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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1977

Evaluation of free-roaming mule deer as carriers of anaplasmosis in an area of Idaho where bovine anaplasmosis is enzootic.

Samples of blood from 87 Rocky Mountain mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus hemionus) were inoculated into 3 susceptible splenectomized calves to determine the anaplasmosis carrier status of the deer. The deer were trapped along the Idaho-Utah state boundary, near Stone, Id. Acute anaplasmosis was induced in 2 of the 3 inoculated calves, and blood from the 3 calves caused anaplasmosis when inoculated into adult non-splenectomized cattle. Serum rapid card agglutination testing revealed 13 (14.9%) positive reactions among the 87 mule deer. When these seropositive samples were evaluated with the complement-fixation test, positive reactions were not found and only 3 (3.5%) serums gave suspect reactions. A serologic survey for anaplasmosis in 1,852 cattle that cohabit spring and summer rangeland areas with mule deer revealed 14.5% reactors by the serum rapid card agglutination test. The study area consisted of an ecosystem that supports cattle, free-roaming mule deer, and Dermacentor andersoni, and thus contained the elements necessary to effect interspecies transmission of Anaplasma marginale. The significance of wildlife reservoirs and their bearing on anaplasmosis control and eradication programs needs further investigation.

Anaplasmosis↗
PubMed1992

Anaplasmosis in Uganda. I. Use of dried blood on filter papers and serum samples for serodiagnosis of anaplasmosis--a comparative study.

The suitability of blood collected on filter papers in comparison with corresponding conventional serum samples in the diagnosis of bovine anaplasmosis was studied using the complement fixation test, DOT-ELISA, Western immunoblot and rapid card agglutination test. Dried blood on Whatman filter paper no. 1 was eluted in PBS 0.05% Tween 20 giving an initial dilution of 1:10. The reactivity of the eluted samples in both DOT-ELISA and Western immunoblotting were similar to those obtained with the corresponding straight serum sample dilutions. Filter paper samples gave lower reactivity in the remaining tests when compared with corresponding serum samples. There was no significant difference in the reactivity between the eluates from filter papers stored at temperatures ranging between 15.5 and 24 degrees C and those kept refrigerated. Storage at 15.5 to 24 degrees C did not significantly affect reactivity for up to six months. Eluates from filter papers stored for six months at 15.5 to 24 degrees C continued to give similar reactivity as those from freshly prepared filter papers in both DOT-ELISA and Western blot, and in the rapid card agglutination test. It is concluded that collecting blood on filter papers is a suitable technique for large scale seroepidemiological studies on anaplasmosis and offers many advantages in developing countries where transport and cold chain facilities are a major constraint.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1991

Anaplasmosis in Uganda. II. Prevalence of bovine anaplasmosis in Uganda.

The prevalence of bovine anaplasmosis was studied in 320 Zebu cattle randomly selected from three regions of Uganda: (Central, Southwestern and Northwestern) using dot-ELISA, Western immunoblotting, rapid card agglutination test (RCAT), capillary tube agglutination test (CAT), complement fixation test (CFT), and parasitological techniques. Dried blood on Whatman filter paper No. 1 was eluted in PBS 0.05% Tween 20 prior to testing at an initial dilution of 1:25. The prevalences of parasitaemia were 25% in the central region, 28% in the southwestern region, and 35% in the northwestern region, and the serological prevalence was lowest in the central region and highest in the northwest. Overall, prevalence rates obtained by dot-ELISA (61.9%) and Western immunoblotting (62.5%) were 1.5 times those obtained by RCAT (41%) and three times those obtained by CAT (22.5%). The overall prevalence rates obtained by dot-ELISA and Western immunoblotting compared favourably with the CFT data. The present data utilizing dried blood on filter papers indicate that there is a high prevalence of anaplasmosis in those regions of Uganda surveyed, and confirm our observations and those of others that collecting blood on filter papers is a suitable technique for large scale screening and for seroepidemiological studies.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1992

Anaplasmosis in Uganda. I. Use of dried blood on filter paper and serum samples for serodiagnosis of anaplasmosis--a comparative study.

The suitability of blood collected on filter papers in comparison with corresponding conventional serum samples in the diagnosis of bovine anaplasmosis was studied using the Complement Fixation Test (CFT), DOT-ELISA, Western immunoblot and Rapid Card Agglutination Test (RCAT). Dried blood on Whatman filter paper no. 1 was eluted in 1.8 ml of PBS 0.05% Tween 20 given an initial dilution of 1:100. The reactivity in both DOT-ELISA and Western immunoblotting was similar to that obtained with the sera diluted 1:100. Filter paper samples gave lower reactivity in all the tests as compared with corresponding serum samples. There was no significant difference in the reactivity between the eluates from filter papers stored at room temperature and those stored at 4 degrees C. Storage at room temperature did not significantly affect reactivity for up to 6 months. Eluates from filter papers stored for 6 months at room temperature continued to give similar reactivity to those from freshly prepared filter papers in both DOT-ELISA and Western blot, and in the Rapid Card Agglutination Test. It is concluded that collecting blood on filter papers is a suitable technique for large-scale screening and for seroepidemiological studies on anaplasmosis, and offers many advantages especially in developing countries where transport and cold chain facilities are a major constraint.

