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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

His and hers: male and female anatomy in anatomy texts for U.S. medical students, 1890-1989.

Much recent work on gender has emphasized how ideas of male and female differences underlie cultural assumptions about appropriate social relations, behavior, institutions and knowledge. This study focuses on the specific ways that anatomy texts for medical students in the United States have presented male and female anatomy between 1890 and 1989, using both numerical data and analysis of textual examples from 31 texts. Despite public debates about gender representation, anatomy texts have generally remained consistent in how 'the' human body has been depicted in this century. In illustrations, vocabulary and syntax, these texts primarily depict male anatomy as the norm or standard against which female structures are compared. Modern texts thus continue long-standing historical conventions in which male anatomy provides the basic model for 'the' human body.

Anatomy↗
PubMed1977

Stereoscopic anatomy: evaluation of a new teaching system in human gross anatomy.

Traditionally, human gross anatomy teaching has revolved around anatomical dissection. Unfortunately, during the last decade a number of medical schools have experienced a decrease in the number of hours allotted to gross anatomy instruction compounded by a shortage of anatomical donors. This, in turn, has served to increase the difficulties of providing students with truly effective anatomical instruction. To help overcome this problem, a stereoscopic slide-based auto-instructional program has been developed as a substitute for dissection. Evaluation data suggest that this program, while having minor limitations in terms of anatomical orientation, does provide a viable alternative to dissection.

Anatomy↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A new concept of the anatomy of the anal sphincter mechanism and the physiology of defecation. VIII. Levator hiatus and tunnel: anatomy and function.

The anatomy of the levator hiatus and tunnel has been studied, aiming at the elucidation of their functional role in mechanisms of defecation, urination, and continence. The material comprised 25 cadavers studied by dissection and serial histologic sections. The levator hiatus occupies the anterior portion of the levator plate which consists of two "crura," that bound the hiatus, and two "lateral masses." Three crural patterns could be identified: classic, crural overlap and crural scissor. The levator tunnel is a muscular tube which surrounds the intrahiatal organs along their way down from the levator hiatius to the perineum. It is double sheathed, with an inner coat of the suspensory sling and an outer of the puborectalis. Both coats are of striped muscle bundles. The inner coat is a tunnel "dilator," whereas the outer is a tunnel "constrictor." The puborectalis not only acts as a "common tunnel" sphincter but provides an "individual" sphincter for each intrahiatal organ. A detailed study of the hiatal ligament which firmly binds the levator plate to the intrahiatal organs is presented. A "tunnel septum" could be identified to line the levator tunnel, and separate it from the intrahiatal organs. Its surgical significance as a landmark for mobilizing the intrahiatal organs from within the tunnel is stressed. The levator plate consists of two functionally separate zones: a lateral "visceral support" zone and medial "dilator" one. The double sphincteric control provided to each intrahiatal organ by the "individual" and "common" sphincters would suggest that unless both sphincters are destroyed, continence could be maintained by either. The role of the "levator complex" which comprises levator crura, tunnel and hiatal ligament in fixation of intrahiatal structures, as well as in mechanisms of defecation, urination, and continence, is discussed. The understanding of the anatomic details of the levator hiatus and tunnel could be of value in mobilizing the intrahiatal structures from within the levator tunnel with preservation of their voluntary sphincteric mechanism.

Defecation↗
PubMed1975

New concept of the anatomy of the anal sphincter mechanism and the physiology of defecation. II. Anatomy of the levator ani muscle with special reference to puborectalis.

A study of the surgical anatomy of the levator ani muscles, with special stress on the puborectalis, was performed on 22 cadaveric specimens. The study comprised dissection and microscopic examination. The levator ani was found to consist of two portions only: pubococcygeus and iliococcygeus, the puborectalis being a part of the external anal sphincter. Both levatores decussate at the anococcygeal raphe, which represents a "decussation line" and not a site of insertion for the muscle fibers. A "digastric" pattern of the levator is demonstrated, which is responsible for the harmonic nature of the function of the muscle bundles on each side of the pelvis. The levator hiatus was found to be formed of the medial borders of the pubococcygeus, , and not the puborectalis. A "hiatal ligament" was identified, stretched between the edges of the levator hiatus and the intrahiatal viscera. The role of the pubococcygeus in anal fixation is discussed, and a new concept that the puborectalis does not belong to the levator ani but constitutes na integral portion of the external and sphincter. The puborectalis and the deep external anal sphincter were found to be fused together and identical from the morphologic, histologic, and functional points of view as well as with respect to innervation. Both form a single U-shaped loop which is given the name "top loop."

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

[The neuro-radiological anatomy of the normal and abnormal rat brain. I. Radiological techniques for normal anatomy (author's transl)].

In vivo and post mortem techniques for the radiological examination of normal brains have been developed, using 66 white adult rats. Aortic arch injections for survey angiograms (10 animals), selective catheterisation of the internal carotid artery (16 animals) and ventriculography by percutaneous needle puncture (20 animals) were performed in vivo; the animals survived and the examinations could be repeated. The techniques proved useful and accurate methods for the radiological demonstration of the topography and morphology of cerebral vessels and chambers; they also provided information on the function of the cerebral circulation and C.S.F. dynamics. The findings were checked and correlated by post mortem studies (20 animals) using contact radiography, micro-angiography and casts of the ventricles. As a result, extensive topographic and anatomic information concerning the cerebral vessels in the rat was obtained, including some microscopic-radiological findings. The combined use of these methods provided a basis for studying the growth of experimentally induced brain tumours and the effect of various types of treatment.

