Adolescent pregnancy. Changing the course.
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Adolescent↗
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Results for “Adolescent Pregnancy--changes”
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Australian teenagers and pregnancy.
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Abortion, Induced↗
Distorting the odds on AIDS.
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Adolescent↗
The risk of premarital first pregnancy among metropolitan-area teenagers: 1976 and 1979.
Among sexually active teenage women living in metropolitan areas of the United States, the risk of premarital pregnancy within two years of first sexual intercourse rose from 32 percent in 1976 to 36 percent in 1979. As of 1979, 33 percent of unmarried white teenagers, and 43 percent of unmarried black teenagers, had conceived within 24 months of becoming sexually active. The increase in pregnancy risk between 1976 and 1979 was relatively greater for whites than for blacks at three, six and 12 months after first intercourse. The reverse was true at later intervals. The risk of pregnancy is disproportionately concentrated in the early months of sexual activity. Forty-five percent of all premarital pregnancies among those interviewed in 1979 had been conceived within the first six months of sexual activity, and 36 percent had been conceived within three months. In 1976, 27 percent of teenagers who had become sexually active before the age of 15 were premaritally pregnant within two years. By 1979, this proportion had risen to 41 percent--a 52 percent increase in the risk that accounts for almost all of the total three-year increase in premarital pregnancies among sexually active teenagers. The most pronounced increase in risk of pregnancy was registered among whites who became sexually active when they were younger than 15. Their 24-month probability of conception rose from 20 percent in 1976 to 39 percent by 1979. Levels of risk for unwed teenagers who initiated intercourse at ages 15-19 increased relatively little.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Adolescent↗
The effects of school-based health clinics in St. Paul on school-wide birthrates.
School-based clinics in St. Paul have provided comprehensive health services, including reproductive health care, for almost two decades. This study examines the effects of those clinics on the birthrates in their respective schools, using a newly developed methodology with numerous advantages over previous methods for estimating student birthrates. Confidentially matching the names of female students from school records with the names of mothers on birth records at the Department of Health provided birthrates for each of the St. Paul public high schools with clinics for each year between 1971 and 1986. The results show that birthrates fluctuated dramatically from one year to the next, but school-wide birthrates were not significantly lower in the years immediately following the opening of a clinic than in the years preceding it.
Abortion, Legal↗
Location of the appendix in the gravid patient: a re-evaluation of the established concept.
OBJECTIVES: To determine the anatomical location of the appendix, as it may change during pregnancy. METHODS: In this prospective study conducted from October 1995 to March 1999, 291 women of reproductive age were evaluated for appendix location. They were divided into three groups: group A, 165 women between 37 and 40 weeks of pregnancy who underwent elective cesarean delivery; group B, 26 women between 19 and 39 weeks of gestation with acute appendicitis who underwent appendectomy; and group C (the control group), 100 non-pregnant women with acute appendicitis who underwent appendectomy. Appendix location was considered normal within 2 cm of the McBurney point; otherwise, it was considered to be a position change. RESULTS: In group A, 2 (15%) of 165 women and in group B, 6 (23%) of 26 women had a change in the position of the appendix. In the control group, 17% had change in position. There were no significant differences between group A and B compared with group C. In group B, no relation between height of fundus and point of tenderness was seen. CONCLUSION: Our study did not show that pregnancy changes the location of the appendix.
Adolescent↗
[Discussion on the coagulation-fibrinolytic system in plasma during pregnancy--changes in the system in DIC].
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Adolescent↗
Activity patterns and time allocation during pregnancy: a longitudinal study of British women.
