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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed1997

Comparison of alveolar bone loss, alveolar bone density and second metacarpal bone density, salivary and gingival crevicular fluid interleukin-6 concentrations in healthy premenopausal and postmenopausal women on estrogen therapy.

BACKGROUND: Osteoporosis is an age-related metabolic bone disease characterized by decreased mass and increased susceptibility to fracture. The literature suggests a relationship between oral bone loss and skeletal osteoporosis; however, most studies have produced conflicting results. The purpose of this study was to determine if a relationship exists among alveolar bone loss, alveolar bone density, second metacarpal density, salivary and gingival crevicular fluid interleukin 6 (IL-6), and IL-8 concentrations in premenopausal and postmenopausal healthy women receiving estrogen therapy. METHODS: Twenty-eight healthy women (aged 23-78) were evaluated for this study. A vertical bitewing and hand radiographs were taken, and the subjects were evaluated for the presence of active periodontitis. The bitewing and hand radiographs were digitized, and measurements were made from the cemento-enamel junction to the alveolar crest from both arches. Bone density was evaluated in the maxillary and mandibular alveolar process and at the mid-shaft of the second metacarpal. Percent cortical area and the moment of inertia measurements were also determined. Stimulated whole saliva was collected for a 5-min period using a cube of paraffin as a stimulant and was analyzed for total protein by a colorimetric reaction and IL-6 and IL-8 by ELISA. RESULTS: The results of the study showed that postmenopausal women on estrogen therapy had more alveolar bone loss, more missing teeth, and reduced alveolar and second metacarpal bone density than premenopausal women. In addition, postmenopausal women on estrogen therapy had higher salivary IL-6 concentrations than premenopausal women. Alveolar bone densities were also strongly correlated to second metacarpal densities. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the study suggest that changes in alveolar bone density and levels of bone resorptive cytokines in saliva may be secondary to changes in menopausal status. These changes may predispose loss of alveolar bone with resultant loss of teeth.

Adult↗

PubMed1984

The relationship between attachment level loss and alveolar bone loss.

Standardized radiographs and repeated periodontal probe measurements were made on 22 untreated subjects with destructive periodontal disease monitored for 1 year. Radiographs of selected sites were taken at 0, 6 and 12 months. Measurements of attachment level were made monthly. Radiographic measurements were made on 7X magnified projected images. Alveolar bone height from the CEJ was computed by multiplying the average length of the root times the measured ratio of CEJ to alveolar bone over CEJ to root tip. Each radiograph was measured twice by 2 investigators. Sites were excluded as having indistinct anatomical landmarks in which the standard deviation of the 4 measurements exceeded 0.16 mm, the measurement error for repeat determination of bone height on high quality radiographic images. A 3 sigma critical value for significant bone loss was selected as 0.48 mm. Changes in attachment level were computed for the intervals preceding and during the 6-12 month radiographic measurement period. Based on these critical values, 6.1% of the 231 radiographed sites showed significant bone loss. Similarly, 5.7% of the 1155 probed sites showed significant attachment loss. However, none of the sites with significant bone loss exhibited significant attachment loss over the same time period. In general, significant attachment loss preceded bone loss by 6 to 8 months. At 4 mm, attachment loss was found to predict subsequent bone loss with a true positive ratio of 60% and a false positive ratio of 5%, indicating a high degree of predictive discrimination. These observations indicate that attachment loss precedes radiographic evidence of crestal alveolar bone loss during periods of periodontal disease activity.

Alveolar Process↗

PubMed2000

Adhesion molecule deficiencies increase Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced alveolar bone loss in mice.

