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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1978

Validity and sensitivity of ratio scales of sensory and affective verbal pain descriptors: manipulation of affect by diazepam.

The results of two experiments suggest that sensory and affective verbal descriptors provide a valid scaling method which discriminates between the sensory intensity and the affect, or unpleasantness, of electrocutaneous stimuli. Twenty-four subjects judged the sensory intensity and affect of noxious electrocutaneous stimuli by choosing verbal descriptors from randomized lists and by cross-modality matching to time duration and to handgrip force. The psychophysical functions for sensory intensity generated by the descriptor and the cross-modality functions for sensory intensity generated by the descriptor and the cross-modality methods are the same. Psychophysical functions for affect generated by thedescriptor and the cross-modality methods are different. However, only the descriptor method produces psychophysical functions for affect that are significantly different from all the sensory functions. This result suggest that only the descriptor method distinguishes between sensory intensity and affect. The discriminative power of the descriptor method is demonstrated further in an experiment in which 32 subjects rated either the sensory intensity or the affect of the electrocutaneous stimuli immediately before and after an i.v. administration of 5 mg diazepam. This common minor tranquilizer significantly lowered affective descriptor responses (P less than 0.005) without altering sensory descriptor and sensory and affective handgrip responses. These experiments indicate that sensory and affective verbal pain descriptors may be used as a valid and sensitive tool for the evaluation of pain and pain control methods.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Linkage between an X-chromosome marker (deutan color blindness) and bipolar affective illness. Occurrence in the family of a lithium carbonate-responsive schizo-affective proband.

Studies with X-chromosome markers in mental illness have been limited to the diagnostic concept of primary affective disorders. The present study is the first to our knowledge to demonstrate statistically measurable linkage between color blindness and manic-depressive illness in a family identified by a schizo-affective proband. Linkage data and lithium carbonate response in the proband suggest that the schizophreniform-affective spectrum in members of the pedigree may reflect a genetically distinct disorder. The use of a genetic marker as a heuristic diagnostic criterion in a subgroup of heredofamilial psychoses with unclear diagnostic boundaries is proposed.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Use of the Research Diagnostic Criteria and the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia to study affective disorders.

In a pilot study of 150 manic or depressive patients, the authors used the Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) and the Schedule for Affective Disorders and schizophrenia (SADS) to perform preliminary analysis of symptom pictures of the index episode of different diagnostic groups, joint diagnostic classification of the different subtypes of major depressive disorder, and differential outcome by diagnostic groups. The results suggest that schizophrenic symptoms in affective disorders do have diagnostic and prognostic significance, that the term "psychotic depression" should be limited to impaired reality testing without reference to degree of incapacitation, that situational-nonsituational and endogenous-nonendogenous classifications are separate depressive subtypes, and that it may not be true that patients with endogenous major depressive disorder have a better prognosis than patients with nonendogenous depression.

Adjustment Disorders↗
PubMed1977

Anhedonia as a function of non-affective interpretation of ambiguous stimuli and threshold for affective and neutral stimuli.

A theory that schizophrenic anhedonia-the failure to express pleasure-is associated with a tendency to interpret ambiguous stimuli as neutral rather than emotion-laden and arises from selectively high perceptual thresholds for affective stimuli was tested. Seventy-six schizophrenic males were required to guess whether words presented to them tachistoscopically for extremely short periods were positive, negative or neutral in content. The high-anhedonic Ss were significantly more likely to guess neutral words and less likely to offer pleasant interpretations than the low-anhedonic sample, which suggests that anhedonia is associated with a tendency to interpret one's environment as lacking in positive emotional value. The tresholds of high-and low-anhedonic schizophrenic groups then were compared on pleasant, unpleasant, and neutral tachistoscopically-presented stimuli. In the only two significant differences in the latter analyses, high anhedonics showed greater tresholds for neutral stimuli than low anhedonics. These findings suggest that anhedonia is not mediated by peculiarly high tresholds for affective stimuli.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The central action of drugs affecting beta-adrenergic receptor. IV. The influence of intraventricularly administered drugs affecting beta-adrenergic receptor on blood pressure in rats.

Isoprenaline, propranolol, alprenol and sotalol administered intraventricularly (ivc) to anaesthetized rats induce hypotension. Propanolol and alprenolol given ivc to rats pretreated with isoprenaline increase blood pressure up to the values equal to those, previous to isoprenaline administration; another isoprenaline dose acts slightly hypotensively.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
PubMed2026

Proteome-level evidence that tebuconazole, both alone and in interaction with thiacloprid, affects epigenetic events in bumblebee heads.

