PubMed Health⌕ Search

SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Agaricus”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1981

The cell walls of Agaricus bisporus and Agaricus campestris fruiting body hyphae.

The hyphal walls of Agaricus bisporus and Agaricus campestris fruiting bodies were isolated and purified. Quantitative analyses revealed that these walls consisted mainly of carbohydrates (78.3-79.2%), lipids (9.9-10.1%), and proteins (8.7-10.2%). The major components of carbohydrate polymers were glucose, N-acetylglucosamine, and glucosamine. In addition, small quantities of galactose and mannose have been found. N-Acetylglucosamine and glucosamine were identified chemically and enzymatically, and also by infrared spectrum and X-ray diffraction analyses, as chitin and chitosan. Neutral polysaccharides include an alkali-soluble glucan with alpha (1-3) linkages and a beta (1-3)- and beta (1-6)-linked glucan. The lipid fractions in both hyphal walls contained precursors of melanin, this pigment being largely represented in Agaricus spore walls. Amino acids analyses indicate that structural wall proteins were very similar in both organisms. In electron micrographs of ultrathin sections of hyphae no distinct layering was apparent in contrast with spore walls of the same organism, which show two wide well-defined layers.

Agaricales↗
PubMed1991

Homology between mitochondrial DNA of Agaricus bisporus and an internal portion of a linear mitochondrial plasmid of Agaricus bitorquis.

Agaricus bisporus, the cultivated mushroom, contains a mitochondrial fragment (50H) which was previously demonstrated by Southern hybridization to have sequence similarity to an internal region of pEM, a linear mitochondrial plasmid of Agaricus bitorquis. The nucleotide sequence of 50H was determined and compared to the sequence of the corresponding pEM fragment. The region of sequence homology on pEM is contained within an open reading frame (ORF) that may encode an RNA polymerase, but 50H is neither an intact nor a complete copy of the ORF. pEM also contains an ORF with characteristics of genes for virus-encoded DNA polymerases. pEM appears to be very similar to other linear mitochondrial plasmids (in fungi and higher plants) reported to contain ORFs that may encode the same types of polymerases. The potential functionality of the pEM sequence suggests that it has diverged less than the mitochondrial fragment from a common ancestor.

Agaricus↗
PubMed1992

Investigation of Mitochondrial Transmission in Selected Matings between Homokaryons from Commercial and Wild-Collected Isolates of Agaricus bisporus (= Agaricus brunnescens).

Ten heterokaryons of Agaricus bisporus (= Agaricus brunnescens) were shown to carry four different mitochondrial (mt) genotypes by analysis of mt restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). Fifteen homokaryons derived from these strains were used to investigate mt inheritance in A. bisporus. One hundred eighty-nine pairings were performed in 25 different combinations. Pairings in 15 different combinations produced heterokaryons on the basis of nuclear RFLP analyses and/or fruiting trials. The mt genotype of each new intraspecies hybrid was examined by using mt RFLPs as genetic markers. Our results suggest the following. (i) Recombination between the mt genomes was not a common event. (ii) From most individual pairings, all heterokaryons carried the same mt genotype. (iii) Heterokaryons carrying either of the two possible mt genotypes were observed in certain crosses after modification of the pairing procedure. A biparental transmission pattern was demonstrated for some crosses, but there appears to be a preference for one of the mt genotypes to predominate in any specific pairing.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1979

Studies of the spore walls of Agaricus bisporus and Agaricus campestris.

The composition and ultrastructure of spore walls of Agaricus bisporus and Agaricus campestris were compared by chemical and enzymatic assays and electron microscopy. Polymers of N-acetylglucosamine (chitin) and glucosamine (chitosan) were the major carbohydrate wall components of both species. The chitin to chitosan ratio in the spore walls of A. bisporus was about 0.38, while in A. campestris it was about 2.8 These polymers were associated with proteins, lipids (readily extractable and bound), melanin, and a low content of beta-glucan. The quantity of protein, total lipid, melanin, or beta-glucan was similar in spore walls of both species. With the electron microscopy, the spore walls appeared as two well-defined layers which may correspond to microfibrils of chitin and chitosan in which the electron-dense melanin was located in the external layer.

Agaricales↗
PubMed1987

Restriction fragment length polymorphisms in the mushrooms Agaricus brunnescens and Agaricus bitorquis.