Anaplasmosis↗
PubMed1992

Anaplasmosis in Uganda. II. Prevalence of bovine anaplasmosis.

The prevalence of bovine anaplasmosis was studied in 320 Zebu cattle randomly selected from three regions of Uganda (central, south-western and north-western) using DOT-ELISA, Western immunoblotting, Rapid Card Agglutination Test (RCAT), Capillary Tube Agglutination Test (CAT), Complement Fixation Test (CFT), and parasitological techniques. Dried blood on Whatman filter paper no. 1 was eluated in PBS 0.05% Tween 20 prior to testing at an initial dilution of 1:25. The incidence of parasitaemia ranged from 25% in the central region to 35% in the north-western region and the serological prevalence was lower in the central region and highest in the north-west. Prevalence rates assayed by DOT-ELISA and Western immunoblotting were 1.5-fold greater than those tested with RCAT and 3-fold greater than in CAT. The overall prevalence rates by DOT-ELISA and Western immunoblotting compared favourably with CFT data. The present data utilizing dried blood on filter papers indicate that there is a high prevalence of anaplasmosis in those regions of Uganda surveyed and it confirms our observations and those of others that collecting blood on filter papers is a suitable technique for large-scale screening and for seroepidemiological studies.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1989

The effect of management and ecological factors on the epidemiology of anaplasmosis in the Red River Plains and south-east areas of Louisiana.

The relationship between clinical anaplasmosis and other disease morbidity, nutritional supplementation, vaccinations, external and internal parasite control, tetracycline supplementation, reproductive management and use of veterinary services was assessed in 320 beef cow-calf herds in the Red River Plains and south-east areas of Louisiana. Data were collected both by mailed questionnaires and by interviews with owners who reported the presence or absence of clinical anaplasmosis. A relationship was found between other disease conditions and anaplasmosis, suggesting disease as a stressor in Anaplasmosis marginale carrier cattle. The herd location of A. marginale seropositive animals and clinical cases of anaplasmosis were related to areas of bottomland hardwood vegetation in which tabanid flies were abundant. This relationship with vegetation was tested by mapping the location of 209 beef and dairy herds which had been serologically tested for anaplasmosis and 256 cases of clinical anaplasmosis in 113 beef and dairy herds.

Anaplasmosis↗
PubMed2006

[Human anaplasmosis (ehrlichiosis)].

OBJECTIVE: The north part of Croatia, especially the Koprivnica-Krizevci County is a well known endemic area of several tick-transmitted diseases including tick-borne encephalitis, Lyme borreliosis and tularemia. Each summer numerous patients develop a nonspecific febrile illness after tick bite, etiology of which is sometimes never established. PURPOSE OF WORK: The aim of this prospective study was to determine whether the infection with Anaplasma phagocytophilum was associated with febrile illnesses occurring after tick bite. The epidemiological, clinical and laboratory characteristics, and diagnostic procedures in patients suffering from confirmed and probable anaplasmosis are presented. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A prospective study to assess the potential ehrlichial etiology of febrile illnesses after tick bite was conducted at the Department of Infectious Disease, General Hospital, Koprivnica, Croatia, during the period from January 1998 to August 2004. The study included patients of all age groups with acute febrile illness (temperature higher than 38 degrees C) manifesting within 30 days of a tick bite, in whom a recent infection with Anaplasma phagocytophilum was established serologically by seroconversion or at least 4-fold increase in antibody titer to anaplasma antigen (defined as confirmed cases of anaplasmosis), or by the presence of positive IFA titer > or = 1: 256 in acute and convalescent phase serum samples without demonstrating a 4-fold titer change (defined as probable cases of anaplasmosis), and with no alternative explanation for the acute febrile illness. Thorough medical histories were collected, physical examinations performed, and several laboratory tests carried out. Giemsa-stained peripheral blood smears were examined by high microscopy for the presence of ehrlichial morulae within leukocytes. Acute and convalescent phase serum samples were tested by use of an indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) for the presence of specific IgG antibodies to Anaplasma phagocytophilum antigen. At the same time all serum samples were tested for other tick borne agents including tick-borne encephalitis virus, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and Ehrlichia chaffeensis. Serological tests were performed at the Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia. Oral consent was obtained from all patients enrolled in the study. RESULTS: Of 132 patients included in the study during the 7-year period, eight (6%) patients were diagnosed with anaplasmosis, without any additional diagnosis, and were included in the analysis. Three patients fulfilled the case definition criteria for confirmed anaplasmosis, while five had probable anaplasmosis (three men and five women aged 17-43). Clinically, the disease presented as a nonspecific, flu-like febrile illness with leukopenia, thrombocytopenia and moderately elevated aminotransferases. Intracytoplasmic morulae were not seen in leukocytes in blood smears. Specific antimicrobial therapy was administered in four patients. All patients recovered rapidly and no long-term consequences were found during the one-year follow-up. CONCLUSION: We report on the first patients meeting the case definition criteria for confirmed and probable anaplasmosis. The frequency and new concepts in the disease were analyzed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Estimation of the potential demand for a bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis vaccine in Argentina.