Tebuconazole, a widely used ergosterol biosynthesis-inhibiting fungicide, can affect nontargets, especially when combined with insecticides. We employed label-free quantitative proteomics to investigate the effects of long-term exposure to sublethal concentrations (100 μg/L) of tebuconazole, either by itself or alongside the neonicotinoid thiacloprid (100 μg/L), on the heads of Bombus terrestris workers. A Bayesian factor power analysis revealed that the experiment produced conclusive proteomic results. Tebuconazole treatment revealed eleven differentially abundant proteins, which increased elevenfold with thiacloprid. The proteins that changed in the same direction in both treatments suggest the occurrence of epigenetic events because they are involved in histone trimethylation (H3K4me3), pre-mRNA processing, and folate (vitamin B9) metabolism. Following co-exposure, the abundance of histone H2A.V and its associated proteins was affected. Two important detoxification-related proteins, CYP6BE1 and CYP6AQ1 (honey bee homologs), were identified, as well as proteins that suggest hormonal and neurotoxic effects. Overall, this study suggests that tebuconazole affects key epigenetic processes in bumblebee heads at the proteome level, though this was not confirmed at the biological level or through orthogonal methods. The tested chemicals were previously found to affect trimethylations, but not H3K4me3. We suggest analyzing the different trimethylations, their interplay, and associated hallmarks, such as folate levels. SIGNIFICANCE: The effects of pesticides and their combinations on organisms can be unexpected until they are examined using modern, complex methods. High-throughput proteomics can provide data on important biochemical processes affected by pesticides, offering a different perspective to that at the expression level. Despite their low acute toxicity, a group of fungicides that inhibit (ergo)sterol biosynthesis (EBI or SBI) are considered dangerous to pollinators, including bumblebees. This is due to the increasing toxicity of insecticides through the inhibition of cytochrome P450 detoxification enzymes. We found that tebuconazole had a similar effect on epigenetic events when used alone or in combination with the insecticide thiacloprid. Key proteins suggest that H3K4 histone trimethylation (H3K4me3) was impacted. To our knowledge, this expands the existing evidence suggesting that tebuconazole/triazole fungicides affect histone trimethylation H3K27me3. Since literature shows that thiacloprid affects H3K9me3, it is possible that thiacloprid and tebuconazole interact in these epigenetic events that affect each other. Overall, our results suggest that tebuconazole affects proteins involved in histone trimethylation, pre-mRNA processing, and folate metabolism. These are all hallmarks of epigenetic processes and were further extended by the co-exposure of tebuconazole and thiacloprid to more differently abundant proteins. Additionally, the results provide data on cytochrome P450s of the CYP6 family, which act as detoxifying proteins, as well as proteins that indicate hormonal and neurotoxic effects in bumblebee heads. Finally, the results of the Bayesian power analysis confirmed the meaningfulness of the proteomic data analyzed in this study. If the new findings obtained at the proteome level are verified by different methods, the full extent of the side effects of tebuconazole can be revealed.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

A family history study of schizo-affective disorder.

All patients with a discharged diagnosis of schizo-affective disorder (53 cases) admitted to the University of Iowa Department of Psychiatry during 1971-73, were selected for the present study. Schizophrenia (chronic psychotic disorders) and affective disorders (episodic remitting disorders with affective symptoms) were diagnosed among parents and sibs on the basis of chart material. The frequency of schizophrenia was 0.9%; the frequency of affective disorders, 11.8%. These results were compared to data for the relatives of cases of schizophrenia and affective disorders. There were no significant differences for the rates of schizophrenia among the relatives. The rate of affective disorder among the relatives of the schizo-affectives was significantly higher than for the relatives of schizophrenics (3.2%), and not significantly different from the relatives of affective disorder cases (8.3%). An analysis of outcome, precipitants, and age of admission also support the view that schizo-affective disorder should not be routinely classified as schizophrenia for research purposes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Premenstrual affective syndrome and psychiatric disorder.

The relationship between premenstrual affective syndrome and psychiatric disorder was investigated, using 81 women presenting to a Neurology Clinic with functional headache. Premenstrual affective syndrome was significantly associated with a history of depressive syndrome in the population studied. Patients judged to have a non-affective psychiatric disorder reported no greater frequency of definite or probable premenstrual affective syndrome than patients considered psychiatrically normal. The premenstrual occurrence or exacerbation of affective symptoms has been noted. This symptom exacerbation maybe sufficient to require hospitalization. Data presented by Coppen indicate that women with affective disorder are more likely to report the premenstrual symptom of depression than women with other psychiatric disorders. These findings suggest that there may be some relationship between depressive disorder and premenstrual affective symptoms. As part of a larger study on the personality and psychiatric correlates of functional headache, data on the relationship between depressive syndrome and premenstrual affective symptoms were obtained.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1976

Voice predicts affect during psychotherapy.

