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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1976

Kinetics of the antibody response to type III pneumococcal polysaccharide. I. Evidence that suppressor cells function by inhibiting the recruitment and proliferation of antibody-producing cells.

For the first 126 hr after immunization of mice with an optimally immunogenic dose (0.5 mug) of Type III pneumococcal polysaccharide (SSS-III), splenic antibody-forming PFC and serum antibody levels were measured at 2- and 8-hr intervals, respectively. PFC were detected at 28 hr after immunization and then increased through 86 hr after immunization; thereafter, the number of PFC remained nearly constant for the next 20 to 24 hr, and then began to decline. In contrast, serum antibody was first detected 60 hr after immunization. The accumulation of serum antibody continued to lag behind the increase in numbers of PFC by 16 to 20 hr until maximal serum antibody levels were attained; curves fitted to the values obtained for each parameter were nearly parallel.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Adjuvant and immunostimulating activities of water-soluble substances extracted from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (var. hominis).

Water-soluble substances have been extracted from two strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. hominis: the native hydrosoluble part (polysaccharide and peptidoglycan), a substance in which the polysaccharide moiety is less abundant than in the latter, the acetylated peptidoglycan and, finally a tetrasaccharide-heptapeptide. All four types of substances, when they were injected together with Freund's incomplete adjuvant, exerted an adjuvant effect on the production of delayed-type hypersensitivity to ovalbumin in the guinea pig and on the production of anti-influenza virus antibodies in the rabbit. Injected intravenously in the mouse, they increased the number of antibody-producing cells in the spleen and enhanced the graft versus host reaction; no effect was seen on the phagocytic activity of the reticulo-endothelial system. By contrast with wax D, the water-soluble substances were devoid of arthritis-inducing activity in the rat. Altogether, these water-soluble substances seem to be endowed with at least some of the adjuvant activities of Freund's complete adjuvant and some of the immunostimulant activities of a live Mycobacterium like BCG.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1976

[Does anesthesia have an immunosuppressive effect?].

Immune depression occurs after general anaesthesia. It is related to depression of serum factors after anesthesia with ether or chloroform, or secondary to depression of antibody-producing cells after anaesthesia with halothane, nitrous oxyde or Pentothal. This immune depression augments proneness to bacterial and viral infection and to malignant disease.

Anesthesia, General↗
PubMed1976

Lymphoid cell fractionation by aggregated immunoglobulin-agarose columns.

Fractionation by columns of aggregated rat immunoglobulin (Agg Ig)-agarose was investigated as a method of separating different populations of lymphoid cells. With rat spleen cells, Agg Ig columns retained phagocytes, IgM- and IgG-antibody-forming-cells, cells mediating antibody- or PHA-induced lysis of chicken erythrocytes, and specifically immune splenocytes lytic to chicken erythrocytes without exogenous antibody. Agg Ig columns did not selectively remove 'B lymphocytes' (surface-Ig-bearing lymphocytes with or without EAC' receptors), or T lymphocytes capable of PHA-induced proliferation or graft-versus-host reactivity. With mouse spleen cells, Agg Ig columns retained alloimmune cytotoxic T cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Immunosuppression by fetal liver as a model for tolerance to self.

The embryonic liver chimera system was used as a model to study the development of tolerance to self antigens. It was found that the permanent tolerant state which was induced in (C3H/eb x C57BL/6)F1 irradiated hosts following reconstitution with parental C57BL liver cells could be due to the development of suppressor cells within the liver cell inoculum, which specifically prevent reactivity of immunocompetent cells. General suppressor activity could be found in embryonic liver cells at early stages of gestation. However, the differentiation of such cells into specific suppressor of "self" antigens is dependent on the presence of the thymus.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Analysis of immunosuppression generated by the graft-versus-host reaction. I. A suppressor T-cell component studied in vivo.

