[Very premature infants and medical relentlessness: the Anglican Church does not say no anymore].
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Humans↗
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[Analysis of services of medical missionaries during the late Yi-Dynasty and the era of the Japanese occupation of Korea].
Authors investigated the services of medical missionaries during the late Yi-Dynasty and the era of the Japanese Occupation in Korea. The information and materials were got from the following primary sources: The Searching Report on the European and American Residents in Korea (1907-1942); The Korean Mission Field, Vol 1 (1905.11)-Vol 37 (1941.11); Christian Newspapers, No 1 (1915.2)-No 1128 (1937.7). Through this study we found that 280 medical missionaries came to Korea to do the medical services during the period from 1884 to 1941. Among them were 133 medical doctors, 5 dentists, 6 pharmacists and 136 nurses. And it was found that 71 medical missionaries (25%) belonged to US Northern Presbyterian Church, 50 (18%) to US Northern Methodist Church, 38 (14%) to US Southern Presbyterian Church, each 32 (11%) to US Southern Methodist Church and Society for the Proppagation of the Gospel (Anglican Church), 20 (7%) to Canadian Presbyterian Church, each 12 (4%) to Australian Presbyterian Church and Catholic Church, 9 (3%) to Seventh Day Adventist Church, and 31 Western medical personnels without connection to any missionary society. ...
Christianity↗
"Physician heal thyself": drink, temperance and the medical question in the Victorian and Edwardian Church of England, 1830-1914.
This paper examines the connection between medical research and temperance from the point of view of the Anglican temperance movement in three periods: (1) 1830-55, when Anglican clergymen resisted teetotalism in favour of moderation, in keeping with accepted medical opinion; (2) 1855-73, when a minority of Anglican teetotal clergymen attempted unsuccessfully to convert the Anglican Church to teetotalism and prohibition, as the medical profession in theory, but not always in practice, discouraged excessive therapeutic reliance on alcohol; and (3) 1873-1914, when the prestigious Church of England Temperance Society, with a dual basis, promoted teetotalism among the majority but affirmed the legitimacy of moderate drinking among the British medical and social elite.
Alcohol Drinking↗
Sydney Anglicans and homosexuality.
The city of Sydney in Australia has one of the largest gay and lesbian communities in the English-speaking world, while the Anglican Church in Sydney is proud of its reputation as a strong-hold and guardian of conservative evangelicalism. Since the early 1970s the Anglican diocese, in its official statements and pastoral policies, has been strongly opposed to homosexuality and the organized gay movement. In 1973 a report on homosexuality by its Ethics and Social Questions Committee was unusual at the time because it recommended the continuance of legal sanctions against male homosexual behavior. There have been many confrontations between Anglican institutions and Sydney's increasingly confident gay community. This paper examines these tensions, the reasons for the stance of the diocese, and the responses of gay Christian groups such as Cross+Section and AngGays.
Christianity↗
Dental caries in nineteenth century upper Canada.
This study examines the presence of dental caries in a large sample of adult skeletons from the 19th century cemetery of St. Thomas' Anglican Church in Belleville, Ontario. The cemetery was used from 1821 to 1874. Caries prevalence and frequencies of diseased and missing teeth were calculated both by observing summary statistics of individual rates and by the total sample of teeth. Postmortem tooth loss is low in this sample and antemortem tooth loss is highest in first mandibular molars, all other molars and then premolars. Age at death, but not sex, was found to be significantly related to the overall Caries Rate while both age and sex were significantly associated with the Diseased-Missing Index. The increase in diseased and missing teeth in older individuals is expected while the sex difference is not explained by simple dietary factors. When compared to reports on British and American samples, caries and antemortem tooth loss in the St. Thomas' sample is most similar to a pre-1850 British group and higher than American samples. Although there is undoubtedly a complex of factors contributing to caries prevalence in this sample, more data are required from large historic samples, particularly from the American northeast and late 19th century Britain, to have a clearer understanding of the influence of diet, cultural, and environmental factors affecting caries rates in historic populations.
Adult↗
Enamel hypoplasia in a Canadian historic sample.
