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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1979

Reduction in mutagenicity of cigarette smoke condensate by added sugars.

The effects of adding sugars to high- and low-tar cigarettes on the mutagenicity of their smoke condensates were studied using Salmonella typhimurium TA100 and TA98 with and without metabolic activation. The sugars tested were glucose, fructose, galactose, sorbitol, sucrose and lactose. The lowest mutagenicities observed with these sugars per mg of smoke condensate assayed on TA98 with metabolic activation were 37% (high-tar cigarettes) and 22% (low-tar cigaretts) of that of smoke condensate from untreated cigarettes. Addition of sugars increased the total amounts of smoke condensates, but the mutagenicities of the total condensates were also decreased by all the sugars, the lowest values being 35% (high-tar cigarettes) and 36% (low-tar cigarettes) of that of smoke condensates from cigarettes without added sugar. On assay with TA100 with metabolic activation, decreases in both specific and total mutangenicities of condensates of high-tar cigarettes were observed with all the sugars tested except galactose and sucrose. Treatment with glucose, fructose or sorbitol decreased the specific mutagenicity of condensates of low-tar cigarettes and glucose and fructose reduced also their total mutagenicity. The effects of added sugars were more marked when assayed on TA98 than on TA100 and of the sugars tested fructose and sorbitol had the greatest effects. Addition of sugars had no effect of the mutagenicity of cigarette-smoke condensate without metabolic activation.

Carbohydrates↗
PubMed2026

Trends in the Prevalence of Foods High in Saturated Fats, Sodium, and Added Sugars among U.S. adults, NHANES 2007-2018.

BACKGROUND: Foods and beverages high in saturated fats, sodium, and added sugars (HFSS) are often ultra-processed and linked to poor health outcomes, but few studies have investigated their intake. OBJECTIVE: To describe the trends in the intake of HFSS foods and beverages between 2007 and 2018 in a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults, by sociodemographic characteristics and What We Eat in America food groups. DESIGN: This is a secondary, cross-sectional analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) between 2007 and 2018. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING: The final sample included 27,984 adults 19 years of age or older from NHANES with at least one complete dietary recall. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcomes are the percentage of total energy intake from foods classified as HFSS according to the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) Nutrient Profile Model. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED: To estimate the percentage of energy intake from foods and beverages HFSS, linear regression models with interaction terms between cycles and covariates were used. RESULTS: The overall intake of foods and beverages HFSS did not change, representing over 60% of the total energy intake between 2007-2010 and 2015-2018. The intake of foods and beverages high in sodium increased by 2.0 percentage points (95% CI: 0.5, 3.5) and 3.5 percentage points (95% CI: 1.1, 5.8), respectively. The intake of foods and beverages high in saturated fats increased by 6.1 percentage points (95% CI: 4.5, 7.6) and 6.1 percentage points (95% CI: 3.9, 8.2), respectively. The intake of foods and beverages high in added sugars did not change. CONCLUSION: In the U.S., intake of HFSS foods and beverages is high. Future research should focus on whether public health interventions and policies might reduce the intake of foods high in nutrients of concern.

Added sugars↗
PubMed1978

Catabolite inhibition and sequential metabolism of sugars by Streptococcus lactis.

