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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed1990

Host plant resistance and linear furanocoumarin content of Apium accessions.

Linear furanocoumarin contents and antibiotic resistance to Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) were documented for Apium species being investigated in a celery breeding program. In no-choice tests, L. trifolii fed more, produced more offspring, and had the highest pupal and adult productivity on the widely planted cultivar 'Tall Utah' 52-70R (Apium graveolens L.). Antibiotic effects of the commercial cultivar 'Tall Utah' 52-70 HK and University of California families 87A-147 and 87A-338, derived from A. chilense Hook and Arn., were intermediate. Only A. nodiflorum (L.) Lag (accession 87A-236) did not allow survival beyond the larval stage. Concentrations of the carcinogenic and mutagenic linear furanocoumarins varied by location within plants (leaves usually greater than petioles), by specific compound (trend: psoralen less than xanthotoxin less than bergapten or isopimpinellin), and between accessions. A. nodiflorum had the lowest foliar levels of phototoxic furanocoumarins (11.8 micrograms/g fresh weight) and the best potential for use in the breeding program. Foliar levels of phototoxic furanocoumarins (psoralen, bergapten, and xanthotoxin) in plants 87A-147-3 (406 micrograms/g), 87A-147-2 (292.9 micrograms/g), and the family 87A-338 (265.9 micrograms/g) were 22.6, 16.3, and 14.8 times higher, respectively, than the concentration known to produce contact dermatitis (18 micrograms/g). Even with such variability in concentration, the foliar content of linear furanocoumarins (individually or total) and L. trifolii adult production were not correlated.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

[The effect of dilutions of Apis mellifica and Apium virus on ultraviolet light-induced erythema in the guinea pig].

Dilutions of Apis mellifica (obtained from the whole bee) and Apium virus (obtained from bee venom) are used classically in homeopathy for inflammatory symptoms with edema, erythema and pruritus (Lewis triad). Using a method examining the evolution of UV induced erythema in the guinea pig, the authors show the following dilutions of Apis mellifica 7 CH(10(-14)), 9 CH(10(-18)) and of Apium virus 5 CH(10(-10)), 7 CH(10(-14)), 9 CH(10(-18)) exert an action on experimental erythema. The results are statistically significant for the dilutions at the 48th hour after irradiation.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Analysis of celery (Apium graveolens) mannitol dehydrogenase (Mtd) promoter regulation in Arabidopsis suggests roles for MTD in key environmental and metabolic responses.

Of the growing list of promising genes for plant improvement, some of the most versatile appear to be those involved in sugar alcohol metabolism. Mannitol, one of the best characterized sugar alcohols, is a significant photosynthetic product in many higher plants. The roles of mannitol as both a metabolite and an osmoprotectant in celery (Apium graveolens) are well documented. However, there is growing evidence that 'metabolites' can also have key roles in other environmental and developmental responses in plants. For instance, in addition to its other properties, mannitol is an antioxidant and may have significant roles in plant-pathogen interactions. The mannitol catabolic enzyme mannitol dehydrogenase (MTD) is a prime modulator of mannitol accumulation in plants. Because the complex regulation of MTD is central to the balanced integration of mannitol metabolism in celery, its study is crucial in clarifying the physiological role(s) of mannitol metabolism in environmental and metabolic responses. In this study we used transformed Arabidopsis to analyze the multiple environmental and metabolic responses of the Mtd promoter. Our data show that all previously described changes in Mtd RNA accumulation in celery cells mirrored changes in Mtd transcription in Arabidopsis. These include up-regulation by salicylic acid, hexokinase-mediated sugar down-regulation, and down-regulation by salt, osmotic stress and ABA. In contrast, the massive up-regulation of Mtd expression in the vascular tissues of salt-stressed Arabidopsis roots suggests a possible role for MTD in mannitol translocation and unloading and its interrelation with sugar metabolism.

3-O-Methylglucose↗

PubMed2003

Towards deciphering phloem: a transcriptome analysis of the phloem of Apium graveolens.