Analyses of historical skeletal samples provide useful comparisons of the prevalence of skeletal indicators of stress to documentary information on health, diet, and socioeconomic status. A sample of the permanent dentitions of 253 adults from the St. Thomas' Anglican Church 19th-century skeletal sample in Belleville, Ontario, was examined macroscopically for the prevalence of enamel defects on the six anterior maxillary and mandibular teeth. The maximum frequency of hypoplasias on the left mandibular canine is 36.1%. The prevalence of enamel defects is low to moderate compared to almost all other reported frequencies in historical samples, which is consistent with historical descriptions of this developing community of middle to high socioeconomic status Canadians. Hypoplasias are significantly more frequent in males but there are no significant differences in the mean age at death between individuals with hypoplasia and those without. Calculations of the peak ages of occurrence of hypoplasias fall within the commonly observed 2-4-year range. This is not consistent with separate studies, demographic, isotopic and historical, of the introduction of complementary foods to 19th-century Belleville infants and of the weaning process. These results do not support the view that peak ages of occurrence of hypoplastic defects are associated with the cessation of breast-feeding or the weaning process in general. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 11:513-524, 1999. Copyright 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Journal Article↗
Keeping and sharing: confidentiality in ministry.
What ethical norms regarding confidentiality are applied by ministers in their professional practice? In this essay conventional ethical assumptions about confidentiality in ministry, taken from the work of Gaylord Noyce, are compared with the experiences, attitudes, and expectations of ordered and lay members of the Anglican Church of Canada and the United Church of Canada in two Canadian regions. The similarities and differences are then compared and contrasted with more contemporary theories. The study concludes that most people in the two denominations studied borrowed their ethical norms from the counseling context. Most subjects thought of confidentiality in terms of the beneficial therapeutic effects of keeping the secrets but they also articulated alternative theological grounds for maintaining confidences. Different expectations about how information is to be handled also reveal deeper theological and ecclesiological conflicts over the appropriateness of debriefing with members of the congregation. Differences between rural and urban congregations were revealed in the example of public prayer as an occasion for the breaking of a confidence.
Canada↗
Oscar Wilde and the scarlet woman.
In the late nineteenth century, England was embroiled in a political debate over the importation of Roman Catholic rituals into the Anglican Church, not to mention the re-establishment of the Roman Church itself in Great Britain. Victorian anti-Catholic rhetoric draws upon the figure of the Whore of Babylon to depict the Roman Catholic Church as the Scarlet Woman, a femme fatale who perverts Christianity and seduces Englishmen with elaborate rituals and lascivious whisperings in the confessional. In writing Salomé, Oscar Wilde played ironically on the hysterical eroticism of the No Popery movement by mining the paradox of biblical sensuality. He invested his play with a biblical wealth of archaic metaphors and gestures that took their cues from The Song of Songs and The Book of Revelation. He became the ecclesiastical dandy that evangelicals feared most, a poet enamored of the Scarlet Woman, a would-be convert who exposed the scandal of Christianity as art.
Bible↗
Personality and attitude toward Christianity among churchgoers: a replication.
A sample of 158 churchgoers attending eight Anglican churches in the United Kingdom completed the abbreviated Revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire together with the Francis Scale of Attitude toward Christianity to replicate a 1996 study by Carter, Kay, and Francis. Data confirm that scores on Attitude toward Christianity were significantly negatively related to Psychoticism, but to neither Extraversion nor Neuroticism scores.
Adult↗
Carols in the wind.
AIM: To compare mood and emotional responses to music played on pipe organs and pipeless (digital) organs. DESIGN: A two-organ (pipe v. digital) crossover study. SETTING: St Theodore's Anglican Church, Adelaide. SUBJECTS: 43 non-musician volunteers. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Changes in mood and emotions measured by the Profile of Mood States. RESULTS: Both instruments produced significant reductions in the emotions commonly experienced during the Christmas season: tension-anxiety, depression-rejection, anger-hostility and fatigue. There were no significant changes for vigour or confusion-bewilderment, and no significant differences between the mood-altering effects of the two instruments. CONCLUSIONS: Pipeless organs are as effective as pipe organs in inducing beneficial mood changes.
Adult↗
Kenneth Harrison Uttley (1901-1972). Historian to the diseases of Antigua, British West Indies.
Dr Kenneth Harrison Uttley (1901-1972) served as the Chief Medical Officer in Antigua, British West Indies, from 1955 until 1966. During this time, Dr. Uttley personally reviewed and tabulated an island-wide governmental demographic database of all births, deaths and causes of death during the preceding 100 years. This database was the result of a Compulsory Birth and Death Registration Ordinance enacted as one of several Colonial Poor Laws in 1856. His efforts resulted in the publication of a total of 30 papers in American and British medical journals. Many of these papers reviewed historical demographic trends in births, fertility rates, neonatal deaths, infant mortality and early childhood mortality rates. Others focussed on the historical epidemiology of specific diseases such as neonatal tetanus, leprosy, tuberculosis and malaria. This is the first complete bibliographical account of Uttley's contributions to the history of diseases in the West Indies in general and Antigua in particular. Dr Uttley also served as an ordained priest in the Anglican Church and, upon retirement from the Colonial Medical Services, returned to England to serve as the Vicar of Purton, Oxfordshire.