Alveolar bone resorption can be induced in specific-pathogen-free mice by oral infection with Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. J. Baker, R. T. Evans, and D. C. Roopenian, Arch. Oral Biol. 39:1035-1040, 1994). Here we used a mouse strain, C57BL/6J, which is relatively resistant to P. gingivalis-induced bone loss to examine whether partial or complete deletion of various adhesion molecules would increase susceptibility. Complete deletion of P-selectin or nearly complete lack of expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) led to increased susceptibility to bone resorption after oral infection, while a hypomorphic defect in beta(2)-integrins did not. Both the total amount of bone lost and the number of sites at which there was significant loss were increased in mice deficient in either ICAM-1 or P-selectin. Each of the three adhesion molecule deficiencies was sufficient to decrease P. gingivalis-specific serum immunoglobulin G responses, but lower antibody titers did not lead to increased bone loss in partially beta(2)-integrin-deficient mice. In conclusion, P-selectin and ICAM-1 deficiencies increase susceptibility to and severity of alveolar bone loss after P. gingivalis infection. This finding underscores the importance of innate immunity in protection against P. gingivalis-induced alveolar bone resorption.

Alveolar Bone Loss↗

PubMed2006

The effect of alveolar bone loss on the load capability of restored endodontically treated teeth: a comparative in vitro study.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present investigation was to study the influence of a reduced bone support on the fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth restored with glass fibre-reinforced posts (FRC). METHODS: 30 caries-free maxillary central incisors were divided into 3 groups (n=10). Endodontic treatment was performed. Teeth were flattened 2 mm above the cemento-enamel junction. Group I (control) simulated a clinical situation without horizontal bone loss. In group II a horizontal bone loss of 25% and in group III of 50% was simulated. All specimens received FRC posts and composite core restorations. All-ceramic crowns were adhesively cemented. Specimens were exposed to thermal cycling and mechanical loading (TCML) and finally statically loaded until failure in a universal testing machine (v=1 mm/min). Non-parametric tests were used to compare median fracture loads between groups. Fracture modes were compared using Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: The median fracture load values (min/max) in [N] were: group I=501 (326/561), group II=422 (323/495); group III=352 (266/406), p=0.004. Two specimens in each group II and III failed during TCML. Statistical analysis revealed statistically significant differences between all test groups regarding maximum fracture load and mode of fracture. CONCLUSIONS: The fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth restored adhesively with a FRC post, composite core, and all-ceramic crown is dependent on the level of surrounding supporting periodontal bone. Loss of alveolar bone loss due to periodontal disease may lead to an increased risk of failure.

Alveolar Bone Loss↗

PubMed1999

Alveolar bone loss and tooth loss in male cigar and pipe smokers.

BACKGROUND: While cigarette smoking is recognized as being detrimental to oral health, the effects of cigar and pipe smoking on tooth-loss risk, alveolar bone loss and periodontal disease are not known. The authors conducted this study to determine whether cigar and pipe smokers were at greater risk of experiencing tooth loss and alveolar bone loss than were nonsmokers. METHODS: The authors studied 690 dentate men who participate in the Veterans Affairs Dental Longitudinal Study. Subjects are not VA patients, and they receive medical and dental care in the private sector. A board-certified periodontist conducted clinical examinations triennially for 23 years. These examinations included the number of teeth remaining, number of decayed and filled surfaces per tooth, and indicator scores for plaque, calculus, pocket probing depth, gingival bleeding and tooth mobility. Alveolar bone loss was assessed at each examination on intraoral periapical radiographs using the Schei ruler method, which measures loss of bone height in 20 percent increments. Multivariate analyses of tooth-loss rates and alveolar bone loss controlled for demographic and oral hygiene measures. RESULTS: The relative risk, or RR, of tooth loss compared with that of nonsmokers was significantly elevated in cigar smokers (RR = 1.3, 95 percent confidence interval, or CI, = 1.2, 1.5), pipe smokers (RR = 1.6, 95 percent CI = 1.4, 1.9) and cigarette smokers (RR = 1.6, 95 percent CI = 1.5, 1.7). The percentages of mesial and distal sites with moderate-to-severe progression of alveolar bone loss (a change of 40 percent or more from baseline) were 8 +/- 1 percent (mean +/- standard error) in nonsmokers, 16 +/- 3 percent in cigar smokers (P < .05), 13 +/- 4 percent in pipe smokers (P = .17), and 16 +/- 3 percent in cigarette smokers (P < .001). Pipe and cigar smokers did not differ significantly from nonsmokers with respect to the percentage of sites at baseline with moderate-to-severe scores for calculus, pocket probing depth, gingival bleeding or tooth mobility. Pipe smokers had fewer sites with moderate-to-severe plaque accumulation than did nonsmokers (7 +/- 11 vs. 13 +/- 17, P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: The authors found that men who smoke cigars or pipes were at increased risk of experiencing tooth loss. Cigar smokers also were at increased risk of experiencing alveolar bone loss. These elevations in risk are similar in magnitude to those observed in cigarette smokers. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: The increases in risk related to cigar and pipe smoking provide a strong rationale for targeting smoking prevention and smoking cessation programs to smokers of all tobacco products.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Altering the progression of human alveolar bone loss with the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug flurbiprofen.

