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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1979

[The problems raised by the irradiation of pregnant women. Effects of ionizing radiations on the embryon and foetus (author's transl)].

In man, the period of maximum risk for the embryo and foetus is between the second and tenth week after conception. The most frequent and most severe malformation is microcephaly which in extreme cases is accompanied by mental retardation. The results of studies in experimental animals and man agree that it is impossible to demonstrate any increased risk of malformation with doses below 15 rads, and that the increase over the spontaneous incidence of malformation is slight at doses below 25 rads. A very small increase in the frequency of leukaemias and cancers has been observed after irradiation in utero for pelvimetry, which delivers a few rads; it can be estimated from these data that a dose of 2 rads induces at the most the risk of one case of cancer in 2,000 children. In practice, it is only exceptionally that an abortion is advised after a diagnostic radiological examination, since the doses in these circumstances are relatively low. A therapeutic termination of pregnancy should be advised when the dose is greater than 20 rads, but it is necessary to take into account other medico-social factors. Conversely, it is important to avoid any irradiation in women who could be pregnant and in particular avoid any irradiation of the true pelvis during the 10 days prior to menses and especially if there has been a delay in the start of menstruation. In pregnant women radiological examinations should only be made if they are of paramount importance for the mother, and all precautions taken to reduce the dose to the uterus in the absolute minimum.

Abnormalities, Radiation-Induced↗
PubMed1979

Different teratogenic efficacy to mouse fetal CNS of 5-azacytidine in combination with X-irradiation depends on the sequence of successive application.

The single treatment of pregnant mice on day 12 post conception with 5-azacytidine (AzaCr), followed by a single irradiation dose of 200 rad two hours later, is exclusively neurotoxic to the fetus, as shown by a severe hypoplasia of the parieto-occipital regions of the telencephalon. This effect is explicable by the specific function of the mitotic cell population for the integrity of the cortex wall. Combining these two hazards in the reverse manner, i.e., irradiation followed by AzaCr, resulted in no general hypoplastic effect in the forebrain and only caused a depletion of cells in the marginal cortex. This indicates a significantly diminished AzaCr sensitivity of fetal cortical cells subsequent to X-irradiation. In addition, rosette-like cell clustering in the cortex of all X-irradiated animals occurs to a similar degree, irrespective of any additional AzaCr-treatment. The only conformity between these different schedules is that a great portion of the surviving cells is most likely in the DNA synthesizing phase at the time of irradiation. It is therefore concluded that rosette formation starts perferentially from cells injured during the S-phase.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed1979

[Radiation risks and gonadal exposure in radiodiagnosis (author's transl)].

Radiation risk is estimated from the values on radiation risk of the International Council on Radiation Protection and from our own measurements. According to these, 1 malignant growth induced by radiation is found in about 160,000 urograms, 300,000 contrast enemata or 500,000 contrast meals. In radiodiagnosis of the central nervous system the values for carotid angiograms is about 60,000, for vertebral angiograms about 16,000, for computer tomography about 50,000 and about 500,000 examinations of the skull in two planes. A mutation-induced deformity due to radiation occurs in about 4,300--26,000 colon contrast enemata, about 43,000 to 280,000 contrast meals and about 41,000 respectively 14,000 urograms in men and women in the reproductive years.

Abnormalities, Radiation-Induced↗
PubMed1978

Fast-neutron irradiation of glioblastoma multiforme. Neuropathological analysis.