Events occurring in the phloem tissue are key to understanding a wide range of developmental and physiological processes in vascular plants. While a considerable amount of molecular information on phloem proteins has emerged in the past decade, a unified picture of the molecular mechanisms involved in phloem differentiation and function is still lacking. New models to increase our understanding of this complex tissue can be created by the development of global approaches such as genomic analysis. In order to obtain a comprehensive overview of the molecular biology of the phloem tissue, we developed a genomic approach using Apium graveolens as a model. cDNA libraries were constructed from mRNAs extracted from isolated phloem of petioles. Expression data obtained from the analysis of 989 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) and the transcript profile deduced from a cDNA macroarray of 1326 clones were combined to identify genes showing distinct expression patterns in the vascular tissues. Comparisons of expression profiles obtained from the phloem, xylem and storage parenchyma tissues uncovered tissue-specific differential expression patterns for given sets of genes. The major classes of mRNAs predominantly found in the phloem encode proteins related to phloem structure, metal homeostasis or distribution, stress responses and degradation or turnover of proteins. Of great interest for future studies are the genes we found to be specifically expressed in the phloem but for which the function is still unknown, and also those genes described in previous reports to be up or downregulated by specific interactions. From a broader prospective, our results also clearly demonstrate that cDNA macroarray technology can be used to identify the key genes involved in various physiological and developmental processes in the phloem.

Apium↗

PubMed2004

Mosquito repellency of the seeds of celery (Apium graveolens L.).

When the mosquito repellencies of four fractions of Apium graveolens seeds (one hexane, two dichloromethane and one methanolic) were investigated in the laboratory, all four were found to offer human volunteers some protection against female, adult Aedes aegypti. The hexane fraction, however, was found to exhibit the highest repellency in the laboratory, with median effective doses (ED50) and ED95 of 0.41 and 2.93 mg/cm2 skin, respectively. Only this fraction, which was also found to provide protection against mosquito bites for 3.5 h when applied, in the laboratory, at a concentration of 250 mg/ml, was then investigated for its repellency in the field and its stability. In storage, it was found to retain its repellency for at least 2 months, although significant reductions in its repellency were observed (in terms of shortened complete-protection times) after 3 months, whatever the temperature of storage (-20 degrees C, 4 degrees C, or room temperature). When applied to the skin of volunteers under field conditions, the hexane fraction showed strong repellent activity against a wide range of mosquito species belonging to various genera (Ae. gardnerii, Ae. lineatopennis, Armigeres subalbatus, Culex tritaeniorhynchus, Cx. vishnui group, Cx. quinquefasciatus and Mansonia uniformis). It appeared not to cause dermal irritation or any other adverse effect, either during 6 months of use or in the following 3 months of follow-up. Mosquito repellents based on extracts of Ap. graveolens seeds could be developed commercially, as an effective personal-protection measure against mosquito bites and the diseases caused by mosquito-borne pathogens.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1985

The essential oil of Apium graveolens var. secalinum and its cercaricidal activity.

The composition of the essential oil of the fresh aerial parts of Apium graveolens var. secalinum at its flowering stage, obtained from three different locations in Egypt, was investigated. The identification of the components of this oil was carried out by means of analytical GC and GC-MS. The main components in the oil are: alpha- and beta-pinene, myrcene, limonene, cis-beta-ocimene, gamma-terpinene, cis-allo-ocimene, trans-farnesene, humulene, apiol, beta-selinene, senkyunolide and neocnidilide. Data concerning the relative concentrations of the main components of the different celery oil samples are given. The cercaricidal effect of the essential oil has been examined on cercariae, being one of the stages in the life cycles of Schistosoma mansoni, which causes schistosomiasis. The essential oil showed in addition to a cercaricidal effect also a chemotactic effect.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Celery (Apium graveolens L.) parenchyma cell walls examined by atomic force microscopy: effect of dehydration on cellulose microfibrils.

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to image celery (Apium graveolens L.) parenchyma cell walls in situ. Cellulose microfibrils could clearly be distinguished in topographic images of the cell wall. The microfibrils of the hydrated walls appeared smaller, more uniformly distributed, and less enmeshed than those of dried peels. In material that was kept hydrated at all times and imaged under water, the microfibril diameter was mainly in the range 6-25 nm. The cellulose microfibril diameters were highly dependent on the water content of the specimen. As the water content was decreased, by mixing ethanol with the bathing solution, the microfibril diameters increased. Upon complete dehydration of the specimen we observed a significant increase in microfibril diameter. The procedure used to dehydrate the parenchyma cells also influenced the size of cellulose microfibrils with freeze-dried material having larger diameters than air-dried material.

Apiaceae↗

PubMed1992

Partial purification and characterization of mannitol: mannose 1-oxidoreductase from celeriac (Apium graveolens var. rapaceum) roots.