A survey to estimate the potential demand for a bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis vaccine was carried out by a postal questionnaire sent to 4407 veterinarians in the north and centre of Argentina. Twenty-three percent of the questionnaires (1047) were answered; 317 (7.2% of the total, 30% of those answered) pointed out the occurrence of the diseases and/or probable demand for the vaccine. The minimum and maximum demands were 407,892 and 982,300 doses for anaplasmosis, and 272,496 and 631,400 doses for babesiosis, respectively. The results presented from here onwards are based on the minimum demand. Sixty-eight and 48% of the anaplasmosis and babesiosis vaccine demand, respectively, came from veterinarians living in the Boophilus microplus-free area, while the remainder came from the tick-infested area, reflecting the fact that many farm owners from the tick-infested area seek professional assistance from veterinarians living in the tick-free area. Most of the demand for both vaccines was aimed at breeding cattle (77.2%), 14.5% at dairy cattle and the rest at studs (8.3%). Veterinarians living in the tick-infested area demanded vaccine for breeding cattle in a higher proportion than veterinarians from the tick-free area, whose demand was greater for dairy cattle. In the tick-free area, the demand for anaplasmosis vaccine was twice that for babesiosis vaccine, whereas in the tick-infested area the demand was equal. This agrees with the fact that the anaplasmosis-stricken area extends beyond the tick-infested region. Sixty percent of the respondents preferred a vaccine frozen in liquid nitrogen, whilst the rest preferred a refrigerated one, the first group accounted for 73% of the total demand. Fifty-six percent of the demand occurred between March and June with the peak in April, which reflects the main weaning date. The elasticity of the demand is discussed in relation to the probable benefits to be accrued by the farmers who make use of it. The annual mortality rates due to both babesiosis and anaplasmosis were estimated at 1.5 and 3.5% in the milk herds of Salta and Tucumán, respectively. In the beef herds of these two provinces, the mortality rate due to both diseases has been estimated at 3.5%. Using these figures and current prices, the systematic application of the vaccine in calves would render a benefit-cost ratio between 4.6 and 9.0, which would warrant its use in the herds of the areas at risk, i.e. in enzootic instability.

Anaplasma↗
PubMed1979

Estimation of economic loss associated with anaplasmosis in California beef cattle.

On the basis of questionnaire surveys and personal interviews with veterinarians, ranchers, and livestock farm advisors, the seriousness of anaplasmosis in California was determined. In 1976, the economic loss due to anaplasmosis in the study sample of beef cattle was $2,203,150. When inferences were made from the sample population to include the whole population of beef cattle, this loss was estimated to be $5,244,319. These values were in contrast to a farm advisors' estimate of $11 million loss due to anaplasmosis, which was included in a total estimated loss of $300 million due to all livestock diseases of economic importance in California. It appeared that anaplasmosis, although having a substantial economic impact in California, is not as economically devastating as it was once thought to be. It was concluded that private programs currently in use (vaccination and treatment) are sufficient to control anaplasmosis.

Anaplasmosis↗
PubMed1984

Bovine anaplasmosis: in utero transmission and the immunologic significance of ingested colostral antibodies.

Neonate progeny from 3 Anaplasma-free (clean) and 5 Anaplasma-carrier cows were splenectomized and each was challenge exposed with 5 ml of carrier blood. Prepatent times were between 18 and 25 days in calves born of clean cows and between 21 and 36 days in progeny from carrier dams. The lowest packed cell volume values in the clean group occurred at 25 to 39 days after the challenge inoculation and at 29 to 47 days in the carrier group. Highest parasitemias in the clean-calves ranged between 13% and 51% in 25 to 35 days and between 35% to 64% in 38 to 43 days in the carrier calves. Seven splenectomized calves were inoculated with 60 ml of whole blood from progeny of known Anaplasma-free or Anaplasma-carrier cows. After 183 days, all but 1 calf remained free of anaplasmosis. A 1% parasitemia was first observed in that calf 12 days after inoculation with blood from a calf which showed signs of acute anaplasmosis at birth. The infected neonate's dam had recovered from acute anaplasmosis infection during the middle of the second trimester of the gestation. Although not statistically significant, colostral antibodies and/or other maternal factors did not seem to completely protect progeny, but lengthened the prepatent period and delayed anemia and the climax of parasitemia. Further, it was determined that it was possible for an animal affected with acute anaplasmosis before the 190th day of the gestation to transmit anaplasmosis in utero.