Various modes of therapy, alone or in combination, have had little effect in improving the survival of patients with glioblastoma multiforme. Recently, in a pilot study, 34 patients with glioblastoma were treated by fast-neutron-beam irradiation of the whole brain. Following treatment, the patients became steroid-dependent and pursued a gradual downhill course with increasing obtundation. Although there was no improvement in the length or quality of survival of these patients, neuropathological studies in the 13 patients who came to autopsy showed the following: 1) extensive coagulative necrosis of much of the tumor mass; 2) dense infiltration by collagenous connective tissue; 3) minimal phagocytic reaction; 4) marked reduction in the amount of viable tumor; 5) abnormal astrocytic proliferation, which may represent either astrocytoma or a radiation-induced bizarre gliosis, and 6) areas of gliosis and white matter degeneration in the brain stem, remote form the tumor site. These observations suggest that continued efforts to further refine this mode of therapy for glioblastoma are warranted.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Serum protein synthesis in mutant mice with abnormal hepatic endoplasmic reticulum.

Severe ultrastructural abnormalities of liver endoplasmic reticulum have been described in newborn mice homozygous for radiation-induced deletion alleles at the colour locus. The ultrastructural defects were accompanied by deficiencies of several enzymes and lowered serum protein levels. Studies on serum protein synthesis were undertaken to see if decreased rates of synthesis, especially of constituents thought to be synthesized on membrane-bound ribosomes, were the cause of the deficiencies. Although decreases or absence of several serum proteins were shown, radiopulse-immunoprecipitation studies of albumin and fibrinogen synthesis suggested that the decreased synthesis rates were a secondary defect. Serum glycoproteins were not altered more than other constituents in the mutant material.

Albinism↗
PubMed1979

New findings in the chromosome 13 long-arm deletion syndrome and retinoblastoma.

New clinical and pathologic findings in patients with deletion of the long arm of chromosome 13 (13q-) include optic nerve hypoplasia and retinal dysplasia. Fibroblasts derived from patients with a 13q- syndrome with and without retinoblastoma, as well as from familial and sporadic retinoblastoma, are a useful model for the study of genetic susceptibility to the development of spontaneous and radiation-induced cancers. Fibroblasts from patients with hereditary retinoblastoma appear more radiosensitive than fibroblasts from patients with sporadic retinoblastoma or normal control patients.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1977

Endocrine function following the treatment of acute leukemia in childhood.

Pituitary function has been studied in 25 children after treatment of acute leukemia. Impaired growth hormone responses both to hypoglycemia and to Bovril were found in 11 subjects. Elevated basal thyroid-stimulating hormone levels were seen in five children, three of whom had an augmented TSH response to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone. Radiation-induced damage to the hypothalamic-pituitary region is thought to be the cause of these abnormalities in growth hormone and in secretion of TSH. The peak cortisol response to hypoglycaemia is significantly decreased in the group of subjects who received the higher dose of cranial radiation therapy, but no individual child is hypothyroid or shows impaired adrenal function, clinically or biochemically. Three prepubertal girls studied have biochemical evidence of ovarian failure following the use of combination chemotherapy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Isolabelling is a radiation-induced phenomenon.

Human lymphocytes were incubated during two mitotic cycles in the presence of 5-bromodeoxyuridine and differentiation between chromatids was obtained with combined "Hoechst 33258" and azur-eosine staining. Analysis of non-irradiated cells revealed numerous sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) and no abnormalities of "harlequine" appearance of chromosomes. When, however, the cells were irradiated, an identical staining (IS, isostaining) of some chromosomes or chromosome segments were observed. Production of IS was accompanied by decrease of the frequency of SCE, the total frequency of SCE+IS remained, however, the same as in control. An antagonism between SCE and IS was established: the frequency of SCE decreased in the cells with multiple IS, and chromosomes with both SCE and IS were only rarely observed. Thus, IS is neither an artifact nor a physiologic event but a phenomenon induced by radiation. The reliable existence of IS is considered as an evidence for binemic structure of chromatid. It is suggested that some mechanism of lateral spread of genetic information is involved in the production of SCE. If delayed by radiation, the spread could be restricted only to a fraction of chromosome cross-section resulting in IS.

Azure Stains↗
PubMed1977

[Modified Giemsa technique for the study of characteristic chromosomes of leukemic C57Bl mice].