A mannitol:mannose 1-oxidoreductase was isolated from celeriac (Apium graveolens var. rapaceum) root tips by fractionation with (NH4)2SO4, followed by chromatography on a Fractogel DEAE column and then concentration with (NH4)2SO4. This newly discovered mannitol dehydrogenase catalyzes the NAD-dependent oxidation of mannitol to mannose, not mannitol to fructose. The sugar product of the enzyme reaction was identified by three independent HPLC systems and by an enzymatically linked system as being mannose and not fructose or glucose. Normal Michaelis--Menten kinetics were exhibited for both mannitol and NAD with Km values of 72 and 0.26 mM, respectively, at pH 9.0. The Vmax was 40.14 mumol/h/mg protein for mannitol synthesis and 0.8 mumol/h/mg protein for mannose synthesis at pH 9.0. In the polyol oxidizing reaction, the enzyme was very specific for mannitol with a low rate of oxidation of sorbitol. In the reverse reaction, the enzyme was specific for mannose. The enzyme was strongly inhibited by NADH and sensitive to alterations of NAD/NADH ratio. The enzyme is of physiological importance in that it is mainly localized in root tips (sink tissue) where it functions to convert mannitol into hexoses which are utilized to support root growth. Product determination and kinetic characterization were carried out on an enzyme preparation with a specific activity (SA) of 30.44 mumol/h/mg protein. Subsequently, the enzyme was further purified to a SA of 201 mumol/h/mg protein using an NAD affinity column. This paper apparently represents the first evidence of the existence of a mannitol:mannose 1-oxidoreductase and also the first evidence of the presence of a mannitol dehydrogenase in vascular plants.

Chromatography, Ion Exchange↗

PubMed1983

HPLC analysis of linear furocoumarins (psoralens) in healthy celery (Apium graveolens).

Four linear furocoumarins (psoralen, bergapten, xanthotoxin, and isopimpinellin) were isolated from three varieties of healthy, commercially grown celery (Apium graveolens). Psoralen has not previously been reported to occur in celery. Combined levels of these photomutagenic and photocarcinogenic furocoumarins measured by normal-phase HPLC did not exceed 1.3 ppm in any of the celery varieties studied.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗

PubMed1991

Vasodilatory action mechanisms of apigenin isolated from Apium graveolens in rat thoracic aorta.

The effect of apigenin, isolated from Apium graveolens, on the contraction of rat thoracic aorta was studied. Apigenin inhibited the contraction of aortic rings caused by cumulative concentrations of calcium (0.03-3 mM) in high potassium (60 mM) medium, with an IC50 of about 48 microM. After pretreatment it also inhibited norepinephrine (NE, 3 microM)-induced phasic and tonic contraction in a concentration (35-140 microM)-dependent manner with an IC50 of 63 microM. At the plateau of NE-induced tonic contraction, addition of apigenin caused relaxation. This relaxing effect of apigenin was not antagonized by indomethacin (20 microM) or methylene blue (50 microM), and still existed in endothelial denuded rat aorta or in the presence of nifedipine (2-100 microM). Neither cAMP nor cGMP levels were changed by apigenin. Both the formation of inositol monophosphate caused by NE and the phasic contraction induced by caffeine in the Ca(2+)-free solution were unaffected by apigenin. 45Ca2+ influx caused by either NE or K+ was inhibited by apigenin concentration-dependently. It is concluded that apigenin relaxes rat thoracic aorta mainly by suppressing the Ca2+ influx through both voltage- and receptor-operated calcium channels.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Hepatoprotective activity of Apium graveolens and Hygrophila auriculata against paracetamol and thioacetamide intoxication in rats.

Seeds of Apium graveolens L. (Apiaceae) and Hygrophila auriculata (K. Schum.) Heine (Syn. Astercantha auriculata Nees, Acanthaceae) are used in Indian systems of medicine for the treatment of liver ailments. The antihepatotoxic effect of methanolic extracts of the seeds of these two plants was studied on rat liver damage induced by a single dose of paracetamol (3 g/kg p.o.) or thioacetamide (100 mg/kg, s.c.) by monitoring several liver function tests, viz. serum transaminases (SGOT and SGPT), alkaline phosphatase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase and bilirubin in serum. Furthermore, hepatic tissues were processed for assay of triglycerides and histopathological alterations simultaneously. A significant hepatoprotective activity of the methanolic extract of the seeds of both the plants was reported.

Acetaminophen↗

PubMed2001

Mosquitocidal, nematicidal, and antifungal compounds from Apium graveolens L. seeds.

The methanolic extract of Apium graveolens seeds was investigated for bioactive compounds and resulted in the isolation and characterization of mosquitocidal, nematicidal, and antifungal compounds sedanolide (1), senkyunolide-N (2), and senkyunolide-J (3). Their structures were determined by 1H and 13C NMR spectral methods. Compounds 1-3 gave 100% mortality at 25, 100, and 100 microg mL(-1), respectively, on the nematode, Panagrellus redivivus. Compound 1 showed 100% mortality at 50 microg mL(-1) on nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, and fourth-instar mosquito larvae, Aedes aegyptii. Also, it inhibited the growth of Candida albicans and Candida parapsilasis at 100 microg mL(-1). Compounds 2 and 3 were isolated for the first time from A. graveolens. This is the first report of the mosquitocidal, nematicidal, and antifungal activities of compounds 1-3.

