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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1999

[100th anniversary of the birth of Professor Dr. Dr.h.c. Hugo Grau (15 April 1899-27 June 1984). Co-founder of the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists and the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists].

On occasion of the centenary of Professor Hugo Grau's birth, in the first part of this memorandum his successful life and work, and in the second part his forsighted contribution to the foundation of above-mentioned international associations of veterinary anatomists will be honoured.

Anatomy↗
PubMed1992

[Microscopic anatomy from the viewpoint of the macroscopic anatomist: the Vienna anatomist Joseph Hyrtl and his microscopic injection specimen].

Mainly due to an intellectual opposition to microscopy the promising early investigations in this field had come to an untimely end resulting in a neglect of the microscope during the 18th century. In this situation micro-injected specimens were to become an important link on the way to the microscopical science of histology establishing in the first half of the 19th century. Starting without optical instrumentation on the solid grounds of visual experience injected vessels and ducts provided a pathway from well known macroscopical into unknown microscopical dimensions. Without changing their level of perception anatomists could look through a microscope with macroscopist's eyes. Under this aspect Joseph Hyrtl's specimens are not part of a systematic microscopic anatomy or histology but technically demanding preparations to study body morphology and function by comparative anatomy.

Anatomy↗
PubMed2006

Attitudes of professional anatomists to curricular change.

Throughout the world, recent developments in medical curricula have led to marked changes in the teaching of gross anatomy. This change has involved decreasing curricular student contact time and the use of new methods for anatomical teaching. Some "modern" anatomists have welcomed the arrival of these novel methods while other, more "traditional," anatomists have fought to maintain the use of cadaveric dissection. Consequently, controversy over teaching methods has developed to the point that "modernist" and "traditionalist" views within the community of professional anatomists seem to have diverged such that the importance of gross anatomy in the medical curriculum is disputed and that cadaveric dissection by students is no longer the preferred method of teaching. This study tests this hypothesis using Thurstone and Chave attitude analyses to assess attitudes to educational change and the importance of anatomy in medicine and a matrix questionnaire that required professional anatomists to relate course aims to different teaching methods. In total, 112 completed questionnaires were received from anatomists who are employed at higher education institutions that use various teaching methods and who span the academic hierarchy. The results suggest that over 90% of anatomists favor educational change and approximately 98% of professional anatomists believe that gross anatomy has an important role to play in clinical medicine. A clear majority of the anatomists (69%) favored the use of human cadaveric dissection over other teaching methods (this method seeming to achieve a range of different course aims/objectives) (P < 0.001; Kruskal-Wallis). Using Kruskal-Wallis statistical tests, the order-of-preference for teaching methods was found to be as follows: 1. Practical lessons using cadaveric dissection by students. 2. Practical lessons using prosection. 3. Tuition based upon living and radiological anatomy. 4. Electronic tuition using computer aided learning (CAL). 5. Didactic teaching alone (e.g. lectures/class room-based tuition). 6. Use of models. The preference for the use of human cadaveric dissection was evident in all groups of anatomists, whether "traditionalist" or "modernist" (P = 0.002, Chi-squared). These findings are therefore not consistent with our initial hypothesis.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Anatomy meets architecture: designing new laboratories for new anatomists.

General notions of architecture are familiar to anatomists, and they frequently use the word in describing the functional structures of cells, tissues, and whole organisms. Beyond concepts relating to orderly structure, anatomists infrequently encounter the profession of architecture and practicing architects. Significantly, anatomists can work with architects in the design and building of laboratories and classrooms, efforts that can have sustained effects on the practice of anatomy. In this paper, we consider cooperative interactions between anatomists and architects in designing new laboratories that accommodate educational innovations and increasingly valuable dissection resources. We begin by introducing architecture and architects in their roles in design and building. We next consider essential features and technologies for new laboratories that support a combination of classical dissection, prosection, models, and computer-based information. Different working conditions are reviewed for designing renovations of existing facilities, long-term planning for new, same-institution buildings, and extramural planning and construction for new medical schools. Whatever the project, anatomists work with architects in repeated interactive planning meetings that arrive at working laboratory designs by a process similar to successive approximation. In consulting on designs for extramural institutions, anatomists must balance client administration and faculty needs with objective oversight of practice-side design features, constraints, and capacity for innovative uses with new curricula. Architects are the key agents in producing laboratories designed for flexible and innovative anatomical education, although client-favored models for Internet-based technology can limit future use of cadavers in multiyear teaching of medical and health sciences students.

Anatomy↗
PubMed2004

Attitudes of Turkish anatomists toward cadaver donation.

