; however, patients with mood disorders had elevated levels of borderline traits. When any personality disorder was present, there were significant odds that a mood, anxiety, psychotic, or eating disorder would also be present; psychoactive substance use disorders, in contrast, significantly co-occurred with borderline and histrionic personality disorders.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

On-axis and off-axis viewing of images on CRT displays and LCDs: observer performance and vision model predictions.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: Although cathode-ray tube (CRT) displays typically are used for softcopy display of radiographs in the digital reading environment, liquid crystal displays (LCDs) currently are being used as an alternative. LCDs have many desirable viewing properties compared with a CRT, but significant image degradation can occur with off-axis viewing. This study compares observer performance and predictions from a human visual system model for on-axis and off-axis viewing for CRT displays versus LCDs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A set of mammograms with different lesion contrasts (n = 400) were shown to six radiologists on CRT and LCD monitors, once on-axis and once off-axis. Observer performance was measured by using receiver operating characteristic techniques. Performance was correlated with results of a human vision model designed to predict observer performance (just noticeable difference [JND]metrix model). Two approaches were used to generate model metrics; a paired discrimination and channelized model observer approach. RESULTS: The performance of human observers indicated that on-axis viewing with the LCD was better than with the CRT, but off-axis viewing was significantly better with the CRT than LCD (F = 8.8175; P < .0001). The paired discrimination model correctly predicted on-axis, but not off-axis, results. The channelized model observer correctly predicted both on- and off-axis results. CONCLUSION: Off-axis viewing of radiographic images on an LCD monitor degrades human observer performance significantly compared with a CRT display. Care should be taken in the clinic to avoid off-axis viewing during diagnostic interpretation.

Breast Neoplasms↗

PubMed1998

The transepicondylar axis approximates the optimal flexion axis of the knee.

The traditional understanding of knee kinematics holds that no single fixed axis of rotation exists in the knee. In contrast, a recent hypothesis suggests that knee kinematics are better described simply as two simultaneous rotations occurring about fixed axes. Knee flexion and extension occurs about an optimal flexion axis fixed in the femur, whereas tibial internal and external rotations occur about a longitudinal rotation axis fixed in the tibia. No other translations or rotations exist. This hypothesis has been tested. Tibiofemoral kinematics were measured for 15 cadaveric knees undergoing a realistic loadbearing activity (simulated squatting). An optimization technique was used to identify the locations of the optimal flexion and longitudinal rotation axes such that simultaneous rotations about them could best represent the measured kinematics. The optimal flexion axis was compared with the transepicondylar axis defined by bony landmarks. The longitudinal rotation axis was found to pass through the medial joint compartment. The optimal flexion axis passed through the centers of the posterior femoral condyles. No significant difference was found between the optimal flexion and transepicondylar axes. To an average accuracy of better than 3.4 mm in translation, and 2.9 degrees in orientation, knee kinematics were represented successfully by simple rotations about the optimal flexion and longitudinal rotation axes. The optimal flexion axis is fixed in the femur and can be considered the true flexion axis of the knee. The transepicondylar axis axis, which is identified easily by palpation, closely approximates the optimal flexion axis.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

A biomechanical comparison between the single-axis and multi-axis total knee arthroplasty systems for the stand-to-sit movement.

BACKGROUND: Compared to the design of a traditional multi-axis total knee arthroplasty, the single-axis arthroplasty studied has a fixed flexion/extension center of rotation in the femoral component. The influence of this characteristic on functional daily activity, i.e., stand-to-sit, is not well understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different arthroplasty designs on knee kinematic and lower limb muscular activation for the stand-to-sit movement. METHODS: Sixteen unilateral, posterior-stabilized knee arthroplasty participants (8 single-axis and 8 multi-axis) with excellent Knee Society scores performed 4 trials of the stand-to-sit test. Three-dimensional video analysis of whole body and joint kinematics and electromyography analysis of quadriceps and hamstrings were conducted. One-way ANOVAs were used for statistical analyses (alpha=0.05). FINDINGS: The multi-axis group showed some functional adaptations while sitting down. The single-axis group exhibited less arthroplasty limb quadriceps electromyography and hamstring co-activation electromyography than the multi-axis group. For the arthroplasty limb, single-axis demonstrated less abduction angular displacement and reached peak abduction earlier than the multi-axis arthroplasty limb. The estimated effect size for this study was 0.196. INTERPRETATION: The single-axis design requires less eccentric knee extensor muscle activation and exhibits greater medio-lateral stability than the multi-axis designs. Findings from this study could provide useful information to orthopedic knee surgeons and rehabilitative specialists.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed2004

Determination of the left ventricular long-axis orientation from a single short-axis MR image: relation to BMI and age.