Aedes↗

PubMed2000

Bioactive compounds and 1,3-Di[(cis)-9-octadecenoyl]-2-[(cis,cis)-9, 12-octadecadienoyl]glycerol from Apium graveolens L. seeds.

Bioassay-directed isolation and purification of the hexane extract of Apium graveolens L. seeds led to the characterization of three compounds: beta-selinene (1), 3-n-butyl-4,5-dihydrophthalide (2) and 5-allyl-2-methoxyphenol (3). The structures of these compounds were established by using (1)H and (13)C NMR spectral methods. Compounds, 1-3 demonstrated 100% mortality on fourth-instar Aedes aegyptii larvae at 50, 25, and 200 microg mL(-)(1), respectively, in 24 h. Also, 2 inhibited the growth of Candida albicans and Candida kruseii at 100 microg mL(-)(1). It inhibited both topoisomerase-I and -II enzyme activities at 100 microg mL(-)(1). Compound 2 displayed 100% mortality at 12.5 and 50 microg mL(-)(1), respectively, when tested on nematodes, Panagrellus redivivus and Caenorhabditis elegans. The triglyceride, 1,3-di[(cis)-9-octadecenoyl]-2-[(cis,cis)-9, 12-octadecadienoyl]glycerol (4) and 3 were isolated for the first time from A. graveolens seeds, although 4 was not biologically active.

Apiaceae↗

PubMed2002

Celery (Apium graveolens) parenchyma cell walls: cell walls with minimal xyloglucan.

The primary walls of celery (Apium graveolens L.) parenchyma cells were isolated and their polysaccharide components characterized by glycosyl linkage analysis, cross-polarization magic-angle spinning solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (CP/MAS 13C NMR) and X-ray diffraction. Glycosyl linkage analysis showed that the cell walls consisted of mainly cellulose (43 mol%) and pectic polysaccharides (51 mol%), comprising rhamnogalacturonan (28 mol%), arabinan (12 mol%) and galactan (11 mol%). The amounts of xyloglucan (2 mol%) and xylan (2 mol%) detected in the cell walls were strikingly low. The small amount of xyloglucan present means that it cannot coat the cellulose microfibrils. Solid-state 13C NMR signals were consistent with the constituents identified by glycosyl linkage analysis and allowed the walls to be divided into three domains, based on the rigidity of the polymers. Cellulose (rigid) and rhamnogalacturonan (semi-mobile) polymers responded to the CP/MAS 13C NMR pulse sequence and were distinguished by differences in proton spin relaxation time constants. The arabinans, the most mobile polymers, responded to single-pulse excitation (SPE), but not CP/MAS 13C NMR. From solid-state 13C NMR of the cell walls the diameter of the crystalline cellulose microfibrils was determined to be approximately 3 nm while X-ray diffraction of the cell walls gave a value for the diameter of approximately 2 nm.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2003

Mutational epitope analysis of Pru av 1 and Api g 1, the major allergens of cherry (Prunus avium) and celery (Apium graveolens): correlating IgE reactivity with three-dimensional structure.

Birch pollinosis is often accompanied by adverse reactions to food due to pollen-allergen specific IgE cross-reacting with homologous food allergens. The tertiary structure of Pru av 1, the major cherry (Prunus avium) allergen, for example, is nearly identical with Bet v 1, the major birch (Betula verrucosa) pollen allergen. In order to define cross-reactive IgE epitopes, we generated and analysed mutants of Pru av 1 and Api g 1.0101, the major celery (Apium graveolens) allergen, by immunoblotting, EAST (enzyme allergosorbent test), CD and NMR spectroscopy. The mutation of Glu45 to Trp45 in the P-loop region, a known IgE epitope of Bet v 1, significantly reduced IgE binding to Pru av 1 in a subgroup of cherry-allergic patients. The backbone conformation of Pru av 1 wild-type is conserved in the three-dimensional structure of Pru av 1 Trp45, demonstrating that the side chain of Glu45 is involved in a cross-reactive IgE epitope. Accordingly, for a subgroup of celery-allergic patients, IgE binding to the homologous celery allergen Api g 1.0101 was enhanced by the mutation of Lys44 to Glu. The almost complete loss of IgE reactivity to the Pru av 1 Pro112 mutant is due to disruption of its tertiary structure. Neither the mutation Ala112 nor deletion of the C-terminal residues 155-159 influenced IgE binding to Pru av 1. In conclusion, the structure of the P-loop partially explains the cross-reactivity pattern, and modulation of IgE-binding by site-directed mutagenesis is a promising approach to develop hypo-allergenic variants for patient-tailored specific immunotherapy.