There is an insufficient number of cadavers in anatomy education in Turkey. This is because of decreased number of unclaimed bodies and very few cadaver donations. Increasing the number of cadaver donation is one of the probable solutions. Although anatomists encourage people to donate bodies, the attitudes of anatomists toward donating their own bodies for dissection is not well known. In this study, the attitudes of Turkish anatomists toward cadaver donation were evaluated. The questionnaires were sent to the anatomists in Turkey by mail and E-mail. Eighty-three anatomists replied to the questionnaire. The main solutions proposed for cadaver insufficiency included increasing the supply of unclaimed bodies (77.1%) and increasing body donation (78.3%). Further, 51.8% of the respondents thought that increasing body donation was a long-term solution. The general belief (83.1%) was that a campaign would help to increase body donation and 47% of respondents were willing to participate in such a campaign. Of the 83 anatomists, 20.5% of the respondents donated their organs and 49.4% were planning to donate them. Further, 15.7% were planning to donate their bodies; however, 63.9% did not consider donating. The main reasons of the respondents to object the donation were: to be dissected by a colleague (15.7%), the unacceptability of donation by family (26.5%), psychological reasons (43.4%), the anxiety of disrespectful behavior to cadavers (26.5%), and religious beliefs (3.6%). Although the majority of the respondents objected to donating their bodies due to psychological reasons, body donation was proposed as the main solution of cadaver insufficiency.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Ethics, transplantation, and the changing role of anatomists.

Anatomists are regarded as custodians of cadaveric material donated to science. Almost every facet of medical science has experienced explosive advances. This has impacted directly on anatomists and their role. Increasingly, anatomists are raising concerns with regard to the treatment of human tissue (Jones,2002, Clin. Anat. 15:436-440). The Korperwelten (Bodyworlds) of Gunther von Hagens et al. (1987, Anat. Embryol. 175:411-421) has evoked considerable debate about the treatment of human cadavers. Thus far clinical anatomists have had little role to play in policy formulation, legislation, and ethical imperatives as applied to cadaveric donation for organ transplantation. Anatomists play an even more negligible role in the raging ethical controversy around live related/unrelated organ transplantation. Due to the critical international shortage of cadaveric donors, boundaries are being pushed to meet the needs of potential recipients (Ohler,2001, Prog. Transplant. 11:160-161). Constant reappraisal of these ethical and moral issues is therefore appropriate. Issues that relate to cultural and economic imperialism and pronouncements of international transplant societies may also require re-evaluation. The legislature governing the donation of human tissue in various countries is usually governed by a Human Tissue Act or its equivalent. In general, such acts are congruent with the Human Tissue Act (South Africa: Government Gazette 9, November 2001; No. 22824) that states "It is an offense to charge a fee in relation to the donation of human organs." In many countries, however, various lay press report that "the sale of body parts is now coming of age." Terms such as "rewarded gifting" and "donors" being transformed into "vendors" are opening a Pandora's Box (Nelson et al.,1993, "Financial incentives for organ donation: a report on the UNOS ethics committee payment subcommittee"). Cameron and Hoffenberg (1999, Kidney Int. 55:724-732) feel strongly that arguments in favour of the sale of organs are sufficiently cogent to warrant further discussion. Equally disturbing is the use of executed prisoners as organ donors. In the developing world there are additional socio-economic, indigenous and cultural, religious, and ethical issues to consider. In addition, strategies that are ethically sound and morally acceptable to expand the pool of living donors must keep pace with recent advances in medicine. A paradigm shift is required for anatomists to contribute to the international ethical debate, not only as custodians of the dead but also as protectors of the living. Their voices should be heard in transplantation and other forums, and contribute to the ethical debate as well as relevant evolving legislature.

Anatomy↗
PubMed2004

Dissection from the Spanish anatomist's perspective: aims, attitudes, and related aspects.

We present the results of a study conducted on participants of the 21st Congress of the Spanish Society of Anatomy, in which anatomists were asked their opinions about a range of issues related to anatomical dissection: its relative roles as the exclusive source of anatomy teaching, as a source for medical research, or to assist the future professional to acquire emotional control; the attitudes and behaviors they expect the student to have in the dissecting room; whether the student-cadaver relationship can convey knowledge and attitudes affecting the future doctor-patient relationship; and the anatomists' attitudes toward donation. Anatomists considered dissection to be mainly an instrument for professional training and to help develop professional skills. They gave little importance to the role it could play in helping students to control their emotions. However, this aspect was considered to be more important by anatomists who also valued a close doctor-patient relationship. On the other hand, a majority of anatomists felt that the student's attitude and behavior during dissection could be to some extent reflected in future relationships with patients. However, they did not feel that dissection-related attitudes would distinguish between future good or bad doctors. Finally, anatomy teachers are generally in favor of donation (86.5%), especially of organs alone (52.7%), and this aspect was not affected by their religious beliefs.

Anatomy↗
PubMed2001

[Hannover and Ibsen: two Danish anatomists in the middle of the 19th century. Were they enemies?].