OBJECTIVE: Few studies provide data regarding the integrated everyday activities of Western pregnant women. The study aimed to quantify changes in the daily activity of women during pregnancy and to examine whether pregnancy has a differential impact on different activity domains. DESIGN: A prospective, longitudinal study of maternal time allocation and activity was carried out. METHODS: The time allocation patterns of 57 healthy nulliparous pregnant women were assessed at 16, 25, 34 and 38 weeks gestation by semi-structured interview. Mean total daily activity levels (DALs) were estimated according to the intensity and duration of each activity reported. Self-reported activity was sub-divided into occupational, recreational, domestic and nocturnal activity ratios. RESULTS: From 16 to 34 weeks gestation mean self-reported DAL declined significantly from 1.54 to 1.40 METS (Metabolic Equivalent TEE Score, where TEE is total energy expenditure) (p < 0.001). In the different activity domains, mean occupational activity ratio decreased (p < 0.002) whilst nocturnal activity ratio increased (p < 0.002) from 16 to 34 weeks. Mean recreational activity ratio decreased significantly between 25 and 38 weeks (p < 0.001) but no significant changes were observed in mean domestic activity ratio. CONCLUSIONS: Low-risk pregnancy has a differential impact on occupational, recreational and domestic domains. Economies in energy expenditure appear to be made in occupational and recreational activity while domestic activities are largely maintained during pregnancy. Changes in physical activity may be influenced more by the type of activity rather than the intensity of activity.
Adolescent↗
Incidence of pregnancy, changes in menstrual pattern, and recovery of endometrial function after discontinuation of medroxyprogesterone acetate therapy.
The incidence of pregnancy, recovery of endometrial function, and changes in menstrual pattern were studied in 62 women who had received two or more intramuscular injections (150 mg) of medroxyprogesterone acetate (Depo-Provera) every three months and oral diethylstilbestrol (1 mg) daily for seven days every month. Immediately after discontinuing this therapy, 71% of the patients had regular menstrual cycles, 10% had irregular cycles, and 19% had amenorrhea. All the patients had regular cycles by the end of one year except one women who was probably menopausal. The average time required to conceive after stopping therapy was 9.3 months, range, 3 to 21 months). Conception was definitely delayed as shown by endometrial biopsies and the incidence of pregnancy. Within six months, 25% of the patients conceived and within one year, 69% conceived. By two years, four had not conceived. The percentage of pregnancies seemed to decrease with increased patient age.
Adolescent↗
Pregnancy increases mobilization of lead from maternal skeleton.
The question of the extent of lead mobilization from the maternal skeleton during pregnancy and lactation is one of the most outstanding problems of lead toxicity. We have undertaken a longitudinal cohort study in an urban environment of European female immigrants of child-bearing age (18 to 35 years) to Australia whose skeletal lead isotopic composition has been determined to be different from that in their current environment. The cohort was to consist of 100 immigrants anticipated to provide 20 pregnant subjects who would be compared with two groups of control subjects: a matched immigrant nonpregnant control group and second-generation Australian pregnant control subjects. Pregnant subjects also serve as their own controls for a comparison of changes during gestation with those before conception. High-precision lead isotopic compositions and lead concentrations are measured in maternal blood and urine prenatally, monthly during gestation, and postnatally for 6 months; they are also measured in infant blood and urine for 6 months; environmental measures are sampled quarterly for 6-day duplicate diet, house dust and water, and urban air and gasoline. Because of continuing public health concerns about lead exposure, interim findings from this cohort are being reported. To date there have been 13 conceptions in immigrant subjects, with 7 births, in addition to 3 conceptions in the Australian control group, with 2 births. PbBs have been generally low, with a geometric mean of 3.0 microg/dl, and have ranged from 1.9 to 20 microg/dl. Increases in PbB of approximately 20% during pregnancy have been detectable even in subjects with low blood lead levels. The skeletal contribution to blood lead level, based on isotopic measurements, has exhibited a mean increase (and standard deviation) of 31% +/- 19% with a range from 9% to 65%. Earlier studies that used lead concentrations only have suggested that blood lead levels increased only during the second half of pregnancy. This increase in blood lead levels has also been observed in the present study. However, in two subjects the increases in total blood lead were also detected in the first 2 months of pregnancy. Changes in isotopic composition and blood lead during gestation for Australian pregnant controls were negligible. The ratio of cord/maternal blood lead levels varied from 0.54 to 1.05, and the ratio for the isotopic composition was 0.993 to 1.002. Results of this study confirm that lead is mobilized from skeletal stores at an accelerated rate during pregnancy and is transferred to the fetus. These results also show that mobilization from long-term stores (i.e., bone) contributes significantly to blood lead levels during pregnancy. Furthermore, exposure of the fetus to lead during pregnancy has implications for interpretations of neurobehavioral disorders attributed to only postnatal exposure. Even after 800 days of residence in Australia, the contribution of European skeletal lead to blood lead in nonpregnant subjects can be on the order of 50%, but the current PbB may give no indication of the former high skeletal lead burden.
