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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1977

Bacterial metabolism of quaternary ammonium compounds.

Of 10 quaternary ammonium compounds tested for biodegradation by the biological oxygen demand technique, only decyl- and hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromides were decomposed by organisms derived from sewage and soil. A mixture consisting of individual strains of Pseudomonas and Xanthomonas grew in solutions containing decyltrimethylammonium bromide as sole carbon source. The xanthomonad metabolized this quaternary ammonium compound in the presence of other organic molecules. The products of this activity included 9-carboxynomyl- and 7-carboxyheptyltrimethylammonium, suggesting that the terminal carbon of the decyl moiety is oxidized and the resulting carboxylic acid is subject to beta-oxidation.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗
PubMed1978

Virucidal activity of some quaternary ammonium compounds.

Four different quaternary ammonium compounds were tested by microtechniques for evaluating their activity against the type species of six viral groups very frequently involved in human and animal pathology. Three disinfectants showed good activity against five of the representative viruses under test, while the fourth proved less effective. Poliovirus type 1 was found to be completely resistant.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMed1977

Simplified detection of quaternary ammonium compounds by gas chromatography.

An analytical method for the measurement of quaternary ammonium compounds in biological fluids has been developed. Samples are prepared by forming the corresponding iodides, which are extracted and isolated. The residue is taken into n-hexane or into water and part of the solution obtained is injected onto the gas chromatograph where thermal degradation takes place. The methyl iodide released is measured by a 63Ni electron capture detector. This method is quite sensitive and detects with good reliability and reproducibility as little as 10(-14) mole quaternary ammonium compound.

Body Fluids↗
PubMed1979

The feasibility of replacing antibiotics by quaternary ammonium compounds in topical antimicrobial acne therapy.

Determinations of the minimum inhibitory concentrations for various antimicrobial surfactants with reference to the bacteria P. acnes, P. granulosum, and St. epidermidis are reported. The results show that quaternary ammonium compounds can display minimum inhibitory concentrations corresponding to those of relevant antibiotics. With the especially effective substance fractionated dimethylcocobenzalkoniumchloride )ARQUAD DMMCD-B), it could be further shown that with in vivo application in 70% isopropanol or in an ethanol-containing film mask ointment suppression can be obtained of P. acnes, all propionibacteria added, and all pilosebaceous duct bacteria which can be cultured under anaerobic conditions. The studies may point out a way of replacing antibiotics in the antimicrobial therapy of acne by quaternary ammonium compounds.

Acne Vulgaris↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Role of the hydrophobicity of polymethylene-bis-quaternary ammonium compounds in the mechanism of their curare-like action].

Lengthening of the N-alkyl radical (from--C2H5 to C10H21) in the series of polymethylene-bis-quaternary ammonium compounds was found to result in an increased hydrophobic properties of the compounds. In the presence of the N-butyl radical the mode of the action exerted by the substances changes, viz. from depolarizing they turn into antidepolarizing ones. A substitution of polyalicyclic radicals (cyclohexyl, 1-adamantyl) for methyl groups at the nitrogen atoms in the series of polymethylene-bis-quaternary ammonium compounds proved that in order to changed the mode of action hydrophobic properties of the cyclohexyl radicals appear to be good enough.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

The pharmacological actions of some polymethylene-bis-(hydroxyethyl)-dimethyl-ammonium compounds on cholinergic transmission.

Some polymethylene-bis-(hydroxyethyl)-dimethyl-ammonium (dicholine) compounds containing from 7 to 10 methylene groups between the quaternary nitrogen atoms, have been studied for activity at various sites of cholinergic transmission. The post-junctional activity of the compounds was investigated on the frog rectus abdominis muscle. Small doses of C8-, C9-, and C10-dicholine potentiated ACh contractions, however larger doses of all the dicholine compounds blocked the nicotinic receptor sites of the frog rectus muscle. The dicholine compounds blocked neuromuscular transmission in the rat phrenic nerve diaphragm. These actions at the rat neuromuscular junction are compared with the purely post-junctional actions on the frog rectus muscle. Although the compounds exert anticholinesterase activity in vitro it is suggested that this effect plays little part in the action of the drugs at the neuromuscular junction. It is concluded that the dicholine compounds have both pre- and post-junctional activity at the neuromuscular junction. The dicholine compounds are acetylated at varying rates by partially purified choline acetyltransferase (ChAc) although all are acetylated less readily than choline. The rate of acetylation of the dicholine compounds by ChAc parallels their activity in blocking neuromuscular transmission and it is suggested that other quaternary ammonium compounds containing hydroxyl or hydroxyethyl groupings may be acetylated by ChAc and this may affect their blocking action at the neuromuscular junction.

Acetylation↗
PubMed1979

Isolation and determination of quaternary ammonium compounds by means of amberlite XAD-columns and thin layer chromatography.