G-banded karyotypes have been studied in C57Bl control mice and in animals developing leukemia after i.p. injection of acellular extract of spleen or lymph nodes from isologous animals showing radiation induced leukemia. No visible differences could be detected with respect to the number, size and position of the G-bands between the two groups of animals. From the present observations and from previous work with conventional staining methods, it can be concluded that the development of such leukemia does not involve the presence of chromosome abnormalities.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Multiple myeloma and acute leukemia. Simultaneous evolution of plasmacyte and myelomonocytic clones].

The authors report two cases of acute myelo-monocytic leukemia occuring during the course of multiple myeloma treated by local radiotherapy and melphalan. Both patients underwent a complete remission of their myeloma for 27 and 78 months. The myeloma relapsed suddenly in the form of an acute leukemia. In one case, the onset of acute leukemia was preceded by a syndrome of marrow failure with numerous crown-shaped sideroblasts and an excess of myeloblasts in the marrow. This stage lasted two years. The biochemical abnormalities of the red cells usually associated with refractory anemia and preleukemic conditions were present in the other case.

Aged↗
PubMed1975

Second malignancies complicating Hodgkin's disease in remission.

The incidence of second tumours occurring in the course of Hodgkin's disease has been investigated in a series of 452 patients treated with standard chemotherapy or radiotherapy, combination chemotherapy alone, intensive radiotherapy alone, or both intensive radiotherapy and combination chemotherapy administered in sequence. 16 tumours were noted. When analysed according to mode of treatment, 6 cases occurred in a group of 62 patients who received both modalities. When analysed for age, sex, and man-years of follow-up, this group appears to have 14-5 times the risk of developing a second tumour. However, that subgroup which had a complete remission after intensive radiotherapy followed by a relapse of disease, prior to receiving combination chemotherapy, had the highest risk with 18-5 times greater incidence of second tumour than expected. It is noteworthy that, of the 16 second tumours, 2 were acute myeloid leukaemia; in both cases a similar chromosomal abnormality (45 chromosomes, C-group deletion) was noted. The mechanism of oncogenesis may represent a combination of the immunosuppressive effects and cellular effects of those forms of treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Parathyroid adenomas following irradiation.

Parathyroid adenomas have been demonstrated to occur following external head and neck irradiation. The median latency interval is 30 years. In a series of 74 consecutive patients with histologically diagnosed parathyroid adenomas, 25% gave a history of prior radiation exposure. When compared to a matched control incidence of 7.9%, statistical significance is reached at p less than 0.01. Thyroid abnormalities were present in 68% of the irradiated patients, and 30% of these were malignant. Tumor of skin, breast, and parotid gland also occurrred more frequently than expected. Forty-seven percent of the irradiated group had malignant neoplasms within the radiation field. The histopathology of the radiation-associated parathyroid adenomas is similar to that seen experimentally.

Acne Vulgaris↗
PubMed1979

[Correlation between radiological, scintigraphic and histological changes in bone in rabbits following irradiation with single and fractionated doses (author's transl)].

The left hind legs of eight rabbits were irradiated with 1.750 rad in a single dose or with 4,650 rad divided over a period of three weeks. These animals, as well as four who had not been irradiated, were examined periodically radiologically and with 99m Technetium pyrophosphate scintigrams during one year. No difference could be detected between the results of the single and fractionated doses. Scintigraphically there was a biphasic increase in uptake, the first peak co-inciding with the irradiation and of vascular origin, whereas the second peak occurred at four months and was due to a change in bone metabolism. At the end of a year uptake in the irradiated limb was slightly reduced. The earliest radiological changes were found after six months, at the end of the second scintigraphic peak; they consisted of coarsening and blurring of the trabeculae, nonhomogeneous spotty mineralisation and endosteal scalloping. Six animals developed a radiation-induced bone sarcoma, first demonstrated either by scintigraphy or radiology depending on its histology. The value of combining radiological and scintigraphic examinations for the early detection of post-radiation abnormalities is stressed.

Animals↗