Two Agaricus species, A. brunnescens (a commercial mushroom) and A. bitorquis (a wild, edible species), were examined for restriction fragment length polymorphisms. EcoRI-digested nuclear DNA from isolates of both species were cloned in plasmid vector pUC18. Ten random recombinant clones were used in Southern DNA-DNA hybridizations to probe EcoRI-digested DNA from 11 A. brunnescens isolates (7 commercial, 2 wild type, and 2 homokaryotic) and 7 A. bitorquis isolates. Most cloned fragments were polymorphic in both species. There were fewer different genotypes than expected, however, in the sample of commercial A. brunnescens strains. DNA from homokaryotic strains showed fewer bands in most hybridizations than DNA from heterokaryotic strains. All A. bitorquis isolates could be distinguished from each other as well as from every A. brunnescens strain. Putative homokaryons were detected by the loss of polymorphic bands among protoplast regenerates from one commercial strain and two strains collected in the wild.

Agaricales↗
PubMed1990

[Quantities of agaritine in mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) and the carcinogenicity of mushroom methanol extracts on the mouse bladder epithelium].

Consumption of the Agaricus species mushrooms has increased considerably in Japan as the Japanese have become accustomed to Western cooking. The Agaricus species mushroom contains hydrazine derivatives known as Agaritine. Bladder implantation was performed to test the carcinogenic potential of the Agaricus species mushroom which contains large quantities of Agaritine. The results are summarized as follows: 1) Agaritine was detected in fresh Agaricus bisporus mushrooms at the level of 228.2 micrograms/wet weight and in Shiitake (Agaricus edodes) mushrooms at 0.82 microgram/g wet weight, but was not detected in either canned Agaricus bisporus mushrooms or Matsutake (Armillaria edodes) mushrooms. 2) The observed rates of mouse urinary bladder carcinoma were 30.8% for fresh mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus), 23.5% for fresh Shiitake (Agaricus edodes), 9.8% for dry Shiitake, 50% for synthesized Agaritine and 5.4% for paraffin wax as a control. The methanol extract of fresh mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) and synthesized Agaritine were found to be significantly carcinogenic on the mouse bladder epithelium by the bladder implantation test with a probability of less than 0.01. 3) A large quantity of Agaritine was detected in fresh mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus), but decreased after boiling the mushrooms in water at 100 degrees C for 10 min. 4) The methanol extract of fresh mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) and synthesized Agaritine are suggested to be the agents for producing cancer in the bladder epithelium. 5) Adding heat to mushrooms containing Agaritine before cooking contributes to the prevention of any potential Agaritine hazard which may induce carcinogenic changes in the bladder epithelium.

Agaricus↗
PubMed2006

Differential effect of Agaricus host species on the population development of Megaselia halterata (Diptera: Phoridae).

Twelve isolates from the genus Agaricus (Fungi, Basidiomycota) were investigated for their ability to support development of the phorid fly, Megaselia halterata (Wood), which is an important pest of the commercial white button mushroom Agaricus bisporus. Combined effects of oviposition of adult female M. halterata and larval development in mushroom compost inoculated with Agaricus mycelium were determined using bioassays. The numbers of M. halterata offspring that developed were affected by the Agaricus isolate used, and there was a significant separation between resistant and susceptible isolates. In a bioassay where the female phorids had a choice of all 12 isolates for oviposition, three isolates produced >200 adults per 100 g compost pot while the remaining nine isolates had <20 adults per pot. Where there was no choice of Agaricus isolate for oviposition, five isolates resulted in >100 adults per 100 g compost pot while the remainder resulted in <4 adults per pot. With the susceptible isolates, there was a positive correlation between increasing concentration of mycelium in the substrate and phorid development until the concentration exceeded 40% after which numbers of emerging phorids declined. Genetic identity of Agaricus isolates was determined using ITS sequencing and phylogenetic methods, which revealed two major cluster groups. Isolates supporting the development of large populations of M. halterata were located in one of these clusters (group I), and were either Agaricus bisporus or other species from the same Agaricus section Duploannulatae. Isolates that did not support the development of M. halterata populations were located in a different cluster (group II) and were more genetically distant from A. bisporus, e.g. Agaricus sections Arvenses, Minores and Xanthodermatei. Species of Agaricus with resistance to M. halterata could have significant potential for the breeding and cultivation of phorid-free mushrooms.

Agaricus↗
PubMed2006

An alternative medicine, Agaricus blazei, may have induced severe hepatic dysfunction in cancer patients.

We report three cases of patients with advanced cancer who showed severe hepatic damage, and two of whom died of fulminant hepatitis. All the patients were taking Agaricus blazei (Himematsutake) extract, one of the most popular complementary and alternative medicines among Japanese cancer patients. In one patient, liver functions recovered gradually after she stopped taking the Agaricus blazei, but she restarted taking it, which resulted in deterioration of the liver function again. The other patients who were admitted for severe liver damage had started taking the Agaricus blazei several days before admission. Although several other factors cannot be completely ruled out as the causes of liver damage, a strong causal relationship between the Agaricus blazei extract and liver damage was suggested and, at least, taking the Agaricus blazei extract made the clinical decision-making process much more complicated. Doctors who are aware of their patients taking the extract may accept it probably because they believe there is no harm in a complementary and alternative medicine. When unexpected liver damage is documented, however, doctors should consider the use of the Agaricus blazei extract as one of its causal factors. It is necessary to evaluate many modes of complementary and alternative medicines, including the Agaricus blazei extract, in rigorous, scientifically designed and peer-reviewed clinical trials.