The potentials of XAD-columns for the isolation of quaternary ammonium compounds from aqueous media have been investigated. When adequate amounts of counter ions (perchlorate, chloride, phosphate, nitrate) were added to the aqueous sample, to the column pretreatment fluid and to the aqueous washing fluid, most quaternary compounds investigated were retained on the column and could be recovered by elution with methanol. This approach proved also suitable for urine. Quantitation of quaternaries isolated in this way from urine samples could be performed on silicagel thin layer plates through visualization with iodine, followed by densitometric evaluation. For decamethonium detection limits were 0.1 micrograms/ml. Recoveries at the 1 micrograms/ml level were between 80--90% with variation coefficients of less than 10%.

Chromatography, Ion Exchange↗
PubMed1979

Isolation and determination of quaternary ammonium compounds by means of XAD-columns and thin layer chromatography.

The potentials of XAD-columns for the isolation of quaternary ammonium compounds from aqueous media have been investigated. When adequate amounts of counter ions (perchlorate, chloride, phosphate, nitrate) were added to the aqueous sample, to the column pretreatment fluid and to the aqueous washing fluid, most quaternary compounds investigated were retained on the column and could be recovered by elution with methanol. Quantitation of decamethonium isolated in this way from urine samples could be performed on silicagel thin layer plates through visualization with iodine, followed by densitometric evaluation. Detection limits were 0.1 microgram/ml. Recoveries at the 1 microgram/ml level were between 80-90% with variation coefficients of less than 10%.

Chromatography↗
PubMed1977

[Photometric micro-determination of the residues of disinfectant quaternary ammonium compounds in milk. 3. Improvement and adaption for milk products (author's transl)].

The photometric method for the quantitative micro-determination of the residues of quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC) in milk was improved. The casein has proved as an essential interfering substance and it was largely eliminated. Furthermore the bond of QAC on casein in discussed. The minimum level für determination for QAC in milk was reduced to 0.2 ppm. By modifying the photometric method for some milk-products as cream, joghurt, and quarge QAC can be determined at minimal concentrations of 1 ppm.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Bactericidal properties of quaternary ammonium compounds in dispersed systems.

Alkyltrimethylammonium bromides of selected chain length were synthesized and characterized with respect to their bactericidal properties. A partitioning method was developed, and the aqueous phases of the partitioned systems were evaluated for their antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. The relationships between the quaternary ammonium compound chain length and the aliphatic alcohol chain length were determined. The effect of selected hydrocarbons on the bactericidal effectiveness of the systems was studied. Cream systems corresponding to the partitioned systems were prepared and evaluated against S. aureus. The relationship between the aqueous phase concentration of the bactericidal agent was studied, and a correlation was shown between the bactericidal activity of the partitioned systems and cream systems.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Microsomal glucuronidation of a quaternary ammonium compound, 3-hydroxyphenyltrimethylammonium.

3-Hydroxyphenyltrimethylammonium (HPTMA) is glucuronidated in vitro by rat liver microsomes supplemented with UDP-glucuronic acid. Little reaction occurred in the postmicrosomal supernatant fraction. Triton X-100 doubled the maximal velocity for the microsomecatalyzed reaction without altering the apparent KM value for HPTMA. This is the first report of glucuronidation of a quaternary ammonium compound in vitro.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Determination of low cencentrations of the quaternary ammonium compound thiazinamium methylsulphate in plasma and urine.

A sensitive and selective method for the quantitative determination of the quaternary ammonium antiacetylcholine-compound thiazinamium methylsulphate (Multergan) in plasma and urine is described. The procedure is based on ion pair extraction of the compound with iodide as the counter ion. This is followed by gas chromatography using an alkali flame ionization detector. The detection limit is 2 ng ml-1 with a recovery of 88-0 +/- 6-2% from plasma, 91-4 +/- 4-6% from urine. The described method can also be applied to other quaternary ammonium compounds.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed1979

Haemodynamic effects of the quaternary ammonium compound QX 572 in anaesthetized cats. II. Studies on the mechanism for the cardiac chronotropic effects.

The antiarrhythmic compound, QX 572, has been shown to increase heart rate both in patients and experimental animals. In anaesthetized cats the positive cardiac chronotropic effects were mainly due to increased sympathetic activity. The present experiments were designed to localize the active sites within the sympathetic nerve system. It was found that QX 572 caused an increased heart rate in response to electrical stimulation of the cardiac sympathetic nerves, but this was not due to effects on the CNS, the sympathetic ganglia or the cardiac adrenergic beta-receptors. It is concluded that QX 572 by some action increased the amount of noradrenaline released from the cardiac sympathetic nerve endings. The mechanism for this effect has not been clarified.

Adrenalectomy↗
PubMed1979

[Metabolism of ammonium compounds by Azotobacter chroococcum (author's transl)].

A study on the metabolism of ammonium sulphate, amino acids, peptides, and nutrient broth by Azotobacter chroococcum is presented in this paper. Some of the amino acids studied lowered the pH of the medium while others alkalinized it. After prolonged incubation desamination could be observed. Peptides were hydrolyzed in some cases, although glycyl-glycyl-glycin was not degraded. A certain amount of growth could be observed with peptone as a sole source of carbon. Both nitrogen fixation and growth were stimulated by nutrient broth, but the medium was alkalinized when a higher concentration of nutrient broth was used, due to the production of ammonia.

Amines↗