Adolescent↗
Changes in gustatory sense during pregnancy.
Changes in gustatory sense were investigated in 97 pregnant women and in 30 healthy, non-pregnant women who served as controls. All 97 pregnant women completed a questionnaire regarding taste changes and 32 of them underwent serial tests of gustatory function, including electrogustometry and testing with filter paper disks placed over the areas of the chorda tympani nerve and glossopharyngeal nerve. All gustatory testing was performed by the same person. In addition, serum levels of trace elements were measured in 72 of the pregnant women. Of the 97 pregnant women, 90 (92.8%) reported in the questionnaire that they had experienced some type of change in taste during pregnancy, usually a change in sour taste (59 women; 65.6%). Pregnant women had higher gustatory thresholds than non-pregnant women, with an especially marked decrease in gustatory function being noticed in the first trimester. Although serum zinc levels decreased in pregnant women between the second and third trimesters, zinc levels were in the normal range in the early stage of pregnancy. Thus, it is difficult to explain dysgeusia in the early stage of pregnancy as being associated with a deficiency of zinc. The decrease in gustatory function during the first trimester is considered to be due to the notable changes in secretion of hormones that occur during this stage.
Adolescent↗
Changes in functional status during pregnancy.
Changes in self-reported functional status during pregnancy were studied in 100 women. The baseline interview at 20 weeks was used for assessing subsequent change in maximal physical, mental, and emotional function as well as in global function and global sense of health. Although the transition instruments were only tested at three points during pregnancy (30, 35, and 40 weeks), they succeeded in detecting changes. In particular, both maximal physical function and global function tended to deteriorate as pregnancy progressed toward term, although few women considered themselves to be sick. The authors suggest that changes in functional status should be considered an important "outcome" of pregnancy. Patient-specific measures of change in self-reported maximal function might be used in future trials to help assess the impact of interventions on individual patient's maximal function. The timing of the baseline interview and frequency of the transition assessments should depend on the specific clinical problem under study.
Activities of Daily Living↗
Cardiac output and the recumbent position in late pregnancy.
Changes in cardiac output were measured by transcutaneous aortovelography in 30 pregnant patients and in 30 control subjects with change of position from the supine. When compared to the supine position, the left and right lateral and left 15 degrees tilt positions caused statistically significant increases in cardiac output, whereas the right 15 degrees tilt position did not. Neither fetal head engagement nor the time spent in each position had significant effects on the changes in cardiac output. It was not possible to identify a subgroup of pregnant patients who were particularly sensitive to changes in posture.
Adolescent↗
Changes in the smoking and drinking habits of future fathers from the onset of their wives' pregnancies.
Changes in smoking and drinking habits of fathers of young families expecting their first baby were studied in maternity health care clinics. The first phase of the Finnish Family Competence Study included a total of 1414 fathers. Of these, 1279 responded to the questionnaire, the drop-out rate being 9.5%. Basic educational level, age, occupation and location of present and childhood home were used as demographic variables. Socio-economic factors of the father, his wife and his parents were also studied. The fathers were asked to give their own estimation of their smoking and alcohol consumption before and during the wife's pregnancy. Changes were seen in alcohol consumption, studied in relation to the amount consumed at one drinking time, frequency of alcohol consumption, age, and location of childhood home. Changes in smoking habits were studied in the same way. According to the fathers' own assessment, they reduced smoking and drinking of alcohol during their wives' pregnancies. Parents seem to transmit their own patterns of health behaviour to their children, and the model provided by them is highly important.
Adolescent↗
Immunoglobulin classes (IgG, IgA and IgM) and acute phase proteins in pregnant women with urinary schistosomiasis.