Agaricus↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Edible mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) lectin inhibits human retinal pigment epithelial cell proliferation in vitro.

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) plays a major role in the development of the anomalous retinal scarring response termed proliferative vitreoretinopathy. The present study was undertaken to investigate whether agaricus bisporus lectin inhibited human RPE proliferation in vitro. Fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled agaricus bisporus lectin was used to study binding of lectin to cultured human RPE. The effect of a 24-hour exposure of agaricus bisporus lectin on RPE proliferation was measured using (methyl-3H)-thymidine incorporation into DNA. Toxicity studies were assessed using morphologic evaluation, trypan blue exclusion, and a cell viability assay. Agaricus bisporus lectin bound to RPE cells and was inhibited by preincubation of lectin with asialomucin. Agaricus bisporus lectin caused a dose-dependent inhibition of RPE proliferation (one-way ANOVA, F = 94.470, p < 0.001) that was partially reversible on removal of the lectin. Compared with controls, cells remained viable and no morphological changes or trypan blue staining was noted in RPE exposed to agaricus bisporus lectin. Human RPE binds agaricus bisporus lectin and inhibits proliferation without apparent cytotoxicity. It therefore merits consideration as a potential antiproliferative agent in the prevention and treatment of proliferative vitreoretinopathy and other nonocular anomalous wound healing processes.

Cell Division↗
PubMed2006

Measurement of a genotoxic hydrazine, agaritine, and its derivatives by HPLC with fluorescence derivatization in the agaricus mushroom and its products.

Agaricus blazei MURRILL mushroom products are sold as so-called health foods in Japan. However, a part of Agaricus is known to contain hydrazines. A sensitive and specific method for analyzing a genotoxic hydrazine, agaritine, and its derivatives was developed to assess the safety of Agaricus products. beta-N-(gamma-L(+)-Glutamyl)-4-(hydroxymethyl)phenylhydrazine (agaritine, AGT), 4-hydrazinylbenzylalcohol (HMPH), 4-hydrazinylbenzoic acid (CPH), 4-methylphenylhydrazine (MPH) and phenylhydrazine (PH) were converted to their correspond-ing fluorescent derivatives with 3,4-dihydro-6,7 dimethoxy-4-methyl-3-oxoquinoxaline-2-carbonyl chloride (DMEQ-COCl) as the fluorescence derivatization reagent. The detection limits (S/N=3) for CPH, AGT, PH and MPH were 422, 45.3, 16.5 and 138 fmol, respectively, in a 20 microl injection volume. Recoveries, achieved by adding known AGT amounts to the Agaricus sample and Agaricus products, ranged from 92.8 to 102%. By using this method which does not require partial purification of the Agaricus sample, the amounts of AGT in several types of foods were found to be 112-1836 microg/g dry weight.

Agaricales↗
PubMed2004

Potentiation of cytotoxic activity in naïve and tumor-bearing mice by oral administration of hot-water extracts from Agaricus brazei fruiting bodies.

When hot-water extracts of mushroom Agaricus brazei MURRILL fruiting bodies (Agaricus extracts) were administered orally into Meth A-bearing mice, tumor growth was significantly inhibited compared with controls given water orally. Treatment with Agaricus extracts for five successive days significantly increased natural killer activity of spleen cells in naïve BALB/c mice. In Meth A-bearing BALB/c mice, Agaricus extracts enhanced the induction of antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes and interferon gamma production, indicating that Agaricus extracts potentiate cytotoxic activity in innate and adaptive immunity.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Influence of dopamine agonists and an opiate antagonist on agaricus-induced catalepsy, as tested by a new method.

A few drugs affecting the dopaminergic system were tested for cataleptic effects in mice, and compared with an orally administered plant extract, Agaricus Muscarius 30. Haloperidol, Agaricus, and a low dose of apomorphine (0.3 mg/kg) were cataleptic. Paralleling previously reported results with haloperidol, the Agaricus catalepsy was potentiated by the mixed agonist, apomorphine (5 mg/kg), and by the selective D2 agonist, bromocriptine (5 mg/kg) and was reversed by the D1 agonist, SKF 38393. Naloxone also reversed Agaricus catalepsy, suggesting an involvement of opiate as well as dopaminergic mechanisms. All conditions that produced catalepsy also suppressed spontaneous locomotion, except for Agaricus 30 given alone. These experiments also compared cataleptic drugs by the published "pinch" method that involves repeated trials with a new single-trial method. Catalepsy was produced by the same drugs in both tests, but the single-trial method was more sensitive for disclosing the catalepsy induced by weaker cataleptogens.