Anaplasmosis↗
PubMed2006

Anaplasmosis: focusing on host-vector-pathogen interactions for vaccine development.

Anaplasma marginale and A. phagocytophylum are intracellular rickettsiae that cause bovine anaplasmosis and human granulocytic anaplasmosis, respectively. The ultimate vaccine for the control of anaplasmosis would be one that reduces infection and transmission of the pathogen by ticks. Effective vaccines for control of anaplasmosis are not available despite attempts using different approaches, such as attenuated strains, infected erythrocyte and tick cell-derived purified antigens, and recombinant pathogen and tick-derived proteins. Three lines of functional analyses were conducted by our laboratory to characterize host-tick-Anaplasma interactions to discover potential vaccine candidate antigens to control tick infestations and the infection and transmission of Anaplasma spp.: (1) characterization of A. marginale adhesins involved in infection and transmission of the pathogen, (2) global expression analysis of genes differentially expressed in HL-60 human promyelocytic cells in response to infection with A. phagocytophilum, and (3) identification and characterization of tick-protective antigens by expression library immunization (ELI) and analysis of expressed sequence tags (EST) in a mouse model of tick infestations and by RNA interference in ticks. These experiments have resulted in the characterization of the A. marginale MSP1a as an adhesin for bovine erythrocytes and tick cells, providing support for its use as candidate vaccine antigen for the control of bovine . Microarray analysis of genes differentially expressed in human cells infected with A. phagocytophilum identified key molecules involved in pathogen infection and multiplication. The screening for tick-protective antigens resulted in vaccine candidates reducing tick infestation, molting, and oviposition and affecting Anaplasma infection levels in ticks.

Anaplasmosis↗
PubMed1992

Epidemiology of bovine anaplasmosis and babesiosis in Latin America and the Caribbean.

The various parameters which interact in the epizootiology of babesiosis and anaplasmosis and which it is necessary to obtain in a survey are analysed and the two diseases compared. Where no data are available from Latin America and the Caribbean, the references from Australia and the United States of America are discussed. The two principal objectives of a study on the epidemiology of babesiosis and anaplasmosis are: to determine the risk of occurrence to understand the relevant factors leading to outbreaks. The first objective is relatively simple to achieve for both diseases by calculating the animal inoculation rate (h) at a determined age and the critical value of h for enzootic stability. The second objective requires exhaustive and complex studies. For babesiosis epidemiology, studies of the tick infection rate, cattle infestation rate, genetic composition of cattle, acaricides, stocking rate, climatic data and other factors are necessary. Anaplasmosis epidemiology cannot be satisfactorily explained by considering it purely as a tick-borne disease. Difficulties to be overcome include the great diversity of haematophagous Diptera in Latin America, and the scarcity of data on the capacity of these insects as anaplasmosis vectors and their feed preferences on cattle.

Anaplasma↗
PubMed1975

Absence of Anaplasma marginale infection in American Bison raised in an anaplasmosis endemic area.

Blood was collected at slaughter from 132 adult American bison (Bison bison) raised in an anaplasmosis endemic area where the vector Dermacentor andersoni (equals venustus) is indigenous. Hematologic studies revealed no indication of clinical anaplasmosis. Card agglutination and complement-fixation tests on all bison serums were negative. Eleven anaplasmosis-susceptible calves each inoculated with 204 ml of blood pooled from 12 bison did not develop anaplasmosis. Results of this study indicate American bison have resistance to natural A. marginale infection.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1985

Bovine anaplasmosis: transplacental transmission as it relates to stage of gestation.

Six mature, pregnant, anaplasmosis-susceptible and 3 anaplasmosis-carrier beef cows were used in Anaplasma in utero transmission studies. Susceptible cows were randomly allotted into 3 groups of 2 cows each and were inoculated with a Virginia A marginale stabilate. Each group was Anaplasma-exposed once during 1 of the 3 trimesters of pregnancy. Blood samples were obtained from each fetus at various stages of development for evaluation and for subinoculation into splenectomized calves once during gestation. Precolostral blood from neonates was also subinoculated into individual susceptible calves. Two of the 9 splenectomized calves given fetal blood inoculations developed acute anaplasmosis. The dam of 1 fetus with infective blood was Anaplasma-exposed during the 2nd trimester of pregnancy, and the dam of the second fetus was exposed during her 3rd trimester. Infective fetal blood was obtained during the same trimester of gestation in which the dams were inoculated. Calves given neonatal precolostral blood did not develop anaplasmosis.

Anaplasma↗