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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1999

Perfluorohexyloctane as a long-term vitreous tamponade in the experimental animal. Experimental perfluorohexyloctane substitution.

BACKGROUND: Perfluorocarbon liquids are established tools for intraoperative hydrokinetic retinal manipulation. Because of their high specific gravity, however, they may well cause mechanical damage to the retina when applied as a long-term vitreous substitute. Perfluorohexyloctane, a semi-fluorinated liquid fluorocarbon of low specific gravity (1.35 g/cm3), was developed as a long-term vitreous substitute. The current study was performed to investigate intraocular tolerance to perfluorohexyloctane as a long-term vitreous substitute in the experimental animal. METHODS: 34 vitrectomised eyes of pigmented rabbits underwent intravitreal injection of 1.0-1.2 ml perfluorohexyloctane or balanced salt solution. In 5 eyes the anterior chamber was filled. During the follow-up period of 3 months, the eyes were examined by slit lamp biomicroscopy, by fluorescein angiography and by electroretinography. The eyes were then enucleated and processed for light- and electron microscopy. RESULTS: Perfluorohexyloctane depicted dispersion beginning between the first and third week. Over a period of 9 weeks no toxic effect on retina, lens and cornea was noticed. At 14 weeks ERG showed a slight decrease in amplitude and early morphological changes in the retina. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that perfluorohexyloctane is tolerated in the rabbit eye for 9 weeks. Since avascular rabbit retina is more susceptible to mechanical and toxic damage than vascularized primate retina, we suggest proceeding from here, and investigating tolerance and quality of tamponade of perfluorohexyl octane in man for up to 9 weeks.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

[Sequential animal experimental determination of optimal dosages for combinations of cytostatics using a reduced number of experimental animals (vepeside/ifosfamide combination)].

Complete groups of animals can be economized by application of the Box-Wilson-method to experimental determination of an optimal dosage for a drug combination. It is possible to minimize the number of controls additionally by means of successive cumulation of the number of controls additionally by means of successive cumulation of control-dates of interest over the single experiments of the series required and to improve the estimation of the reference parameter. An example is given to explain the procedure of evaluation of an optimal dosage for the two-drug combination VP16/IFX. Side effects are taken into consideration. An advantage is proved for the combination against the single substances.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

[Ethical aspects of animal experimentation]

Animal experimentation has become a fundamental part of scientific procedures in the study of living nature. But with the acknowledgement, that animals possess a value of their own, animal experimentation is no longer regarded as self-evidently justified from an ethical point of view. In addition to having at least to make attempts to find alternatives, researchers will also have to embark upon the question of whether the methods used will be compensated by the results of their research. This requires an ability to engage in an ethical dialogue, which should be conducted by ethics committees. Such ethical reasoning may be required to meet certain standards, both with respect to form and content, in order for researchers to be able to maintain that there are "gold reasons" in the ethical sense to pursue their lines of research. Awareness of fallacies (logical pitfalls in ethical argumentation) is important in this dialogue. Public accessibility provides a safeguard for society against neglect of the acknowledgement that animals possess a value of their own.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1976

The ethics of animal experimentation.

Animal experimentation arouses great emotion in many people, perhaps more especially in Britain, and this has increased as more sophisticated medical and non-medical animal experiments are demanded by modern research. The Cruelty to Animals Act of 1876 is the only legal regulation of experiments in animals, and many of its clauses are ambiguous. So in 1963 a committee of enquiry - the Littlewood Committee - was set up. Dr Lane-Petter examines the emotional and factual background to the enquiry, and discusses in an ethical context the usefulness and positive advantages of animal experiments compared with those of possible substitutes and in some detail three of the questions left unanswered by the Littlewood Committee.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Ethical considerations in relation to pain in animal experimentation.

Animal experiments are necessary to better understand the biological mechanisms of pain, and to develop new methods of pain therapy. Therefore, pain has to be produced experimentally in animals. The ensuing moral dilemma requires that the scientists involved have a high level of responsibility for the animal. A set of ethical guidelines has been developed by the International Association for the Study of Pain in order to minimize pain and suffering in such studies. Practically, this may be reached by, e.g. a careful design of the experiment or by analgesic treatment of the animal. The importance of reward in a behavioral paradigm involving pain is emphasized. Animal models of chronic pain will be necessary to understand the mechanisms of chronic pain in man. Observations of the behavior of animal patients should be used to define the species-specific behavioral expression of chronic pain. To observe only one behavioral parameter may be inadequate for the assessment of pain in animals. The training of the young scientist will be crucial to develop his general attitude of great ethical responsibility for the experimental animal and his conceptual and technical capabilities for optimal conductance of experiments. In practice, investigators engaged in research on pain in conscious animals should consider the following guidelines aimed at minimizing the pain in animals. The guidelines have been endorsed by the International Association for the Study of Pain. It is essential that the intended experiments on pain in conscious animals be reviewed beforehand by scientists and lay-persons. The potential benefit of such experiments to our understanding of pain mechanisms and pain therapy needs to be shown. The investigator should be aware of the ethical need for a continuing justification of his investigations. If possible, the investigator should try the pain stimulus on himself; this principle applies for most non-invasive stimuli causing acute pain. To make possible the evaluation of the levels of pain, the investigator should give a careful assessment of the animals's deviation from normal behavior. To this end, physiological and behavioral parameters should be measured. The outcome of this assessment should be included in the manuscript. In studies of acute or chronic pain in animals measures should be taken to provide a reasonable assurance that the animal is exposed to the minimal pain necessary for the purposes of the experiment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animal Welfare↗
PubMed1990

[Effects of vibration and noise on the reproductive function in experimental animals].