This study examined the relationship between emotions and the frequency and power characteristics of the voice in psychotherapy. The intensity of fear, anger, depression, and total affect in each of four interviews with one patient was rated every 20 seconds on a nine-point scale. Significant agreement among judges was achieved. Voice samples from each epoch in which there was sufficient speech were subjected to spectral analysis of the frequencies between 0 and 1000 HZ. These spectra were scored for nine frequency and power parameters. Multiple linear regression equations were then developed from two interviews, using the nine voice spectral variables as predictors and the mean ratings for each affect as the criterion variables. Significant multiple correlations were achieved between every rated affect and various combinations of voice variables. The beta weights and constants from these equations were then employed in the successful prediction of levels of anger, fear, depression, and total affect in one interview, and the levels of depression and total affect in another interview. In addition, epochs of conflict differed from "pure" affect epochs, and pure epochs of anger, fear, and depression differed from each other in various frequency and power characteristics of the voice. Voice spectral measures may be an objective means of identifying and quantifying affect in psychotherapy.

Affect↗
PubMed1976

On the validity of hypotheses derived from the Rorschach: 1. The relationship between color and affect.

Interpretation of response to color on the Rorschach rests on Rorschach's assertion that color has affective connotations. His assumption was based on the connection of color and affect in culture and as regards the differential response to color by patients he tested. This review focused on research which could lend support to Rorschach's empirically derived notion. Ignoring clinical studies of psychiatric patients (in the absence of any theory of affects unique to specific psychiatric groups), this review focuses primarily on psychological tests of the hypothesis. Affect does seem to be associated with colors but not so specifically as to be useful in interpreting the meaning of the response by any one person. Moreover, affect was seen to affect the many dimensions of the Rorschach stimuli. Interpretation of the response to color must take into account the unsystematic way in which factors influence response to color on the Rorschach, e.g. saturation, context, area covered, etc, vary from card to card. These factors alone influence the response to color and make it impossible to draw conclusions using the plates as constructed. The interpretation of affect from response to color on the Rorschach was seriously questioned.

Affect↗
PubMed1977

Occupation characteristics in affective disorders.

One hundred and fifty-four consecutively evaluated new and return psychiatric outpatients were examined by the same interviewer using a detailed, precoded questionnaire based on the diagnostic criteria for psychiatric research proposed by Feighner et al. Affective disorders were present for 75% of the patients and were associated with a history of past employment at a declared occupation, inactive occupation status, and recent occupation status change. Sixty patients with diagnoses of primary affective disorders and 56 patients with diagnoses of secondary affective disorders were identified and studied. The primary affective disorder was associated with higher level and longer held occupations with fewer changes of occupation activity status than was the secondary affective disorder. Forty-one patients with diagnoses of unipolar primary affective disorders and 19 patients with diagnoses of bipolar primary affective disorders were examined. The unipolar illness was associated with a shorter duration of occupation type and less permanent unemployment than was the bipolar illness.

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMed1976

Bipolar course in schizo-affective illness.

The authors undertook a chart review to examine the use of the diagnosis of schizophrenia, schizo-affective type, in clinical practice. Of 27 patients given this diagnosis over a 3-year period, 13 were found to have evidence of bipolar course in their illnesses. For both the bipolar and unipolar groups, the most striking finding in first-degree relatives was the prominence of affective conditions. The bipolar group had a statistically significant earlier age for first psychiatric treatment and previous number of hospitalizations. Symptoms noted on admission were mostly affective, and the schizophrenic symptoms reported were noted by authors to be considered overinclusive or unreliable by many clinicians. Both groups received treatment with antipsychotic and antidepressant medication. Six of 13 bipolar patients and no unipolar patients were treated with lithium carbonate. Five bipolar patients met research criteria of Feighner et al. (1972) for primary affective illness and another met the criteria for schizophreniform illness. One unipolar patient met criteria for probable primary affective illness and another met the criteria for probable schizophreniform illness. The authors concluded that the diagnosis of schizo-affective illness, as used in day to day clinical practice, does not identify a group of schizophrenic patients nor a homogeneous patient group, and when both affective and schizophrenic features appear in a patient with a bipolar illness, the diagnosis of manic-depressive illness, not schizophrenia, should be given first consideration.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Combination of lithium carbonate and haloperidol in schizo-affective disorder: a controlled study.

Lithium carbonate alone has been shown to be inferior to neuroleptics alone in the treatment of excited schizo-affective illness. However, in clinical practice, lithium carbonate and neuroleptics are often combined in this disorder. We report a double-blind five-week controlled trial of lithium carbonate plus haloperidol vs placebo plus haloperidol in the treatment of excited schizo-affective patients. Eighteen patients were studied in each treatment group. Modest but statistically significant differences in favor of lithium carbonate plus haloperidol were found by week 5, using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Lithium carbonate plus haloperidol was favored both for affective schizo-affectives and for schizophrenic schizo-affectives. Lithium carbonate benefit did not seem to be restricted to affective symptoms only. In the clinical treatment of acute schizo-affective illness, the modest benefits of added lithium carbonate must be weighed against the risks of the drug's toxicity.

Adult↗