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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1989

Effect of solubility on the gastrointestinal absorption of aluminum from various aluminum compounds in the rat.

The present study was carried out to determine whether the insoluble property of most aluminum compounds was the reason for the limited absorption of this element from the gastrointestinal tract. Aluminum compounds of varying degrees of solubility were studied. At pH 3, more than 25% of the aluminum from all of the compounds studied (with the exception of sucralfate [13%]) was in solution. At pH 6, the solubility of aluminum in Al(OH)3 and sucralfate was less than 1%; it was 15% in AlCl3 and 33% in aluminum lactate. Aluminum solubility did not change with a change in pH for the citrate compounds, which varied between 38%, with sucralfate plus citric acid, and 91%, with aluminum citrate. The fraction of the administered dose of aluminum absorbed as estimated by urinary excretion after gastric gavage was 0.015% for sucralfate and Al(OH)3, 0.037% for AlCl3 and aluminum lactate, and greater than 0.80% for all aluminum compounds administered with citrate. A similar relationship was found between the solubility of the aluminum compounds and absorption, as determined by calculated absorption from the changes in plasma aluminum levels. Solubility alone, however, could not totally explain the effect of citrate on aluminum absorption. The solubility of aluminum in aluminum lactate and sucralfate plus citric acid were the same at pH 6. Absorption of aluminum from aluminum lactate, however, was only 1.6% as much as that found for sucralfate plus citric acid.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1985

Mineral metabolism of rats fed moderate levels of various aluminum compounds for short periods of time.

The effects of ingesting moderate levels of aluminum (5-272 micrograms Al/g diet) were assessed in two short-term (18-d) studies with rats. Rats were fed diets that contained no added aluminum or aluminum lactate, aluminum palmitate, aluminum phosphate or aluminum hydroxide in either reagent grade or desiccated gel forms. The average concentrations of aluminum in the tibias of rats fed 261-272 micrograms Al/g diet were 13.0-15.6 micrograms Al/g fresh weight, while those of control animals were 1.0-1.9 micrograms Al/g fresh weight. Rats fed aluminum accumulated less aluminum in their kidneys and brains than in their tibias. In study 1, animals fed aluminum hydroxide tended to accumulate more aluminum in tissues, i.e., brain, than animals fed the other aluminum compounds. In study 2 the type of aluminum hydroxide fed did not affect the accumulation of aluminum in tissues but rats fed 206 micrograms Al/g diet accumulated less aluminum in their tibias and more aluminum in their kidneys than rats fed 261 and 268 micrograms Al/g diet. Ingestion of these moderate doses of aluminum had no effects on tissue levels of calcium, magnesium and iron of rats and had only small effects on tissue levels of phosphorus, zinc and copper.

Aluminum↗
PubMed1991

Effect on catfish (Clarias lazera) composition of ingestion rearing water contaminated with lead or aluminum compounds.

To study the effect of contaminated rearing water of catfish (Clarias lazera) with lead acetate, lead chloride or aluminum chloride, 3 level of concentrations (10, 50 and 100 ppm) of each salt were added in the rearing water for 6 weeks. The results of this experiment confirmed the followings: Existence of deaths among fishes reared in water contaminated with the inorganic pollutants (PbCl2 and AlCl3) but not with the organic lead. The treatments led to pathological findings e.g. haemorrhages and congestion of the gastrointestinal tract and kidneys. Protein content was decreased insignificantly (P greater than or equal to 0.05) than for the control. The decrease was accompanied with the elevation of contamination level, especially in the lead acetate treatment. The ether extract increased in the treated fish than in the control. The increase was related to the pollutant level especially in the PbCl2 and AlCl3 treatments (P less than or equal to 0.01). Gross energy, generally, increased slightly by the application of the pollutants than in the control fishes. Muscular contents of ash, calcium, magnesium, and lead were increased significantly than the control. The contents of Na, K (P less than or equal to 0.01) and P (P less than or equal to 0.05) decreased in the treated fishes.

Aluminum↗
PubMed1992

Parenteral aluminum compounds produce a local toxic myopathy in rats: importance of the anion.

Aluminum lactate, injected in rats, produced skeletal muscle necrosis of diaphragm and abdominal wall subjacent to peritoneal surfaces. Deeper muscle cells (distal from inoculum) were less severely affected. Ultrastructural studies of diaphragm revealed inoculum coating collagen fibrils, aggregating next to muscle basal lamina and localized within phagocytes. Aluminum lactate penetrated lymphatic vessels and caused reactive changes on the pleural as well as peritoneal surfaces of diaphragm. In contrast, injection of aluminum citrate did not produce myopathy. Also, mixtures of aluminum lactate with aluminum citrate, sodium citrate, or another chelating agent failed to produce myopathy. Therefore, the regional myopathy produced by the lactate salt provides a model for in vivo cytotoxicity of aluminum in which anionic binding is a critical determinant.

Aluminum↗
PubMed1990

Aluminum compounds used as adjuvants in vaccines.