The treatment of human periodontal diseases relies on mechanical and antimicrobial suppression of the etiologic bacteria. The ability to alter the progression of periodontitis by additionally blocking host pathways involved in the destructive process is an area of current research. Prostaglandins and other metabolites of arachidonic acid are believed to be important host mediators of the bone resorption of diseases such as periodontitis. We have previously examined the effect of inhibitors of prostaglandin production, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), on inhibiting alveolar bone loss in beagles. The present study was designed to examine the effect of the NSAID, flurbiprofen, on slowing the radiographic loss of alveolar bone in the human. Fifty-six individuals with radiographic evidence of alveolar bone loss were recruited for study. Forty-four patients remained in the study for the data analysis of loss of alveolar bone. Following a 6 month baseline pretreatment period to measure the radiographic progression of bone loss, half of the patients were administered flurbiprofen, 50 mg. b.i.d., while half were administered a placebo. All patients received a subgingival scaling and pumice by a hygienist every 6 months. The rate of alveolar bone loss in a 2 year treatment period was compared to the baseline 6 month pretreatment period within and between patient groups. Throughout the study, teeth exhibiting obvious loss of bone were exited from study and treated with conventional mechanical therapy. At the end of the pretreatment period both patient groups had a similar mean rate of alveolar bone loss.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Effects of experimental osteoporosis on alveolar bone loss in rats.

A study was conducted to investigate the relationship between osteoporosis and alveolar bone loss. Alveolar bone loss was evaluated by radiographic and visual inspection of rats with experimental osteoporosis. Twenty 4-week-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into the following groups: Group A-ovariectomized and given a standard solid diet; Group B-ovariectomized and given a calcium-deficient diet; Group C-sham-ovariectomized and given a standard solid diet; and Group D-sham-ovariectomized and given a calcium-deficient diet. After 4 weeks, the rat were euthanatized. The maxillae, mandibles, femurs, and tibias were removed carefully and fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin. The bone mineral density of each bone and the alveolar bone loss were measured. The bone mineral densities of the maxillae, mandibles, femurs and tibias in Group C were significantly higher than those in Groups B and D, but not higher than those in Group A. However, there were no significant differences between any of the groups with regard to alveolar bone loss from the cemento-enamel junction to the molar bone crest. Therefore, it was concluded that osteoporosis itself may not be capable of causing periodontal destruction, and thus may not be a major factor in periodontal disease.

Alveolar Bone Loss↗

PubMed2002

Peri-implant alveolar bone loss with respect to bone quality after use of the osteotome technique: results of a retrospective study.