The kinetics and cellular characteristics of immunosuppression in (CBA-p X C57/Bl)F1 mice during graft-versus-host (GVH) reaction induced with spleen cells from either parental strain have been investigated. Effects on PFC responses to thymus-dependent (chicken red blood cells) and independent (levan) antigens have been compared. The unresponsive state which developed in GVH mice was expressed to comparable extent by their spleen cells following transfer to irradiated recipients. Furthermore, GVH spleen cells suppressed normal spleen cells in a mixed transfer system, but this effect was lost completely by day 21 whereas the original donors (or their cells) were still totally refractory after 80 days. This active suppressor effect was found to be mediated by T cells of perental origin based on cell fractionation analysis and selective deletion of donor or host cells by alloimmune attack. The delayed transfer of GVH cells to irradiated repopulated recipients challenged with antigen, indicated that suppressor T cells exert an anti-mitotic influence on antigen-stimulated B-cell proliferation. Supplementation of macrophage-depleted, anti-theta-treated GVH spleen cells with purified normal T cells demonstrated that B cells in GVH mice are normally reactive even when active suppression by T cells is no longer demonstrable. The likelihood that this later phase of immunosuppression is attributable to another mechanism is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

The effect of fostering nude mice with allogeneic mothers on subsequent mortality.

Mortality in nude mice fostered by allogeneic mothers was studied. The data failed to support the hypothesis that mortality was due to graft versus host disease resulting from the passage of immunocomponent cells to the young in the mothers' milk. It was apparent that there were significant differences in the ability of mothers of different strains to rear nude mice.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Mapping antibody sequences and effector functions across spatial niches.

Antibodies are fundamental to human health but can also drive pathology. Each antibody has a molecular specificity, encoded by their clonally heritable B cell receptor (BCR). Recent advances in spatial transcriptomics coupled with repertoire sequencing have enabled capturing antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) and their clonal BCR within their tissue microenvironment. However, our understanding of antibody production niches remains limited. Furthermore, where antibodies are produced can be distinct from where antibodies exert their effector function. Here, we propose a conceptual spatial framework to distinguish between 'antibody production niches', defined by the ASC, BCR, and niche composition, versus 'antibody functional niches', composed of the antibody, antigen, and effector landscape. We then examine the possibilities and challenges to map and link antibody-encoding sequences and antibody effector functions using current and emerging technologies. Combined, we argue that integrating spatial sequence data with the antibody functional context is essential to decode the architecture of antibody-mediated immunity.

Humans↗
PubMed1977

Suppression of antibody-mediated and cell-mediated murine immunity by the carcinogen N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]acetamide.

N-[4-(5-Nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]acetamide (NFTA) administered at 1000 ppm in diet to mice for 12 weeks induced a high incidence of lymphocytic leukemia. Effects of NFTA on antibody-mediated immunity and cell-mediated immunity of BALB/c mice were studied using the spleen plaque assay for detection of immunoglobulin M-producing cells and the graft-versus-host (GVH) reaction, respectively. NFTA suppressed both responses. With the spleen plaque assay, the number of antibody-forming cells (AFC) to sheep red blood cells was significantly less than in unmedicated, control mice after treated mice received NFTA at 1000 ppm for 6 days. The GVH reaction was not suppressed at 21 days, but was severely suppressed at 70 days, prior to the histological appearance of leukemia. Effect of dose was studied by administering NFTA at 100, 250, 500, and 1000 ppm of diet for 13 to 14 weeks and then determining the response in the spleen plaque assay and GVH reactions. The ratio of AFC/spleen of NFTA-treated groups to AFC/spleen of an unmedicated control group, at the above specified doses, was 0.86, 0.22, 0.33, and 0.54 in ascending dosage order beginning with 100 ppm. For the GVH reaction, the suppression of the cell-mediated immunity was directly proportional to the dose of NFTA. Suppression of the antibody-mediated immunity in relation to the induction of leukemia at 28 weeks was studied by feeding NFTA at 500 ppm for 14 weeks, followed by unmedicated diet for 14 weeks. During the 11th week, mice were immunized with SRBC; 5 days later the spleens were removed and the spleen plaque assay was performed. Eight of 18 mice fed NFTA developed leukemia. The number of AFC/spleen was 78 X 10(3) +/- 34 for those with leukemia and 68 X 10(3) +/- 24 (p greater than 0.5) for those without leukemia, compared with 170 X 10(3) +/- 74 for the control mice (p less than 0.01 for both groups, compared with controls). A closely related carcinogenic nitrofuran, N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]formamide, did not suppress the antibody-mediated immunity response measured during the 11th week of administration.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Regulation of the antibody response to type III pneumococcal polysaccharide. V. Ontogeny of factors influencing the magnitude of the plaque-forming cell response.