Growth of galactose-adapted cells of Streptococcus lactis ML(3) in a medium containing a mixture of glucose, galactose, and lactose was characterized initially by the simultaneous metabolism of glucose and lactose. Galactose was not significantly utilized until the latter sugars had been exhausted from the medium. The addition of glucose or lactose to a culture of S. lactis ML(3) growing exponentially on galactose caused immediate inhibition of galactose utilization and an increase in growth rate, concomitant with the preferential metabolism of the added sugar. Under nongrowing conditions, cells of S. lactis ML(3) grown previously on galactose metabolized the three separate sugars equally rapidly. However, cells suspended in buffer containing a mixture of glucose plus galactose or lactose plus galactose again consumed glucose or lactose preferentially. The rate of galactose metabolism was reduced by approximately 95% in the presence of the inhibitory sugar, but the maximum rate of metabolism was resumed upon exhaustion of glucose or lactose from the system. When presented with a mixture of glucose and lactose, the resting cells metabolized both sugars simultaneously. Lactose, glucose, and a non-metabolizable glucose analog (2-deoxy-d-glucose) prevented the phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent uptake of thiomethyl-beta-d-galactopyranoside (TMG), but the accumulation of TMG, like galactose metabolism, commenced immediately upon exhaustion of the metabolizable sugars from the medium. Growth of galactose-adapted cells of the lactose-defective variant S. lactis 7962 in the triple-sugar medium was characterized by the sequential metabolism of glucose, galactose, and lactose. Growth of S. lactis ML(3) and 7962 in the triple-sugar medium occurred without apparent diauxie, and for each strain the patterns of sequential sugar metabolism under growing and nongrowing conditions were identical. Fine control of the activities of preexisting enzyme systems by catabolite inhibition may afford a satisfactory explanation for the observed sequential utilization of sugars by these two organisms.

Biological Transport↗
PubMed2026

Early life sugar rationing and ageing related diseases, biological ageing and mortality.

Early-life nutrition may influence lifelong ageing, yet human evidence is scarce. Using Britain's postwar sugar rationing as a natural experiment, we examine its long-term effects in 64,809 United Kingdom Biobank participants. Exposure to sugar rationing during the first 1,000 days of life is associated with a 9% lower incidence of hallmark-related disease, with a hazard ratio of 0.91 and a 95% confidence interval of 0.88-0.94, and a 19% lower risk of all-cause mortality, with a hazard ratio of 0.81 and a 95% confidence interval of 0.69-0.93. Mediation analysis indicates that the survival association is statistically mediated, by approximately 60%, through differences in incident hallmark-related disease. Rationed individuals show 1.0-1.2-year younger biological ages across multiple clocks and lower organ ages, particularly in the lung, heart, and liver. Proteomic profiling identifies 47 altered proteins, with enrichment of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase and longevity pathways and suppression of mechanistic target of rapamycin signaling. These findings are consistent with international recommendations to limit free or added sugars from the World Health Organization, United States Dietary Guidelines, and American Heart Association, and may inform policy discussions related to sugar taxation and infant food and marketing policies under the United Nations 2030 Agenda.

Humans↗
PubMed1975

The use of three dye-binding procedures for the assessment of heat damage to food proteins.

1. A study has been made of pure proteins heated either alone or in contact with sugars, so as to cause a severe fall in their reactive lysine contents, and also of commercial protein concentrations. 2. For unheated materials, and for bovine plasma albumin and fat-extracted, dried chicken muscle severely heated in the absence of sugar, Acid Orange 12 binding values (mmol bound dye/kg crude protein (nitrogen times 6-25)) were close to the sum of total histidine, total arginine and reactive lysine contents (mmol/kg crude protein (N times 6-25)), which we have termed HARL values. The dye-binding values and the HARL values were reduced similarly by heat treatment. 3. For materials in which protein and glucose had reacted under mild conditions (37 degrees), the dye-binding capacity with Acid Orange 12 was unchanged even though the HARL value of these materials was considerably reduced. When protein and glucose or sucrose were heated more severely, the dye-binding capacity was slightly lowered but not to the same extent as the reduction in the basic amino acids. 4. Animal feeding-stuffs, whether unheated, industrially processed or diliberately heated, appeared to react with Acid Orange 12 in the same way as the model systems (selected to represent three types of heat damage: 'advanced' and 'early' Maillard and protein-protein damage). 5. Remazol blue binding values and fluorodinitrobenzene (RDNB)-reactive lysine values were similarly reduced in materials that had been severely heated, either with or without added sugars; however, when protein and glucose had reacted under mild conditions the fall in Remazol blue binding was less than that in FDNB-reactive lysine. 6. For the model materials, binding with cresol red was, in general, higher for heated samples but the results showed no correlation with FDNB-reactive lysine values. For meat and groundnut meals, changes in values after heat treatment were smaller than those that have been reported for soya-bean meals.

