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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Approaches to prevention and treatment of IDDM in animal models.

Animal models of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) provide a uniquely valuable tool for understanding the pathogenesis of this disease. To the extent that they represent the human disease, they permit innovative approaches to its study. Four animal models--the BB rat, the nonobese diabetic mouse, the streptozocin-induced diabetic mouse, and the encephalomyocarditis virus-infected mouse--are reviewed. The salient characteristics of each model and the various techniques and immunotherapeutic agents used in conjunction with them to study prevention and reversal of IDDM are described, particularly the modulatory techniques directed at the cellular cytotoxic system, the regulatory immune system, and the beta-cell.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[CT, radiologic and pathologic correlative study of pulmonary edema and respiratory distress syndrome in animal model].

Animal models of cardiogenic edema, overhydration edema and respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) were established in 12 rabbits, radiography and CT of the chest were taken in supine position and compared with pathology. In cardiogenic and overhydration edema, the lesion is located at the posterior part of the lungs and around the hili both on CT image and the pathologic specimen. On the radiograph the lesion was projected onto the middle and inner zones of the lungs. In RDS, both CT and pathology showed that the peripheral and posterior parts of the lungs were involved, while on radiograph, the hazy shadows were situated at the periphery of the lungs or in a diffuse pattern. The authors were of the opinion that CT can demonstrate the lesions more clearly than radiography. The underlying mechanism for different distribution of lesions in pulmonary edema and RDS was discussed.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Approaches to preventing or reversing platelet alloimmunization using animal models.

Animal transfusion models were established to assess treatment programs for preventing or reversing platelet alloimmunization. Five control baboons given weekly transfusions of radiolabeled platelets from a single unrelated donor became immunized after an average of 2.4 +/- 2.1 transfusions. Similarly, 18 of 21 (86%) dogs given up to eight platelet transfusions from a single unrelated donor became immunized after an average of 2.3 +/- 1.7 transfusions. In six of seven baboons, prednisone or antithymocyte globulin alone or in combination effectively delayed platelet alloimmunization. In contrast, only two of 12 (17%) dogs given prednisone or antithymocyte serum (ATS) resisted alloimmunization. Neither splenectomy nor cyclophosphamide prevented alloimmunization in the baboon. In addition, attempts to reduce the immunogenicity of transfused platelets by inactivating the contaminating leukocytes with gamma radiation or by giving leukocyte-poor platelets were of no benefit in dogs. Reversal of platelet alloimmunization was achieved in two of three dogs treated with ATS and procarbazine hydrochloride. However, neither splenectomy, cyclophosphamide, ATS plus prednisone, nor vincristine sulfate produced any improvement. These studies show that the highly immunogenic nature of platelet transfusions in animals makes feasible the study of the prevention and reversal of platelet alloimmunization.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Hip implant evaluation in an arthritic animal model.

Animal studies can provide important information in the evaluation of new techniques and prosthetic designs in orthopedics. As a prerequisite they must parallel as closely as possible the human conditions they are modeling. An arthritic sheep model simulating the human clinical situation has previously been designed and reported by Phillips and Gurr. The present study introduces for the first time an approach that evaluates a prosthetic joint in an arthritic animal hip. Hemiresurfacing following the Tharies technique was carried out unilaterally in 12 Suffolk sheep and followed up for 2 years. Femoral loosening occurred in three cases. Only one of the 12 cases showed postoperative avascularity of the femoral head. Radiologic follow-up and histologic examination showed features consistently and strikingly similar to those seen in human practice. The sheep hip with simulated arthritis provides a sensitive, clinically reproducible model for the future study of other arthroplasty types and problems.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Animal models of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Public Health Service Animal Models Committee.

The search for a model of HIV infection continues. While much of the initial work focussed on animal models of AIDS, more recent efforts have sought animal models of HIV infection in which one or more signs of AIDS may be reproduced. Most initial small animal modelling efforts were negative and many such efforts remain unpublished. In 1988, the Public Health Service (PHS) AIDS Animal Model Committee conducted a survey among PHS agencies to identify published and unpublished data on animal models of HIV. To date, the chimpanzee is the only animal to be reliably infected with HIV albeit without development of signs and symptoms normally associated with human AIDS. One recent study has shown the gibbon to be similarly susceptible to infection with HIV. Mice carrying a chimera of elements of the human immune system have been shown to support the growth of HIV and F1 progeny of transgenic mice containing intact copies of HIV proviral DNA, have developed a disease that resembles some aspects of human AIDS. Rabbits, baboons and rhesus monkeys have also been shown to be infected under certain conditions and/or with selected strains of HIV but again without the development of AIDS symptomatology. This report briefly summarizes published and available unpublished data on these efforts to develop an animal model of HIV infection.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1990

Radioimmunotherapy in experimental animal models: principles derived from models.