The structure of nine commercially manufactured aluminum-containing adjuvants was investigated by X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron micrography, and energy dispersive spectrometry. Seven samples which were labeled as aluminum hydroxide were identified as boehmite, a crystalline aluminum oxyhydroxide [AlO(OH)]. However, the degree of crystallinity varied between the samples. Two samples which were labeled as aluminum phosphate were found to be amorphous aluminum hydroxyphosphate. Buffer anions and sulfate anions substitute for hydroxyls in the amorphous aluminum hydroxide formed by the in situ alum precipitation method. Finally, the aluminum-containing adjuvant in diphtheria and tetanus toxoid, U.S.P., produced by three manufacturers was characterized.

Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic↗
PubMed1977

Acute lung lesions due to zirconium and aluminum compounds in hamsters.

The lung lesions produced by multiple short-term intratracheal instillations of saline solutions of sodium zirconium lactate (NaZL), zirconium-aluminum-glycine hydroxychloride complex (ZAG), and aluminum chlorhydrate (ACH) in hamsters were studied by light and electron microscopy. These solutions produced lesions beginning with exudative pneumonia followed by pneumonitis (interstitial pneumonia) and foreign body granulomas. Electron microscopic microprobe analysis demonstrated the metallic component of the instilled compounds in membrane-bound cytoplasmic inclusions of macrophages. The lesions produced by NaZL and ZAG were similar to those produced by ACH. These lesions were also similar to those in previous reports of aerosol exposure of animals to zirconium or aluminum, or to other unrelated compounds.

Aluminum↗
PubMed1977

Experimental studies of sensitization to beryllium, zirconium, and aluminum compounds in the rabbit.

In a study designed to assess the potential sensitizing and granulomagenic capacities of selected metallic salts, rabbits were inoculated intradermally with zirconium aluminum glycinate (ZAG), sodium zirconium lactate (NZL), aluminum chlorhydrate (ACH), BeSO 4, and ovalbumin (OVA) by single and multiple injections. Animals immunized with BeSO4 and with OVA developed delayed skin reactivity as well as antigen-specific alveolar macrophage migration inhibition. Neither single nor multiple injections of ZAG or ACH resulted in clear-cut positive skin reactivity, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) production, or lymphocyte stimulation. Rabbits inoculated with multiple injections of NZL (500 microng) showed some marginally positive macrophage migration inhibition and skin reactivity. Histologically, ZAG and ACH were found to induce well-organized foreign-body granulomas after intradermal injection in both normal and inoculated rabbits. NZL and BeSO4 also induced skin granulomas, but these were less organized and distinct. Cell viability and ultrastructural studies indicated that BeSO4 was highly toxic for isolated alveolar macrophages in vitro at concentrations above 10 microng/ml, but NZL and ZAG did not exert such an effect at these dose levels. BeSO4 also depressed lymphocyte stimulation in sensitized animals which demonstrated delayed skin reactivity and macrophage migration inhibition.

Aluminum↗
PubMed1989

Bronchoalveolar leukocyte response in experimental silicosis: modulation by a soluble aluminum compound.

The biological properties of quartz have been related to its surface reactivity. We have addressed the role of particle surface reactivity in mediating the biological activity of quartz in mixed dusts, by treating the quartz with aluminum lactate. Intratracheal instillation of untreated quartz in rats caused a rapid, sustained alveolitis and bronchoalveolar leukocytes obtained from these animals had enhanced activity in degrading fibronectin, but reduced ability to mount a respiratory burst. Quartz pretreated with aluminum elicited a markedly reduced inflammatory response; the reduced activity of the treated quartz was also reflected in the attenuated change in the key functional parameters, oxidant production and proteolysis of fibronectin. Late intratracheal dosing with aluminum after the quartz-induced alveolitis was well established reduced the inflammatory response and abrogated the effect of quartz on the respiratory burst, but did not alter fibronectin degradation by the leukocytes. Aluminum did not affect the inflammatory response to Corynebacterium parvum and thus the effect was on the quartz particles and not on the inflammatory leukocytes. These findings have implications for the likely pulmonary responses to mixed dusts containing quartz and aluminum silicate clays.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Cardiotoxicity of the lipophilic compound aluminum acetylacetonate in rabbits.

Aluminum acetylacetonate was administered to New Zealand white rabbits as liposome preparations and was found to distribute approximately 1:1 between water and phosphatidylcholine dipalmitoyl vesicles. Biochemical monitoring proved that after 2 weeks of daily injection of 40 micrograms of Al(III) in the above form, the animals developed significant signs of cardiac suffering, evidenced by variations in lactic dehydrogenase and creatinine phospokinase. Histopathologic investigation revealed that aluminum acetylacetonate caused unambiguous myocardial infarcts, characterized by myocardial contraction bands. In contrast, injection of Al(III) as a simple salt (lactate, 20 mg/day for 3 weeks) gave a less severe myocardiopathy, certainly not infarctual. Aluminum acetylacetonate given to rabbits appears to be, to our knowledge, the only chemical tool able to mimic spontaneous infarction situations in humans.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Protection against alcohol-induced gastric mucosal injury by aluminum-containing compounds--sucralfate, antacids, and aluminum sulfate.