Allergens↗

PubMed1993

Mannose-6-Phosphate Reductase, a Key Enzyme in Photoassimilate Partitioning, Is Abundant and Located in the Cytosol of Photosynthetically Active Cells of Celery (Apium graveolens L.) Source Leaves.

Mannitol, a major photosynthetic product and transport carbohydrate in many plants, accounts for approximately 50% of the carbon fixed by celery (Apium graveolens L.) leaves. Previous subfractionation studies of celery leaves indicated that the enzymes for mannitol synthesis were located in the cytosol, but these data are inconsistent with that published for the sites of sugar alcohol synthesis in other families and taxa, including apple (Malus) and a brown alga (Fucus). Using antibodies to a key synthetic enzyme, NADPH-dependent mannose-6-phosphate reductase (M6PR), and immunocytochemical techniques, we have resolved both the inter-cellular and intracellular sites of mannitol synthesis. In leaves, M6PR was found only in cells containing ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. M6PR was almost exclusively cytosolic in these cells, with the nucleus being the only organelle to show labeling. The key step in transport carbohydrate biosynthesis that is catalyzed by M6PR displays no apparent preferential association with vascular tissues or with the bundle sheath. These results show that M6PR and, thus, mannitol synthesis are closely associated with the distribution of photosynthetic carbon metabolism in celery leaves. The principal role of M6PR is, therefore, in the assimilation of carbon being exported from the chloroplast, and it seems unlikely that this enzyme plays even an indirect role in phloem loading of mannitol.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1994

Gas Exchange and Carbon Partitioning in the Leaves of Celery (Apium graveolens L.) at Various Levels of Root Zone Salinity.

Both mannitol and sucrose (Suc) are primary photosynthetic products in celery (Apium graveolens L.). In other biological systems mannitol has been shown to serve as a compatible solute or osmoprotectant involved in stress tolerance. Although mannitol, like Suc, is translocated and serves as a reserve carbohydrate in celery, its role in stress tolerance has yet to be resolved. Mature celery plants exposed to low (25 mM NaCl), intermediate (100 mM NaCl), and high (300 mM NaCl) salinities displayed substantial salt tolerance. Shoot fresh weight was increased at low NaCl concentrations when compared with controls, and growth continued, although at slower rates, even after prolonged exposure to high salinities. Gas-exchange analyses showed that low NaCl levels had little or no effect on photosynthetic carbon assimilation (A), but at intermediate levels decreases in stomatal conductance limited A, and at the highest NaCl levels carboxylation capacity (as measured by analyses of the CO2 assimilation response to changing internal CO2 partial pressures) and electron transport (as indicated by fluorescence measurements) were the apparent prevailing limits to A. Increasing salinities up to 300 mM, however, increased mannitol accumulation and decreased Suc and starch pools in leaf tissues, e.g. the ratio of mannitol to Suc increased almost 10-fold. These changes were due in part to shifts in photosynthetic carbon partitioning (as measured by 14C labeling) from Suc into mannitol. Salt treatments increased the activity of mannose-6-phosphate reductase (M6PR), a key enzyme in mannitol biosynthesis, 6-fold in young leaves and 2-fold in fully expanded, mature leaves, but increases in M6PR protein were not apparent in the older leaves. Mannitol biosynthetic capacity (as measured by labeling rates) was maintained despite salt treatment, and relative partitioning into mannitol consequently increased despite decreased photosynthetic capacity. The results support a suggested role for mannitol accumulation in adaptation to and tolerance of salinity stress.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1991

[The production of furocumarin in Apium graveolens L. and Pastinaca sativa L. after infection with Sclerotinia slcerotiorum].

Roots of celery (Apium graveolens) and parsnip (Pastinaca sativa) were inoculated with Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. At the beginning of the infection it is recognized that the level of furocoumarins rises but decreasing in the further time. Trimethylpsoralene was detected neither dc nor hplc. Sclerotinia grows poorly in parsnip. In this the high level of furocoumarins prevents the growth of the fungus because the furocoumarins are fungistatic. Obvious Sclerotinia is able to stimulate the origin of furocumarins in genetic predestinated plants first at time which can explained as reaction against the infection. The infection cannot avail to arise the technical useful yield.

Antifungal Agents↗