Knife-edge configurations or non space-maintaining defects of the alveolar ridge limit the indications for implant-prosthetic rehabilitation. If ridge expansion is required, bone splitting and bone spreading techniques may be applied. Summers introduced a modified approach for ridge expansion by osteotome technique. The principles of this nonablative implant bed preparation technique are lateral and apical bone relocation and condensation. The peri-implant alveolar bone loss after use of the osteotome technique was evaluated radiographically with respect to the bone quality in 22 patients with 22 implants. Differences between the alveolar crest and the implant shoulder in radiographs obtained immediately after implant insertion, after the end of unloaded healing period and after different periods of functional loading were calculated. The osteotome technique was used in bone quality classes 2 and 3, respectively, according to the Lekholm and Zarb classification. Two implants failed. Significant differences were found between the bone levels after implant insertion and at the end of the healing period as well as after functional loading (P = 0.028). The bone quality was significantly correlated (r = - 0.505; P = 0.023) with the change of the peri-implant marginal bone height level 6 months after the implant installation. The present data indicate the importance of bone quality evaluation before application of the osteotome technique.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

A longitudinal study of alveolar bone loss around maxillary central incisors in patients with leprosy in Malaysia.

The loss of alveolar bone supporting the maxillary central incisors and the general periodontal conditions were evaluated after 14 years in the 12 patients remaining from an original group of 47 under treatment in Malaysia. Alveolar bone loss was minimal during this period even in the presence of periodontal inflammation. These data suggest that treatment protects patients with leprosy from alveolar bone loss and suggests that other skeletal deformities might respond similarly.

Adult↗

PubMed1985

Comparison between standardized periapical and bitewing radiographs in assessing alveolar bone loss.

Readability and alveolar bone level were compared in 455 sets of standardized radiographs each consisting of four periapical (PA) and two bitewing (BW) films. BW radiographs showed significantly higher proportions of unreadable sites in the canines and the mesial surface of first premolars (P less than 0.0001), while PA radiographs exhibited significantly higher proportions of unreadable sites in the distal surface of second molars (P less than 0.0001). Alveolar bone level was assessable in a total of 10016 sites, and the comparison showed identical readings in 82% of the sites. In the maxilla, a significantly higher proportion of sites exhibited larger bone loss measurements (P less than 0.0001) and more sites with significantly higher mean values (P less than 0.005) in BW than in PA films. Mandibular sites showed the opposite trend. The majority of the sites revealed a Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) ranging between 0.60 and 0.82. No significant difference between mean bone loss measurements in the two types of radiographs for all the sites was found. It was concluded that the two radiographic techniques may be used interchangeably in epidemiologic studies.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Alveolar bone loss in rats infected with a strain of Prevotella intermedia and Fusobacterium nucleatum isolated from a child with prepubertal periodontitis.

Prevotella intermedia and fusobacterium nucleatum are associated with various forms of periodontal disease. The purpose of the present study was to infect the clinical isolates of these periodontopathic bacteria and to induce a significant loss of alveolar bone in specific pathogen-free (SPF) rats in the absence of ligatures. P. intermedia YKD8 and F. nucleatum YKZ5 were isolated from a prepubertal periodontitis patient, while P. gingivalis MWB13 was from a patient with juvenile periodontitis. At first, SPF Sprague-Dawley rats (70 days of age, male) were infected with A. viscosus Ny1R and subsequently superinfected with P. gingivalis MWB13, P. intermedia YKD8, or F. nucleatum YKZ5, respectively. The control group was infected with A. viscosus Ny1R alone. All rats were killed and periodontal bone levels were assessed morphometrically 135 days after the first infection with A. viscosus. P. intermedia YKD8 was recovered frequently from rats, with serum antibody levels remaining highly elevated throughout the experiment. Significant loss of alveolar bone was found in rats infected with P. intermedia YKD8, the virulence of which was equivalent to that of P. gingivalis MWB13. F. nucleatum YKZ5 also induced alveolar bone loss, but not significantly when compared with rats infected with A. viscosus Ny1R alone.

Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans↗

PubMed2000

Heterogeneity of Porphyromonas gingivalis strains in the induction of alveolar bone loss in mice.