Mice of different ages were evaluated with respect to their ability to give a plaque-forming cell (PFC) response to Type III pneumococcal polysaccharide (SSSIII), as well as the degree of amplifier and suppressor thymus-derived(T) cell activity present. Although the magnitude of the PFC response to an optimally immunogenic dose of SSS-III for 2-and 3-week old mice was only 7% and 14%, respectively, of that produced by adult (8-week old) mice, values comparable to those of adult animals were attained by 4 weeks of age; no significant changes in the ability to respond to SSS-III occurred thereafter. Amplifier T cell activity, which was minimal at 2 to 4 weeks of age, matured slowly and did not reach a maximum until 8 to 10 weeks of age. By contrast, suppressor T cell activity appeared to be fully developed at least as early as 2 weeks of age; here, the inhibitory effects produced could by abrogated by depletion of T cells, indicating that the unresponsiveneness induced by such cells does not result in the depletion ot irreversible inactivation of B cells capable of responding to SSS-III. These findings suggest that the inhibitory effects of suppressor T cells are predominant in young mice and that such cells may play an important role in determining the ease with which unresponsiveness is induced in neonates, and in the prevention of autoimmune disease. Also, studies conducted with adult-thymectomized mice showed that both amplifier and suppressor T cells, once seeded to the periphery, are stable and do not depend upon the presence of intact thymus for the expression or renewal of their activity.

Aging↗
PubMed1976

A simple method for the cryopreservation of lymphocytes. Retention of specific immune effector functions by frozen-stored cells.

A simple, quick and inexpensive method for cryostorage of lymphocytes is discribed. When injected into appropriate normal recipients, frozen-stored rat and sheep lymphocytes caused GVH and NLT reactions respectively. Sheep lymphocytes remained viable after several months storage and functioned satisfactorily as 51Cr-labelled target cells in assays for cytotoxic antibodies. Lymphocytes, including immunoblasts, drained from sheep efferent lymphatics during immune responses to injected murine P815 cells or allogeneic lymphocytes survived freezing; when thawed the cells retained specific immune cytotoxic effector functions including the ability to secrete complement-dependent and leucocyte-dependent antibodies

Animals↗
PubMed1976

[Genetic differences in lymphoid tissue reactivity during liver regeneration in mice of different lines].

The transfer of lymphocytes together with sheep erythrocytes from partially hepatectomized mice to syngenous lethally irradiated mice (CAB and C57BL) increased the number of antibody forming cells in the recipient's spleen. The lymphocytes of CBA mice acquired this ability much earlier after the operation (in 4 hours) than those of the C57BL mice (in 17 hours). After the transfer of lymphocytes in the semisyngenous system there was a decrease of antibody forming cells during subsequent recipient's immunization with sheep erythrocytes; this was the result of the graft versus host reaction. The latter reaction was less marked in the operated than in control mice. These changes also occurred earlier after the operation in the CBA than in C57BL mice.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Biological effects of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in vivo. I. Selection in the mouse thymus of killer and helper cells.

In the present study we have investigated the biological effects on thymus lymphocytes resulting from Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment in young adult mice. It has been established that LPS induces the following effects: (a) a dose-dependent reduction of thymus weight contemporaneous with a rise in the anti-LPS antibody response; (b) an increase of killer activity of thymus cells; (c) an enhancement of thymocytes helper activity; (d) a reduction of theta-positive cells in the thymus; (e) a cellular depletion in the thymus cortex. These data, indicating that LPS selects in the thymus a population of cells more efficient in expressing both killer and helper functions, are interpreted as caused by an increased rate of cortisol secretion induced by the LPS treatment.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

[Sympathico-adrenal system activity in a primary immune response].

Experiments were carried out on linear mice immunized with sheep erythrocytes; it was found that the primary immune respose developed against the background of significant changes in the state of the sympathico-adrenal system, whose activity was determined by the dynamics of catecholamines in the blood and in the tissues of a number of organs, including the thymus, the spleen and the lymph nodes. By comparing the value of specific and neurohumoral indices it was revealed that the neurohumoral shifts preceded the maximal development of the immune response. On the example of studying the catecholamine dynamics the opinion on a close association between the state of the regulatory mechanisms and the effector formations responsible for the formation of specific immunological reactions was confirmed. It is suggested that a full-value immunological response developed on condition of activation of the sympathico-adrenal system.

Adrenal Glands↗