Agaricales↗
PubMed1993

[The amino acid composition of the edible Russula and Agaricus mushroom species].

The amino acid concentrations of six samples (five species) of the genus Russula and of seven samples (five species) of the genus Agaricus were determined. The Russula samples have significantly lower total amino acid concentrations (14.79% of the dry weight), than the Agaricus species (23.75%). Essential amino acids occur in both groups in appreciable concentrations: 48.9% of the total amino acid concentration for Russula and 46.4% for Agaricus. Between the cultivated varieties and the wild species of Agaricus are insignificant differences in the total amino acid concentration, but the quantities of certain essential amino acids were lower, whereas the concentration of Glu was higher in the wild species.

Agaricus↗
PubMed2004

Evolution in action: molecular evidence for recent emergence of secotioid genera Endxoptychum, Gyrophragmium and Longula from Agaricus ancestors.

Phylogenetic analyses of 29 Agaricus species and one representative from genera Endoptychum, Gyrophragmium and Longula each were conducted based on sequence data of the entire internal transcribed spacers and partial large subunit of ribosomal DNA. The Agaricus species formed several distinct clades both confirming and challenging previous morphological sections in several cases. Endoptychum depressum, Gyrophragmium dunalii and Longula texensis were nested among species of the genus Agaricus. This study provides evidence for independent emergence of these secotioid fungi from Agaricus ancestors, most likely from species placed in the section Arvenses as inferred from molecular data.

Agaricales↗
PubMed2004

[Ultrastructure of the cell wall in vegetative mycelia of Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach].

A comparative description of the cell wall ultrastructure was made for vegetative mycelia in Agaricus bisporus, other species of Agaricus, and Pleurotus ostreatus. Apart from well known ultrastructural features of cell walls of the examined strains, inclusions of different kinds were observed. The cell wall thickness varied in different Agaricus strains. Maximum differences between the examined strains were 1.4 times. The cell wall thickness in P. ostreatus strains was by 3 to 4 times less than that in Agaricus strains. Using electron micrographs, a brief description of mycelia and A. bisporus basidia ultrastructure was composed.

Agaricus↗
PubMed1996

Phylogeny of the Genus Agaricus Inferred from Restriction Analysis of Enzymatically Amplified Ribosomal DNA

Bunyard, B. A., Nicholson, M. S., and Royse, D. J. 1996. Phylogeny of the genus Agaricus inferred from restriction analysis of enzymatically amplified ribosomal DNA. Fungal Genetics and Biology 20, 243-253. The 26S and 5S ribosomal RNA genes and the intergenic region between the 26S and the 5S rRNA genes of the ribosomal DNA repeat of 21 species of Agaricus were amplified using PCR and then digested with 10 restriction enzymes. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms were found among the 21 putative species of Agaricus investigated and used to develop a phylogenetic tree of the evolutionary history of A. bisporus. The 5' end of the 26S gene showed more variability than the 3' end. A. excellens, A. chionodermus, and A. caroli represented the species most distantly related to A. bisporus. We present here the first comprehensive attempt at systematically resolving the entire genus Agaricus using modern techniques for molecular genetic analysis. Our data indicate that previous taxonomic schemes, based on morphological characters, are in need of revision.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

Plasmid RNA polymerase-like mitochondrial sequences in Agaricus bitorquis.

A linear mitochondrial plasmid, pEM, found in certain isolates of the basidiomycete Agaricus bitorquis, potentially encodes virus-like DNA and RNA polymerases. Mitochondrial DNA from Agaricus bisporus that hybridizes to an internal region of pEM contains a fragmented and potentially non-functional version of the carboxy terminal end of the plasmid RNA polymerase. In this study, we present the sequence of the corresponding region of mitochondrial DNA from A. bitorquis. This sequence contained the same region of the plasmid RNA polymerase gene as was reported for the mitochondrial DNA of A. bisporus, and the level of similarity between the A. bisporus and A. bitorquis mitochondrial sequences was much higher than the level of similarity between either mitochondrial sequence and the plasmid. We propose that this plasmid RNA polymerase-like sequence was present in the Agaricus mitochondrial genome before the divergence of A. bisporus and A. bitorquis, and thus is unlikely to be a recent derivative of the plasmid pEM.

Agaricus↗