Previously, we demonstrated that both antacids and sucralfate can protect the gastric mucosa against alcohol injury. Since these compounds contain aluminum, we studied whether other aluminum compounds have cytoprotective properties as well. Fasted rats were pretreated intragastrically with A) 0.9% NaCl, B) sucralfate, C) aluminum-magnesium antacid gel, D) Al2(SO4)3, E) Al(OH)3, and 1 h later they received 2 ml 100% ethanol by gavage. The stomach was removed and assessed for injury 3 h after ethanol administration. Control (group A) rats had 39 +/- 3% gross mucosal injury, which was reduced to 5 +/- 1% with sucralfate, 7 +/- 1% with Al2(SO4)3, 12 +/- 2% with Al(OH)3, and 16 +/- 2% with aluminum-magnesium antacid gel pretreatment. Microscopic surface epithelial injury and submucosal edema were seen in all five groups, while deep mucosal necrosis was largely prevented by pretreatment in groups B to E. These findings indicate that aluminum in a wide variety of molecular forms can protect the gastric mucosa against alcohol injury.

Alum Compounds↗
PubMed1987

Haemophilus influenzae type b: the search for a vaccine.

In adults Hib CPS protein conjugates are much more immunogenic than the polysaccharide alone; further studies have shown that they induce a booster response in children. The antibodies produced in response to the conjugates have the same biologic properties, isotype and IgG subclass composition as those elicited by Hib CPS alone or those present in serum after convalescence from Hib disease. More recently attempts have been made to make the conjugates compatible with DTP vaccine. In this procedure DTP is absorbed onto aluminum compounds (aluminum hydroxide or phosphate), with the effect of significantly prolonging diphtheria and tetanus antibody synthesis. Adsorption of the Hib CPS conjugate under controlled conditions does not alter the total amount of antibody elicited in infant rhesus monkeys after the third or final injection. The appearance of Hib CPS antibodies after the first injection, however, is accelerated with conjugate that has been adsorbed. This is an encouraging finding, because it means that more polysaccharide conjugates can be compatible with existing DTP vaccine.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed1990

Experimental aluminum pathology in rabbits: effects of hydrophilic and lipophilic compounds.

Aluminum lactate [Al(lact)3] (hydrophilic, hydrolytically unstable) and aluminum acetylacetonate [Al(acae)3] (lipophilic, hydrolytically stable) were tested as potential toxicants to rabbits upon IV administration both as aqueous solutions and as liposome suspensions. Both chemicals behaved as cardiotoxic agents when administered as aqueous solutions, but Al(acae)3 was at least two orders of magnitude more active than Al(lact)3. Al(acae)3, but not Al(lact)3, caused myocardial infarcts resembling those in humans (with contraction bands) at doses as low as 0.24 mg/kg body weight, as well as a prominent acanthocytosis. Al(lact)3, when administered as a liposome suspension, was about 300 times more toxic than in aqueous solution, although cardiac damage was not infarctual in character. Both chemical and physical speciation of aluminum(III) thus play an essential role in determining the toxicity of the metal.

Aluminum↗
PubMed1990

Phosphate and pepsin adsorptions by a new boehmite compound and aluminum hydroxide.

A new microcrystalline compound of aluminum oxide hydroxide (tentatively named PT-A) was synthesized in the hope of providing a better phosphate adsorbent for future clinical use than the currently marketed aluminum hydroxide gels (ALG). An X-ray diffraction study demonstrated a boehmite structure in PT-A but an amorphous structure in ALG. PT-A was more stable in pH change than ALG; in elution tests in artificial gastric and intestinal solutions, aluminum ion eluted from PT-A was maximally 10% of the amount from ALG at pH 1.2; and was undetectable at pH 6.8, at which point ALG still showed some aluminum elution. Phosphate-adsorbing efficacy of PT-A and ALG in vitro was about the same at pH 1.2; however, it was four times greater in PT-A than in ALG at pH 6.8, indicating that PT-A will be effective in the intestine. PT-A also adsorbed pepsin but the amount was at most the same or much less than that adsorbed by ALG, which depended on pH in solution.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1987

Acute toxicity studies of aluminium compounds: antidotal efficacy of several chelating agents.

Four aluminum compounds--nitrate, chloride, sulphate and bromide--were administered orally and intraperitoneally to rats and mice. The LD50-values (14 days) were determined. The majority of deaths occurring during the first four days. The clinical and physical signs appearing after intoxication include among other lethargy, decreased locomotor activity, piloerection, weight loss and perorbital bleeding. After 14 days no alterations in liver and renal functions were detected in the animals which received intraperitoneally the LD50-values of aluminum nitrate as a single dose. Aluminum concentrations were highest in liver and spleen. No histopathological lesions could be observed. To compare the efficacies of nine chelating agents on the toxicity of aluminum in mice, the therapeutic index and the therapeutic effectiveness of each chelating agent have been calculated. Malic, succinic, oxalic and malonic acids showed the best results with malic and succinic acids being the most effective. Deferoxamine mesylate (DFOA), sodium salicylate, L-cysteine and citric acid were not so effective as antidotes for acute aluminum toxicity. Aurin tricarboxylic acid (ATCA) should not be used due to its high toxicity.

Alum Compounds↗