Alkanesulfonates↗
PubMed1977

Studies on in vitro survival of Isoparorchis hypselobagri.

Adult parasites, Isoparorchis hypselobagri were maintained in vitro in four basic salt solutions, viz. Stephenson saline, AB saline, Tyrode's solution and Locke's solution. Survival was prolonged by adding sugars to Tyrode's solution. Of all the sugars, glucose was found most effective and parasites survived for 39 days in solution containing glucose, 6 days in galactose and sucrose, 10 days in fructose and lactose and 12 days in maltose. The parasites absorb carbohydrates through the cuticle. Ligated parasites survived for a longer period than unligated parasites. The pH 9 was considered as an optimum for maximum survival of the parasites Isoparorchis hypselobagri for 39 days.

Absorption↗
PubMed1976

The determination of the membrane ptoential of Chlorella vulgaris. Evidence for electrogenic sugar transport.

From data on the accumulation of tetraphenylphosphonium within Chlorella vulgaris cells, it can be estimated that these cells possess a membrane potential of --120 to --150 mV (inside negative). Under anaerobic conditions as well as in the presence of uncoupling agents the membrane potential drops to about -60 to -80 mV. Nystatin (50 mug/ml) abolishes it almost completely. Since it took more than 1 h before the tetraphenylphosphonium equilibrium was reached, this method could not be used to measure relatively fast transient changes in membrane potential. However, the rate of influx of tetraphenylphosphonium is also directly dependent on membrane potential and can be followed within minutes. Using this phenomenon as an indicator for membrane potential a brief transient depolarisation was detected after the addition of sugars taken up by Chlorella via the proton cotransport system. The depolarisation was absent from cells not induced for sugar uptake and induced cells did not show it with substances not transported, like mannitol. The maximal depolarisation observed amounted to about 70 mV; after 1 min, however, the membrane potential returned to a value about 25 mV less negative than the one before sugars was added. The results demonstrate that sugar uptake in Chlorella is electrogenic. The delta pH plus membrane potential measured for Chlorella completely cover the energy required to explain the 1600-fold accumulation of 6-deoxyglucose experimentally observed.

Anaerobiosis↗
PubMed1976

Protein changes in frozen fish.

Storage of frozen fish brings about a decrease of extractability of myofibrillar proteins. There is also deterioration of the texture and functional properties of the flesh. In model systems, aggregation of myosin, actin, tropomyosin, and whole myofibrils have been described. These changes are caused by concurrent action of partial dehydration due to the freezing out of water, exposure of the proteins to inorganic salts which are concentrated in the remaining nonfrozen fluid, interactions with free fatty acids liberated from phospholipids and with lipid oxidation products, and cross-linking by formaldehyde produced in some species of fish as a result of enzymic decomposition of trimethylamine oxide. The extent of protein alterations increases with time and temperature of storage as well as with advanced disintegration of the tissues and intermixing of their components. The role played by the individual factors and the significance of different types of bonds, i.e., hydrophobic adherences, ionic bonds, and covalent cross-links in particular cases are not yet fully disclosed. Retardation of the deteriorative changes of proteins in frozen fish is possible by avoiding high storage temperatures and oxidation of lipids, removing hematin compounds and other constituents promoting cross-linking reactions, and by adding cryoprotectors like sugars, several organic acids, amino acids, or peptides.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed1975

Membrane receptors as general markers for plasma membrane isolation procedures. The use of 125-I-labeled wheat germ agglutinin, insulin, and cholera toxin.