Angiography↗
PubMed1976

A new concept of the anatomy of the anal sphincter mechanism and the physiology of defecation. III. The longitudinal anal muscle: anatomy and role in anal sphincter mechanism.

A study of the longitudinal anal muscle was performed in 16 cadaveric specimens. The study comprised dissection and microscopic examination. The bundles of the longitudinal were found arranged in three layers: medial, intermediate, and lateral; each has a different origin and is separated from the other by a fascial septum. Four fascial septa related to the longitudinal muscle could be identified. They split and decussate below the lower end of the longitudinal muscle to form the "central tendon." The central tendon lies between the base loop of the external anal sphincter and the longitudinal muscle. It gives rise to multiple small fibrous septa in different directions; those which penetrate the base loop split and decussate to form the corrugator ani cutis. A mechanism of action of the corrugator is presented. The role of the longitudinal muscle in the anal sphincter mechanism and during defecation is discussed. The muscle plays its major role during defecation. The part played by the muscle in anal fixation is considered. It helps to fix the anal canal to the side wall of the pelvis during defecation, thus preventing anal prolapse.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

A new concept of the anatomy of the anal sphincter mechanism and the physiology of defecation. IV. Anatomy of the perianal spaces.

A study of the perianal spaces was performed in 22 cadaveric specimens using dissection and microscopic examination. Six spaces could be recognized: subcutaneous, central, intersphincteric, ischiorectal, pelvirectal, and submucous. A mention of the central and intersphincteric spaces could not be traced in the literature. The anatomic relations and communications of the perianal spaces are discussed. The central space occupies the area between the longitudinal muscle termination and the base loop of the external anal sphincter. It is the headquarters of all of the perianal spaces as it communicates with all of them. The intersphincteric spaces lie along the longitudinal anal muscle. They constitute the main tracks for extension of pus along the anal canal. The ischiorectal space communicates directly with main tracks for extension of pus along the anal canal. The ischiorectal space communicates directly with the subcutaneous space without the intervention of a septum. The pelvirectal space communicates with the perianal skin through the intersphincteric spaces. The author failed to demonstrate the musculus submucous space; in its place a collagenous internal anal septum could be identified. Furthermore, no trace for the suspensory ligament of Parks was detected; the lower anal lining was found to be pulled by the medial central septum derived from the central tendon.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Neurochemical anatomy of the neuroendocrine hypothalamus. Neurochemical anatomy of the hypothalamus.

Microdissection techniques for isolated removal of the various regions of the hypothalamus as well as the individual hypothalamic nuclei are detailed. Recent development of biochemical microassays have made it possible that the concentrations of neurohormones, neuropeptides, neurotransmitters and their related enzymes could be detected in such a small volume of brain tissue than the hypothalamic nuclei. Data available of the hypothalamic distribution of above substances are summarized. The possible role and origin of intra- and extrahypothalamic neurohormones as well as the existence of the so-called "hypophysiotrophic area" are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Effects of steal-prone anatomy on intraoperative myocardial ischemia. The SPI Research Group.

OBJECTIVES: Our study objective was to determine whether the presence of steal-prone anatomy conferred an increased risk in the development of intraoperative myocardial ischemia. BACKGROUND: Coronary artery steal of collateral blood flow has been demonstrated for many vasodilators, including isoflurane, the most commonly used inhalational anesthetic agent in the United States. It has been postulated that patients with steal-prone anatomy (total occlusion of one coronary artery that is supplied distally by collateral flow from another coronary artery with a > or = 50% stenosis) may be particularly at risk for the development of intraoperative myocardial ischemia when an anesthetic with a vasodilator property is being administered. METHODS: We evaluated the risk of myocardial ischemia under isoflurane anesthesia (vs. a high dose narcotic technique using sufentanil) using continuous intraoperative electrocardiography and transesophageal echocardiography in patients with and without steal-prone anatomy undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery. RESULTS: Sixty-two (33%) of the 186 patients had steal-prone anatomy: in 5 (8%) the collateral-supplying vessel was > or = 50% to 69% stenosed, in 24 (39%) it was > or = 70% to 89% stenosed and in 33 (53%) it was > or = 90% stenosed. The incidence of ischemia (transesophageal echocardiography or intraoperative electrocardiography, or both) was similar in patients with and without steal-prone coronary anatomy (18 [29%] of 62 patients vs. 39 [31%] of 124 patients, p = 0.87, 95% confidence interval = -0.13 to 0.17). The incidence of intraoperative ischemia was similar in patients who received isoflurane or sufentanil anesthesia (20 [32%] of 62 patients vs. 37 [30%] of 124 patients, p = 0.87). The incidence of tachycardia and hypotension was low (increases in heart rate = 9.8%, and decreases in systolic blood pressure = 10.8% of total monitoring time during the prebypass period compared with preoperative baseline values). The incidence of adverse cardiac outcome was similar in patients with and without preoperative steal-prone coronary anatomy (4 [7%] of 62 patients vs. 14 [11%] of 124 patients, p = 0.53). CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate that under strict hemodynamic control the presence of steal-prone anatomy does not confer an increased risk in the development of intraoperative myocardial ischemia.

Adult↗