Experimental animal studies of the reproduction function were performed under prolonged vibration and noise conditions. For 4 months and 5 days male white rats were exposed to 4-hour noise and vibration effect in a noise-protected chamber. The correlated vibration velocity index was 5.07.10(-2) m/s. The permanent wide range noise level reached 92 dBA. It was established that: in a long-term experiment, vibration and noise affected the reproduction function in male white rats; in a combined vibration and noise action, marked changes in the reproduction function were revealed, and in the noise exposition alone, the function changes were not so vivid.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Opposing views on animal experimentation: do animals have rights?

Animals have moral standing; that is, they have properties (including the ability to feel pain) that qualify them for the protections of morality. It follows from this that humans have moral obligations toward animals, and because rights are logically correlative to obligations, animals have rights.

Animal Experimentation↗
PubMed1994

Biology of acute and chronic graft-versus-host reactions: predictive value of studies in experimental animals.

Experimental research on graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) with laboratory animals has been performed mainly with rodents, rhesus monkeys and dogs. The basic immunological mechanisms operative in GVHD are largely similar in these three species and in human patients, although the patterns of GVHD in the three animal species show differences. The predictive value for clinical GVHD of the results obtained in the different animals species is analysed for the three main variables: namely, histocompatibility, T cell numbers in the graft and the intestinal microflora. Rhesus monkeys score highest as regards clinical relevance for the first two variables. With regards to the unravelling of detailed mechanisms of the influence of the microflora, none of the three animal species is likely to provide the information needed for identification of the bacterial species involved in the induction of GVHD in human patients.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1990

[Optimal method of isolation of supra-epithelial mucous layer of the small intestine in experimental animals].

Experimental data on the activity of digestive endo- and exo-hydrolases in supra-epithelium mucus layer has been presented. Mucus layer has been obtained on special vibrating setting from the turned out intestinal preparation. Different conditions of work and medium of isolation have been used. The setting permits to obtain intestinal supra-epithelium mucus more completely and also prevents epithelium damages and hiting of damaged villi.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Federal regulation of experimental animal use in the United States of America.

The author outlines the regulation of animal experimentation in the United States of America (USA). Regulation in this field is at the developmental stage; issues are still being defined as public interest in animal welfare focuses on various aspects of animal science. Society continues to initiate regulations for animal experimentation in response to technological advances which were unknown when the first USA Federal legislation in this field (the Laboratory Animal Welfare Act) was signed in 1966. Under the sponsorship of animal welfare activists and, more recently, animal rights advocates, amendments to the 1966 law have increased the scope of Federal authority by extending both the number of species covered and the areas of care which are regulated. A greater awareness has evolved of the issues raised by animal experimentation, both among the general public and within the scientific communities. The importance of the Institutional Animal and Care Use Committees in research facilities is described, together with other factors which affect Federal legislation. Government regulatory philosophy is also changing towards a participatory relationship between regulators and public interest groups. Various affiliations to global and regional organisations have heightened national awareness with regard to the perceived exploitation of animal species. The author demonstrates clearly that the prevailing trend in the USA is towards expanded agreements which are jointly derived and implemented, and which will be instrumental in the search for resolutions. The author concludes that these resolutions will continue to revolve around the ethical need to respect the nature of animal species and the need for knowledge concerning both humans and animals which can help to extend and enhance the quality of life.

Analgesia↗
PubMed1986

Animal experimentation ethics from an experimenter's point of view.

The experimental biologist faces two kinds of ethical problems: practical and philosophical. The practical problems comprise increased costs of experimental animals, and the risk of being harassed or even raided by animal activists. There is also today a growing bureaucratic ethics overhead that has to be paid for, one way or another. The philosophical problems are the true ethical problems. Most laws and regulations emphasize that pain and agony should be minimized, but it is shown that this is neither always necessary nor always adequate. Scientists expect logical reasoning and opinions based on facts, but it is easy to find examples that the public opinion is quite illogical concerning pain and agony. For instance, you may under certain circumstances very well torture and kill animals just for pleasure. Our present legislation should be amended so as to concur better with current public views on how animals should be treated. The Swedish Committees on Animal Experimentation Ethics were intended to help scientists understand the demands of the public opinion. It is doubtful if they have been successful. The ethics of animal experimentation are perforce centered on the experimenter. He alone, at the final moment, makes the decision whether or not to use and, eventually, to kill the animal. When he kills, he obviously has a reason for doing so, and has decided that the purpose justifies the action. With the very large increase in the number of animal experiments in the last few decades, society has justifiably become increasingly concerned about the ethical considerations involved.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animal Testing Alternatives↗