Adolph Hannover (1814-94), Danish anatomist and pathologist, introduced the microscopy to the medical research in Denmark. He published several papers on anatomy and pathology, among others Om Mikroskopets Bygning og dets Brug (1847) which was translated to several European languages, among others to English On the structure of the microscope and its use. As a jew he never succeeded in obtaining a post at the University of Copenhagen, Ib Pedersen Ibsen (1801-62) was educated at the Academia Chirurgorium Regia, the college of surgeons in Copenhagen, and he never became a scholarly anatomist, writing one paper only, published after his death. He was a competent anatomist and an appreciated teacher. The two anatomists competed for a post as lecturer in anatomy at the University of Copenhagen. Ibsen obtained the job after a public competition. The Museum of Medical History in Copenhagen is in possession of Ibsen's own copy of Hannover's dissertation on the cartilage, the muscles and the nerves of the external ear. In this copy Ibsen by hand has written some critical and unkind remarks against Hannover. Was this a sign of hostility? We conclude that they hardly were friends, but that the language between colleagues at the university could be rather harsh at that time.

Anatomy↗
PubMed1986

Brain cancer and other causes of death in anatomists.

Anatomists are exposed to a wide range of solvents, stains, and preservatives used to prepare biologic specimens. One fixative, formaldehyde, has recently been shown to cause nasal cancer in laboratory rodents. A retrospective cohort study was conducted to assess whether anatomists have an increased risk of mortality from cancer, particularly from cancers of the respiratory tract. The cohort included 2,317 men who joined the American Association of Anatomists between 1888 and 1969 and who were living in the United States when they joined this association. Standardized mortality ratios were 0.3 for lung cancer [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.1-0.5], 1.5 for leukemia (95% CI = 0.7-2.7), and 2.7 for brain cancer (95% CI = 1.3-5.0) when mortality rates for U.S. white males, available for 1925-79, were used as the referent. When rates for male members of the American Psychiatric Association, available for 1900-69, were used as the referent, standardized mortality ratios were 0.5 for lung cancer (95% CI = 0.2-1.1) and 6.0 for brain cancer (95% CI = 2.3-15.6). Each of the 10 anatomists who died of brain cancer between 1925 and 1979 had a neuroglial cell tumor (either astrocytoma or glioblastoma). The increased risk for leukemia was limited to the myeloid cell type. An etiologic agent associated with these increased risks was not identified.

Anatomy↗
PubMed1999

Spilling the beans on java 3D: a tool for the virtual anatomist.

The computing world has just provided the anatomist with another tool: Java 3D, within the Java 2 platform. On December 9, 1998, Sun Microsystems released Java 2. Java 3D classes are now included in the jar (Java Archive) archives of the extensions directory of Java 2. Java 3D is also a part of the Java Media Suite of APIs (Application Programming Interfaces). But what is Java? How does Java 3D work? How do you view Java 3D objects? A brief introduction to the concepts of Java and object-oriented programming is provided. Also, there is a short description of the tools of Java 3D and of the Java 3D viewer. Thus, the virtual anatomist has another set of computer tools to use for modeling various aspects of anatomy, such as embryological development. Also, the virtual anatomist will be able to assist the surgeon with virtual surgery using the tools found in Java 3D. Java 3D will be able to fulfill gaps, such as the lack of platform independence, interactivity, and manipulability of 3D images, currently existing in many anatomical computer-aided learning programs.

Anatomy↗
PubMed1999

Design features of on-line anatomy information resources: a comparison with the Digital Anatomist.

In order to update the design of the next generation of the Digital Anatomist, we have surveyed teaching assistants who have used the Digital Anatomist for learning and teaching anatomy as medical students, and have also examined available anatomy web sites with sufficient content to support learning. The majority of web sites function in an atlas mode and provide for the identification of structures. These atlases incorporate a variety of features for interactivity with 2D images, some of which are not available in the Digital Anatomist. The surveys suggest that the greatest need is for on-line access to comprehensive and detailed anatomical information and for the development of knowledge-based methods that allow the direct manipulation of segmented 3D graphical models by the user. The requirement for such interactivity is a comprehensive symbolic model of the physical organization of the body that can support inference.

Anatomy↗
PubMed1992

[Dr. Choi Myung-Hak, the first modern Korean anatomist].

Though it is known that the concept of anatomy was introduced in the age of Three Kingdoms, anatomy in modern sense meaning was introduced in late Chosun Dynasty by western missionary doctors. From that time on the lecture of anatomy was not given by anatomists until early 1910s. The first Korean anatomist of medical school graduates was Choi Myung Hak, graduated from Severance Union Medical College (SUMC) in 1926. He was born in 1898 at Ham Heung (Ham Gyung Nam Do Province), and entered SUMC in 1922 and graduated in 1926. He was in charge of anatomy for two years after graduation, and then he went to Kyoto Imperial University Medical College (KIUMC) and reserched under the direction of Dr. Ogawa in the field of experimental embryology and histology. He returned to Korea in 1930 and then became a lecturer in January 1931. His Doctorial thesis was recepted by KIUMC on April 18th 1932. So he became the first Korean Doctor of anatomy. He promoted to professor in February 1922. His publications can be seen in Folia anatomica Japonica. In 1934 he became a councillor of the Japanese Association of Anatomist. He resigned SUMC because of some kind of problem of the school. From that time on Chung, Il-Chun who was appointed as a lecturer in 1934 was in charge of department of anatomy.

Anatomy↗