Specific cell surface membrane receptors, labeled by forming a complex with low concentrations (about 10--9 M to 10--10 M) of a highly radioactive (125-I, carrier-free) ligand, can serve as simple, reliable, sensitive, and quantitative markers for plasma membranes in fractionation procedures. 125-I-Labeled insulin, cholera toxin and the plant lictins, wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), and concanavalin A are the receptor ligands used for labeling plasma membranes. Plasma membranes are labeled before homogenization by incubating intact cells briefly at 24 degrees or 4 degrees, or by very brief in situ perfusion of the organ, with the 125-I-Labeled marker. After removing the free 125-I-labeled ligand from the medium by washing (at 4 degrees), the membrane-marker complex remains intact over prolonged (days) periods of time at 4 degrees. Labeling occurs nearly exclusively on the cell surface, the specificity of this plasma membrane reaction is maintained through homogenization and fractionation, and little dissociation of the complex, detectable exchange of label, or aggregation occur even upon prolonged incubation of the homogenates. When desired, the complex can be dissociated deliberately by manipulating experimental conditions such as temperature or by adding specific simple sugars. The most generally suitable marker appears to be WGA. At least in certain tissues (e. g. fat cells) labeling of the plasma membrane with 125-I-WGA and 125-I-isnulin can be performed equally well and selectively in homogenates as in the intact cell. 125-I-Cholera toxin cannot be used in homogenates because of significant binding to nuclei. The use of 125-I-labeled WGA as a specific plasma membrane marker is illustrated in following the course of fractionations, and in quantitating the yield and purity, of plasma membranes from fat cells, lymphocytes, and liver. The results are compared with simultaneous measurements of the plasma membrane enzyme "markers," ATPase, 5-nucleotidase, and basal as well as hormone-stimulated adenylate cyclase activities. The fractionation of liver plasma membranes by aqueous dextran-polyethylene glycol two-phase polymer systems and by conventional differential centrifugation procedures arealso quantitated with the marker, 125I-WGA. Substantial quantities of plasma membrane material are no recovered in the interphase of the two-phase polymer system. Conventional liver fractionation procedures which retain, for further purification, only the readily sedimented pellet (2000 times g, 15 min) discard a very large (at least 70%) questenal hy

Animals↗
PubMed1979

[Improvement in the quality of rape seed by combining silage with fodder sugar beets. 1. Quality evaluation of the silages].

Industrial-scale studies showed that the addition of rape-seed flakes to half sugar mangels improves the feeding value and the quality of the silages. Furthermore, it was found that the development of yeasts was inhibited and that the propagation of acidifiers was retarded as the proportion of rape-seed increased. The microbiological analysis indicates that the amount of rape-seed added to the half sugar mangels should not exceed 10%.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2026

Sustainable dietary recommendations for the Spanish population.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development highlights the urgent need for a profound transformation in food production and consumption to enhance both sustainability and human health. The aim of this study is to provide both the general population and food system stakeholders with the most comprehensive and current information available on healthy and sustainable dietary patterns, in the form of culturally adapted food-based guidelines. METHODS: We performed a systematic review of the scientific evidence published since 2019 on the association between main food groups consumption and the risk of developing chronic diseases and premature mortality to update the information provided by the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2020-2025, which summarized previous evidence. With this information, we updated the servings recommended in the former dietary guidelines for Spain. Then, we considered the recommendations of the EAT-Lancet Commission for healthy diets within planetary boundaries, specific dietary habits and food production in Spain, and adjusted the servings per each group to consider these characteristics. RESULTS: A minimum intake of 5 servings of vegetables and fruits per day is recommended, which may be distributed in at least 3 servings of vegetables per day, and 2-3 servings of fruits per day. Cereal consumption is set at 3-6 servings per day, adjusted to individual energy needs and prioritizing whole grains, no more than 4 servings per day are advised in cases of caloric restriction. Plant-based foods are recommended as the primary protein source, with legumes incorporated into at least one main daily meal and consumed at a frequency of at least 4 servings per week, ideally up to daily. Nut consumption should reach at least 3 servings per week, up to one serving per day, choosing those without added salt, fats or sugar. The remaining protein portions may include fish (≥3 servings/week, prioritizing oily fish and low-impact species), eggs (up to 4/week), dairy (up to 3/day, with low-sugar and low-salt options), and meat (up to 3/week, emphasizing poultry and rabbit, and minimizing processed meats). Daily consumption of olive oil at main meals is recommended. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed Sustainable Dietary Recommendations can help improve the health and well-being of the Spanish population, while reducing the environmental impact.