These experiments examine alveolar bone loss in a model in which specific pathogen-free mice are exposed orally with Porphyromonas gingivalis. Alveolar bone loss was induced as a result of a specific infection with P. gingivalis, rather than other environmental antigens. Infection with live P. gingivalis was required, as significant bone loss did not follow gavage with formalin-killed P. gingivalis. The virulence of different strains of P. gingivalis was compared. Two laboratory strains of the bacteria (ATCC 53977 and W50) and a mutant strain lacking the 43-kDa fimbrillin (strain DPG3) induced bone loss. P. gingivalis 381, however, did not induce bone loss. There was a strong immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody response to infection with each strain but a significant serum IgA response only to strain 381. These studies show that in mice with a background oral microflora bone loss is induced by a specific infection with P. gingivalis and that bacterial strain variation is important in determining whether alveolar bone loss will ensue.

Alveolar Bone Loss↗

PubMed2005

Tannerella forsythia-induced alveolar bone loss in mice involves leucine-rich-repeat BspA protein.

Tannerella forsythia (formerly Bacteroides forsythus) is one of the periodontal pathogens recently implicated in the development of periodontal disease. The cell-surface-associated, as well as the secreted, leucine-rich-repeat protein (BspA) of this bacterium have been suggested to play roles in bacterial adherence, and also in inflammation, by triggering release of pro-inflammatory cytokines from monocytes and chemokines from osteoblasts, leading to inflammation and bone resorption. In this study, we sought to determine the pathogenic potential of T. forsythia and the in vivo role of the BspA protein in pathogenesis in the mouse model of infection-induced alveolar bone loss. The results showed alveolar bone loss in mice infected with the T. forsythia wild-type strain, whereas the BspA mutant was impaired. In conclusion, evidence is presented in support of T. forsythia as an important organism involved in inducing alveolar bone loss, and the BspA protein is an important virulence factor of this bacterium.

Alveolar Bone Loss↗

PubMed2003

The effect of alendronate sodium on alveolar bone loss in periodontitis (clinical trial).

Alendronate sodium is a potent inhibitor of bone resorption which has been effectively used to control osteolysis, and to treat Paget's disease and osteoporosis. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of alendronate sodium, systemically induced in the treatment of patients with periodontitis. Twenty-four adult periodontitis patients were included in the study (for six months) and were divided into two groups. Group I, included twelve patients who received one tablet of fosamax (alendronate sodium, MSD) every morning for six months. Group II, also included twelve patients who received no drug during the study period. All patients received initial periodontal therapy. Bone mineral density (BMD) of the maxilla and mandible was measured for all subjects using a dual energy absorptiometer (DEXA) at the beginning of the study and at the end of six months using DPX. MD Scanner. Clinical periodontal measurements were carried out for all patients at the initial appointment and six months later in the form of pocket depth, attachment level and gingival index. A statistically significant difference in bone density (P < 0.001) was observed favouring the alendronate group (Group I). Alendronate sodium had no effect on the clinical parameters and could play an important role as an adjunct to conventional periodontal therapy in management of periodontal diseases.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed1995

Assessment of risk for periodontal disease. II. Risk indicators for alveolar bone loss.

