PubMed2025
A fundamental focus of evolutionary developmental biology is uncovering the genetic mechanisms responsible for the gain and loss of characters. One approach to this question is to investigate changes in the coordinated expression of a group of genes important for the development of a character of interest (a gene regulatory network). Here we consider the possibility that modifications to the wing gene regulatory network (wGRN), as defined by work primarily done in Drosophila melanogaster, were involved in the evolution of wing dimorphisms of the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum). We hypothesize that this may have occurred via changes in expression levels or by duplication followed by divergence of wGRN components. To test this, we annotated members of the wGRN in the pea aphid genome and assessed their expression levels in first and third nymphal instars of winged and wingless morphs of males and asexual females. We find that only 2 of the 32 assessed genes exhibit morph-biased expression. We also find that three wing genes (apterous (ap), warts (wts), and decapentaplegic (dpp)) have undergone gene duplication. In each case, the resulting paralogs show signs consistent with functional divergence, exhibiting either sex-, morph-, or stage-specific expression. Two gene duplicates, wts2 and dpp3, are of particular interest with respect to wing dimorphism, as they exhibit male morph-specific isoforms and wingless male-biased expression, respectively. These gene expression results provide an important first step toward identifying members of the pea aphid wGRN that may play a causative role in differentiating winged from wingless morphs. These findings supplement our understanding of trends in developmental gene network evolution, such as side-stepping pleiotropic constraint via duplication and sub-functionalization, underlying the emergence of novel phenotypes.