Accurate determination of imaging planes in relation to the left ventricular (LV) long-axis orientation is important for anatomical and functional evaluation as well as for serial comparisons with cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging. Therefore, a fast and reliable method to test the accuracy of CMR imaging for measuring the orientation of the LV long-axis was developed and validated. In addition, the relationship between LV long-axis orientation and body mass index (BMI), gender and age was assessed. Two approaches were used, a long-axis approach (based on a manually defined vector) and a short-axis approach (based on a calculated vector). The concordance between the two approaches was assessed in 72 healthy volunteers. The accuracy and precision of MR imaging for measuring three-dimensional orientations were tested using a LV phantom. The mean difference between the long- and short-axis approaches for measuring the LV long-axis orientation in the study population was 0 +/- 3 degrees, 0 +/- 2 degrees, and -1 +/- 3 degrees in the frontal, transverse and sagittal plane, respectively. BMI and age were shown to influence LV long-axis orientation, especially in the frontal and sagittal planes. A significant difference in LV long-axis orientation in the frontal and sagittal planes was found between genders. The correlation coefficient between MR-measured phantom orientation and true phantom orientation was >0.98 in all three orthogonal planes. These observations suggest that a single LV short-axis MR image can be used for measuring LV long-axis orientation in patients with no cardiac disease.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

The alignment of the axis of asymmetry in regenerating protoplasts of the moss, Ceratodon purpureus, is determined independently of axis polarity.

Ceratodon protoplasts regenerate by polar outgrowth to form cell filaments. The kinetics of regeneration show that some cellular event has to be completed before regeneration can be initiated. The development of the regeneration axis is strongly influenced by light, with axis alignment and axis polarity being fixed independently. We define axis alignment as the relationship of the regeneration axis to the incident light, independent of polarity. Thus protoplasts regenerating directly towards, or directly away from the light source are defined as being similarly aligned but with opposite polarity. Protoplasts that regenerate in unidirectional red light form axes that are aligned parallel to the light direction, with about 70% being polarised towards the light and about 30% away. In unidirectional blue or white light, almost all protoplasts regenerate towards the light but axis alignment is determined less stringently. Re-orientation of protoplasts regenerating in unidirectional light shows that axis alignment is fixed between 8 and 9 hours before protoplasts regenerate and that axis polarity is fixed later. When protoplasts are removed from directional light to either non-directional light or to darkness, regeneration axes continue to be aligned by the earlier directional stimulus for at least 24 hours. Thus although axis alignment is fixed only about 8 hours before regeneration, in the absence of contradictory information about directionality in the light environment, protoplasts retain a memory of light direction for much longer. However, both reorientation and removal from a directional light field have profound effects on axis polarity; the pattern observed in undisturbed protoplasts being lost. To account for these observations, we propose that separate gradients are established independently to determine the alignment and polarity of the regeneration axis respectively. The alignment gradient is established rapidly and is steeper in red than in blue or white light, the polarity gradient is established slowly and is steeper in white or blue light than in red. These studies will now allow a genetic dissection of these processes in moss.

Bryopsida↗

PubMed1986

Subjective effects of combined-axis vibration: III. Comparison of Y-axis and Y-plus-yaw vibrations.

Two psychophysical matching experiments (Exps. III and IV in a series) were conducted to compare the perceived intensity of Y-axis and Y-plus-yaw vibrations. Seated subjects matched their perceptions of the intensity of single-axis vibrations in the Y-axis, or combined-axis vibrations made up of Y-axis and yaw motions, by adjusting the intensity of a sinusoidal, 5 Hz, Z-axis response vibration. Stimulus vibrations were sinusoidal at 3.15, 4, 5, 6.3, and 8 Hz. For each frequency, both types of stimulus vibrations were presented at three acceleration levels related to three axis-to-seat distances for the yaw motions. In Exp. III the subjects were seated forward of the rotation axis, and in Exp. IV they were seated aft of the axis. For both experiments the results showed that as frequency increased the acceleration of the matching response decreased for both types of stimuli. In addition, as stimulus acceleration (axis-to-seat distance) increased, response acceleration showed substantial increases at every frequency. However, the effects of vibration type were dependent on the location of the subject. In Exp. III the combined-axis stimuli produced higher response accelerations, but in Exp. IV matching responses were the same for both vibration types.

Acceleration↗