This study examined the risk indicators for alveolar bone loss associated with periodontal infection. A cross-section of 1,361 subjects aged 25 to 74 years, from Erie County, NY were evaluated for interproximal alveolar bone loss and potential explanatory variables including age, gender, history of systemic diseases, smoking, and presence of 8 subgingival bacteria. Interproximal alveolar bone loss was measured from the alveolar crest to the CEJ and a mean computed for each subject. The mean bone loss per subject (BL) ranged from 0.4 to 8.8 mm, and this outcome variable was grouped into 4 ordered categories. The degree of association between the explanatory variables and BL was examined utilizing an ordinal stepwise logistic regression model. Factors which were positively associated with more severe bone loss included subgingival colonization with B. forsythus (O.R. 2.52; 95% CI: 1.98 to 3.17) or P. gingivalis (O.R. 1.73; 95% CI: 1.27 to 2.37), race (Native American, Asian, or Pacific Islanders) with an O.R. 2.40 (95% CI: 1.21 to 4.79), and gender with males having higher odds than females. Smokers had greater odds for more severe bone loss compared to non-smokers ranging from 3.25 (95% CI: 2.33 to 4.54) to 7.28 (95% CI: 5.09 to 10.31) for light and heavy smokers, respectively. Individuals at older ages also showed more severe levels of bone loss. History of kidney disease (O.R. 0.55; 95% CI: 0.35 to 0.89) and history of allergies (O.R. 0.76; 95% CI: 0.59 to 0.98) were inversely associated with severity of bone loss.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Serum antibody response to oral infection precedes but does not prevent Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced alveolar bone loss in mice.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether humoral immunity prevents bacterially induced alveolar bone loss. BALB/cByJ mice were orally infected with the human periodontopathic bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis, and were compared with sham-infected mice. Specific serum antibody titers to P. gingivalis were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Alveolar bone levels were measured as the distance from the cementoenamel junction to the alveolar bone crest and bone loss was defined as a change in bone levels over time or between infected and sham-infected animals. The specific humoral response was predominantly of the IgG isotype, although low levels of specific serum IgA were also present. Antibody titers in the infected animals were significantly different from those in the sham-infected animals by 18 days and remained at maximal levels at 47 days. Bone loss became significant by 26 days and continued to progress at 47 days. Thus the serum antibody response to oral infection with P. gingivalis preceded detectable bone loss and remained elevated while bone loss increased. The presence of specific antibody did not prevent the onset or progression of bone loss.

Alveolar Bone Loss↗

PubMed2000

Effectiveness of local delivery of alendronate in reducing alveolar bone loss following periodontal surgery in rats.

BACKGROUND: Mucoperiosteal flaps are used to access bone and root surfaces for debridement, pocket elimination, management of periodontal defects, and in regenerative procedures, as well as in implant surgery. Many reports show that periodontal surgery stimulates osteoclast activity with varying amounts of alveolar bone loss. Alendronate given intravenously significantly reduced alveolar bone loss in mucoperiosteal flap procedures. In the present study, we explored the effectiveness of different concentrations of alendronate, delivered at the surgical site at the time of surgery, in distant delivery in reducing alveolar bone loss. METHODS: Following elevation of a mucoperiosteal flap next to molars of the rat mandible, a gelatin sponge soaked with different concentrations of alendronate (0, 1, 5, 20, or 40 mg/ml; experiment A) was applied to exposed bone on the experimental side. In the second group (experiment B), alendronate (0, 50, 200, or 400 microg) was topically delivered in the cheek submucosa on the left side (distant to the surgical site) in a small cut into which the gelatin sponge soaked with the drug was placed. RESULTS: Topical application of 200 microg and 400 microg doses of alendronate at the time of surgery was significantly effective (P <0.001) in reducing bone loss. Generally, the percentage of sections with mild bone loss (V1, V2) increased with an increase in the dose of alendronate, while the percentage of sections with severe bone loss (H1, H2) decreased with an increase in alendronate dose. Topical application of 400 microg of alendronate had a systemic effect. CONCLUSIONS: This study implies that topical delivery of alendronate at the time of surgery reduces bone loss in periodontal procedures involving mucoperiosteal flap surgery. The most effective dose is 200 microg for topical delivery at the surgical site and 400 microg for distant sites.

Administration, Buccal↗

PubMed1977

Patterns of alveolar bone loss in Nigerian Yorubas.

Unusual patterns of alveolar bone loss in 33 Nigerian Yorubas with severe periodontal disease are described. The subjects, aged 15-50 yr represented 1.4% of a population of dental patients in Western Nigeria. Periodontal pocketing and alveolar bone loss in the incisor and first molar regions, far in advance of other mouth areas, were the criteria for inclusion in this report. Intra-oral radiographs showed advanced horizontal or crescentic bone resorption in incisor regions, and vertical or arc-like bone defects around first molars. Incisors and first molars were frequently missing as a result of periodontal disease. Surveys of tooth mortality and periodontal pocketing in Western Nigeria, and immunological findings elsewhere, suggest these cases represent a severe form of plaque-induced inflammatory periodontal disease. The role of protein-calorie malnutrition as an aetiological factor is discussed.

Adult↗