Humans↗
PubMed1979

Phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance studies of wild-type and glycolytic pathway mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

High-resolution phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance (31P NMR) spectra of wild-type and mutant strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were observed at a frequency of 145.7 MHz. Levels of various phosphorus metabolites were investigated upon addition of glucose under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Three mutant strains were isolated and their biochemical defects characterized: pfk lacked phosphofructokinase activity; pgi lacked phosphoglucose isomerase activity; and cif had no glucose catabolite repression of the fructose bisphosphatase activity. Each mutant strain was found to accumulate characteristic sugar phosphates when glucose was added to the cell suspension. In the case of the phosphofructokinase deficient mutant, the appearance of a pentose shunt metabolite was observed. 31P NMR peak assignments were made by a pH titration of the acid extract of the cells. Separate signals for terminal, penultimate, and central phosphorus atoms in intracellular polyphosphates allowed the estimation of their average molecular weight. Signals for glycero(3)phosphochline, glycero(3)phosphoserine, and glycero(3) phosphoethanolamine as well as three types of nucleotide diphosphate sugars could be observed. The intracellular pH in resting and anaerobic cells was in the range 6.5--6.8 and the level of adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) low. Upon introduction of oxygen, the ATP level increased considerably and the intracellular pH reached a value of pH 7.2--7.3, irrespective of the external medium pH, indicating active proton transport in these cells. A new peak representing the inorganic phosphate of one of the cellular organelles, whose pH differed from the cytoplasmic pH, could be detected under appropriate conditions.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1976

Glycosylation of vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein in virus-infected HeLa cells.

Glycosylation of the envelope glycoprotein of vesicular stomatitis virus was examined using virus-infected HeLa cells that were pulse-labeled with radioactive sugar precursors. The intracellular sites of glycosylation and the stepwise elongation of the carbohydrate side chains of the G protein were monitored by membrane fractionation and gel filtration of Pronase-digested glycopeptides. The results with short pulses of sugar label (5 to 10 mtein linkage (glucosamine and mannose) are added to G which was associated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum-enriched membrane fraction, whereas the more distal sugars (galactose, sialic acid, fucose, and possibly more glucosamine) are added in the light-density internal membrane fraction. Accumulation of mature G was observed in the plasma membrane-enriched fraction. The gel filtration studies indicated that the initial glycosylation event may be the en bloc addition of a mannose and glucosamine oligomer, followed by the stepwise addition of the more distal sugars.

Chromatography↗
PubMed1979

The effects of defaunation of the rumen on the growth of lambs on low-protein-high-energy diets.

1. The effects of defaunation of the rumen of lambs given low-protein-high-energy diets were studied using animals fed ad lib. a basal diet of sugar and oaten chaff which was supplemented with fish meal at various levels. These diets supported relatively large populations of protozoa in the rumen. 2. A nonyl phenol ethoxylate (15 g. Teric GN9:ICI Australian Ltd) given intraruminally, was shown to be an effective means of defaunating the rumen and the lambs were maintained protozoa-free by isolation. 3. In lambs given low levels of fish meal in the diet, the absence of rumen protozoa increased growth rate and improved the food conversion efficiency (g dry matter intake/g growth). These effects were not apparent at high levels of protein supplementation. 4. These results suggested that the absence of rumen protozoa resulted in an increased availability of nutrients supplying both energy and amino acids since the efficiency of food utilization and the rate of wool growth (which is sensitive to amino acid supply) were increased in lambs on the low level of protein supplementation without apparently increasing food intake.

Animals↗