Antigua and Barbuda↗
Determining the sex of human remains through cranial morphology.
Sex determination is the keystone of a biological profile, yet few qualitative methods of cranial sex determination have been tested. This analysis examines the accuracy and precision of 17 morphological features of the skull commonly used to determine the sex of unknown skeletal remains. The sample consists of 46 identified skulls from the 19th century St. Thomas' Anglican Church Cemetery in Belleville, Canada. Nasal aperature, zygomatic extension, malar size/rugosity, and supraorbital ridge proved the most useful; of secondary value are chin form and nuchal crest; mastoid size is of tertiary consideration; nasal size and mandibular symphysis/ramus size rank fourth; forehead shape ranks fifth; and palate size/shape are sixth. Skull size/architecture provides an internal standard to assess the relative sizes of other traits. This research is a necessary step in establishing the credibility of morphological sex determination with respect to the Daubert and Mohan criteria for admissibility in a court of law.
Cephalometry↗
[AIDS and society].
On the basis of information gathered from media the writer delineates the following aspects of the impact of AIDS upon social life: advertising the danger, sex education of the youth, purposeful contamination by AIDS-patients, legal repressive measures, the doctors and the right to test, Anglican Church and acceptance of homosexuality among ministers, antagonistic incentives epidemiologic research and the right to confidentiality. Finally, he endorses the recent declaration of the America Psychiatric Association determined to fight discrimination and refusal of care.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
Causes of mortality in a subarctic settlement (York Factory, Man.), 1714-1946.
A 250-year retrospective mortality study of York Factory, on the shores of Hudson Bay, was undertaken. The daily journals of the Hudson's Bay Company and the records of the Anglican Church of Canada were the principal sources examined. From 1714 to 1801 the death rate among the Europeans was 0.015 per year, about 10 times today's level but in line with American figures of the period. The high mobility of the population during the 19th century precluded statistical assessment. In the first half of the 20th century the Europeans left; among the Cree Indians who stayed 316 out of 401 deaths were caused by infection. As in the preceding eras, tuberculosis and influenza, sometimes in epidemic form, were the most commonly diagnosed diseases. The settlement's overall mortality rate in those last 45 years was 0.03 per year, triple that for the rest of Canada in 1932.
Adult↗
Two quantitative methods for rib seriation in human skeletal remains.
Accurate rib sequencing is of importance to both forensic anthropologists and human osteologists, but until recently there have been few traits used to aid in the seriation of ribs within a human burial. This study examines two measurements (head to tubercle length and superior costotransverse ligament crest height) for the purpose of aiding rib identification and seriation in human skeletal remains. A sample of 344 ribs from 43 individuals from the 19th century Anglican Church cemetery of St. Thomas in Belleville, Ontario were used for the current study. While the head to tubercle length appeared unreliable for rib seriation, the superior costotransverse ligament crest height may provide an alternative technique for assessing rib sequence. More importantly though, the method provides a basis on which the identification of the central ribs can be made.
Adult↗
Changing patterns of mortality seasonality among the western James Bay Cree.
Anglican Church of Canada burial records from 1851-1964 for the Moose Factory First Nation are analysed for mortality seasonality. The 113-year study period is subdivided into three death cohorts (1851-1906, 1914-1945 and 1946-1964) that broadly reflect the late 19th century, early 20th century, and the post-WWII periods, respectively. The data are partitioned into three age groups: infants (< 1), children (1-14), and adults (15+) to determine whether the hazards of death by season varied by age. The results show a clear and statistically significant pattern of seasonal mortality in the 19th century cohort for all three age groups, with a marked peak in mortality in the summer and a smaller peak in winter deaths (chi 2 = 84.82, df = 11, p < 0.001). By the early 20th century, the seasonal pattern disappears and the risks of death are consistent throughout the annual cycle (chi 2 = 16.5, df = 11, p = 0.124). It is argued that changes in the social and economic fabric of life, associated with the decline of the fur-trade, stimulated an epidemiologic transition among the Moose Factory Cree by the early 20th century, well in advance of WWII, the event normally used to mark both the onset of the phenomenon and improved health care delivery to the region.
Age Factors↗
The Anglican and Uniting Church viewpoints.
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Bioethics↗
Churches condemn plan to clone humans.
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Christianity↗