Experimental animal models have made it possible to study some of the biological, biochemical, and pharmacological parameters involved in the use of radiolabeled monoclonal antibody for therapy and detection. Although such models are less appropriate for studies of dosimetry and the host's immune response to the monoclonal antibody, some general principles have been derived from the various model systems that have largely held true in studies in patients. Some of the points learned from experimental animal models will be illustrated in this paper.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Erectile dysfunction due to atherosclerotic vascular disease: the development of an animal model.

An animal model was developed to study the pathophysiology of erectile dysfunction due to atherosclerotic vascular disease. Thirty one New Zealand white male rabbits were divided into control (n = 5) and treatment groups (n = 26). The control group was placed on a regular diet while the treatment group underwent balloon de-endothelialization of the aorto-iliac arteries and received 1.6% cholesterol and 4% triglyceride diet for eight weeks. After eight weeks in the control animals (n = 5), blood levels of cholesterol, triglycerides and low density lipoproteins, radiologic studies as well as hemodynamic parameters of erectile function were all normal. In the surviving treatment animals (n = 21) after the same time period, a significant increase in blood levels of cholesterol, triglyceride and low density lipoprotein were observed. In addition, 62% of these animals developed hypertension which was not observed in the control group. Angiographically, 10 animals (48%) demonstrated severe atherosclerotic lesions (75% to 100% occlusion of common or internal iliac arteries on one side and over 50% occlusion of the opposite side), five (24%) had moderate lesions (50 to 75% luminal occlusion of right and left common iliac or internal iliac arteries) and 6 revealed minimal lesions (less than 50% occlusion of the right and left common iliac or internal iliac arteries). Of the 15 animals with 50% or greater luminal occlusion of the iliohypogastric arteries, erectile dysfunction was found in 93% of cases. Due to the development of erectile dysfunction in 33% of animals with minimal occlusive lesions, it appears that factors, other than large vessel luminal occlusion, may exist in this animal model which adversely influence erectile function. This model may therefore be of further benefit in the study of other factors associated with atherosclerosis and impotence, such as the possible concomitant hypercholesterolemic and atherosclerotic-induced alterations in the local reactivity of corpus cavernosum smooth muscle and lacunar space endothelial cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Genetic evaluation of dairy goats for milk and fat yield with an animal model.

An animal model was applied to evaluate 120,073 Alpine, LaMancha, Nubian, Saanen, and Toggenburg bucks and does. Parities higher than six were excluded. The model included fixed herd-year-season and random herd-sire interaction, permanent environmental breeding value, and residual effects. Breeding value included additive genetic value and fixed accumulated group effect. A doe's records in different herds were accommodated by predicting a separate permanent environmental effect for each herd. Lactations were weighted according to lactation length. Does of all breeds were used as contemporaries. Breed differences were accounted for with a grouping strategy that grouped unknown parents by breed, sex of parent, sex of progeny, and birth year of progeny. Evaluations for milk and fat were computed as separate traits during the same processing. To achieve three-digit accuracy, 100 iterations were completed, each requiring slightly over 4 s of central processing unit time on a Cray X-MP/48 computer. Predicted producing ability was computed as sum of predicted breeding value, herd-sire interaction, and permanent environmental effects for use in ranking does on expected yield in next lactation. Evaluations of goats served as a test for the animal model evaluation system under development for dairy cattle.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Giardiasis in the mouse: an animal model.

An animal model for giardiasis was developed using Giardia muris in Swiss albino mice. Intraesophageal inoculation of G. muris cysts caused a reproducible pattern of infection, with trophozoite and cyst counts reaching a maximum on days 5 to 14 after cyst inoculation and thereafter showing a progressive decline. Spontaneous resolution of infection occurred in most mice after 21 to 28 days. When compared to uninfected controls, Giardia-infected mice had significant impairment of weight gain and a significant reduction in the villus to crypt ratio of jejunal mucosa. Although maximal trophozoite and cyst counts were independent of the size of the cyst inoculum, those mice receiving inoculations of larger numbers of cysts showed earlier attainment of maximal counts, greater impariment of weight gain, and earlier and more severe small bowel changes than mice receiving inoculations of smaller numbers of cysts. This model offers unique opportunities for study of this poorly understood gastrointestinal parasite.

Animals↗