BACKGROUND: S. haematobium have been implicated in female genital schistosomiasis (FGS), ectopic pregnancy and infertility. The presence of schistosome eggs in urine has been reported to correlate with FGS but host immune response in FGS is yet to be determined. This gap in knowledge is addressed by this study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Serum levels of three immunoglobulin classes (IgG, IgA and IgM) and three acute phase proteins (transferrin, alpha 2-macroglobulin, and haptoglobin) were determined by using single radial immunodiffusion technique in one hundred and eight Nigerian women aged between 15 and 30 years. They were made up of thirty pregnant women with urinary schistosomiasis (P+USS), thirty-six pregnant women without USS (P-USS), eighteen non-pregnant women with USS (NP+USS) and twenty-four healthy non-pregnant women without urinary schistosomiasis (NP-USS). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: IgG, IgA and IgM were significantly raised in pregnant women with urinary schistosomiasis compared with non-pregnant women without urinary schistosomiasis (p < 0.01 in each case). The level of transferrin was significantly increased in non-pregnant subjects with urinary schistosomiasis compared with non-pregnant women without urinary schistosomiasis (p <0.01) suggesting the possibility of iron deficiency in these subjects. Alpha-2 macroglobulin was significantly elevated in pregnant subjects with urinary schistosomiasis compared with non-USS subjects, while the mean serum haptoglobin level was significantly higher in pregnant women without urinary schistosomiasis compared to pregnant subjects with urinary schistosomiasis. The results indicate that USS or pregnancy changes different aspects of humoral immunity, thus the co-existence of pregnancy and S. haematobium infection may influence each other.
Acute-Phase Proteins↗
[Study of venous inflow and outflow using mercury gauge venous occlusion plethysmography during pregnancy].
Changes due to hormone activity and caval compression by the uterus were noted in venous hemodynamics of the lower limbs during pregnancy. The purpose of the study was to search for a possible incidence of these modifications on venous inflow ant outflow during mercury strain gauge plethysmography (fig. 1). A total of 183 subjects were distributed into 4 groups: (table I) nonpregnant women of childbearing age (controls = C) and women of the first (G1), second (G2) and third (G3) trimesters of gestation. Women with a history of phlebitis or pronounced varicosis were excluded. The figures for venous filling (table II, III et IV) (delta V) were 3.2 (C), 3.1 (G1), 2.64 (G2) and 2.04 (G3). There was a significant (P less than 0.001) reduction in G3 (and left-sided G2) delta V compared to that of controls. Maximum venous outflow (MVO) was 125.3 (G1), 123.7 (G2) and 123.5 (G3), showing no significant difference with controls (125.1). It is concluded that no significant change in MVO occurred during pregnancy, whereas there was a decrease in delta approximately greater than V during the third trimester. These results suggest that the latter parameter should not be considered as a criterion for diagnosis of phlebitis in the pregnant woman.
Adolescent↗
Alcohol abuse during pregnancy: changes in frequency in a large urban hospital.
The reported frequency of alcohol abuse during pregnancy was studied in a large urban public hospital in Dallas, Texas. During 1977-1980, 5602 pregnant women were surveyed and 0.7% (95% confidence interval 0.6-0.8%) reported abusing alcohol during pregnancy. In 1987, 1.4% (95% confidence interval 1.3-1.5%) of 1032 pregnant women, who were surveyed before delivery, reported alcohol abuse according to the same definition used 10 years earlier. The increase in the frequency of reported alcohol abuse during pregnancy between 1977-1980 and 1987 is statistically significant (P less than .05).
Adolescent↗
Out-of-wedlock births, premarital pregnancies and their effect on family formation and dissolution.
The persistent rise in the proportion of firstborn babies conceived out of wedlock, which characterized the period from the 1950s to the early 1970s, has apparently abated, according to data analyzed from the June 1980 and June 1982 Current Population Surveys (CPS). Although the proportion increased from 16 percent of firstborn children among women 15 years and older in the 1950-1954 period to 34 percent in the 1970-1974 period, it subsequently declined to 31 percent in 1975-1979, and has remained at that level. Since 1970, approximately 68 percent of firstborn children among teenage women have been conceived outside of marriage, four times the level recorded during the same period among women aged 20 and older. In addition, more than 90 percent of firstborn babies among black teenagers have been conceived out of wedlock, compared with about 60 percent among white teenagers. Among women aged 20 and older, about 50 percent of firstborn babies of black mothers and approximately 13 percent of firstborn babies of white mothers have been conceived outside of marriage. Despite the recent overall stability in the proportion of first babies conceived out of wedlock, a notable decline has occurred in the likelihood of mothers to marry before the birth of the child. Between the 1950-1954 and the 1970-1974 periods, about 50 percent of all women who had an out-of-wedlock pregnancy married before the birth; this proportion has since fallen below 40 percent.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Adolescent↗