[Visit with midwives in Argentina - my 6 months in Argentina].
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Argentina↗
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The duration of latent infection and functional immunity in droughtmaster and hereford cattle following natural infection with Babesia argentina and Babesia bigemina.
Tne Droughtmaster and 9 Hereford cattle were born in an enzootic babesiasis area and became naturally infected with Babesia argentina and B.bigemina during a 3 year period. They were then kept free of cattle ticks (Boophilus microplus) for the remainder of the experiment. Annually for the next 3 years their individual infection status with Babesia was determined by sub-inoculation of blood into splenectomised calves. At the end of this period the functional immunity of all cattle was challenged by blood inoculation of heterologous strains of B. argentina and B. bigemina. Infection with B. argentina persisted in all Herefords for 2 years and in 7 for 3 years after they had been freed of B. microplus. The number of Droughtmasters with detectable B. argentina infection progressively declined, and at the end of 3 years only 2 of 10 were still infected. No Herefords were shown to be infected with B. bigemina following 1 year's freedom from B. microplus but latent B. bigemina infection of at least 2 year's duration was demonstrated in one of the Droughtmasters. A marked degree of resistance was apparent in all cattle when they were challenged with an heterologous strain of B. argentina. There were no differences between the response to challenge of the Herefords and Droughtmasters nor between the reactions of cattle which had apparently naturally sterilised B. argentina infection and those which were still infected. The heterologous strain of B. bigemina produced parasitaemia in the majority of animals but only minimal fever and anaemia resulted with no significant differences between the breeds.
Age Factors↗
Wildlife forensic DNA evidence links a suspected vehicle to a fatal lowland tapir (Tapirus terrestris) collision in Misiones, Argentina.
Vehicle collisions are recognized as a major driver of biodiversity loss, particularly in road-dense landscapes, exceeding the impact of invasive species and wildlife trafficking. For large-bodied, slow-reproducing, and low-abundance species, such as the lowland tapir (Tapirus terrestris), this threat can have major impacts. Here, we present a wildlife forensic investigation in Misiones, Argentina, involving a tapir, a species afforded the highest level of legal protection as a Provincial Natural Monument. The fatal hit-by-vehicle (HBV) incident occurred in northern Misiones on 31 March 2019 along Provincial Route 19, in a portion that bisects Parque Provincial Urugua-í, with the driver involved in the collision leaving the scene. The suspect was later located and claimed that the damage to the vehicle resulted from a collision with a horse (Equus caballus) rather than a tapir. To legally resolve the incident, DNA (hair and blood) recovered from the suspected vehicle's bumper (evidence) was compared with tissue samples from the tapir carcass (reference). Genetic confirmation of species identity used a 110-bp region of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene, and individual identity was assessed using 12 species-specific microsatellite loci. These analyses confirmed that all evidence matched the tapir carcass at both species and individual levels, strongly supporting the association between the suspected vehicle and the HBV tapir, and refuting the alternative explanation proposed by the driver. This case demonstrates the value of using wildlife forensic genetics to reconstruct wildlife-vehicle collisions, supporting environmental law enforcement, and strengthening conservation efforts in the Atlantic Forest of Misiones, Argentina.
Animals↗
Isolation and identification of leptospira hardjo from cattle in Argentina.
A serological evaluation was done on the prevalence of bovine leptospirosis in Argentina. In 1,857 serum samples obtained from the major cattle raising areas of the country, 59.1 percent showed leptospiral agglutinins in the microscopic-agglutination test. The most frequent leptospiral antigens showing antibody reactions were the hebdomadis group serotypes, of which 45.8 per cent of the sera reacted to Leptospira hardjo with titres ranging from 1:100 to 1:25,600. Six Leptospira isolations were made from 161 bovine kidneys collected at local abattoirs. Their isolation and subsequent identification as serotype L. hardjo is described. This study reports on L. hardjo in cattle of Argentina for the first time and confirms the need for improved cultural methodology for its isolation.
Agglutination Tests↗
Long-term survival in acute leukemia in Argentina: a study of 78 cases.
A total of 78 patients with acute leukemia [69 acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and 9 acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML)] survived more than 4 years. In the years between 1958 and 1967 the number of patients with ALL in Argentina who survived 4 years was 1%. This increased to 21% in the years between 1967 and 1972. The major cause of this increase was the initiation in 1967 of protocols of therapy on a national scale through a cooperative group known as GATLA. In AML patients the number of long-term survivals remained unchanged during both periods. A large percent of the long-term survivors had lower WBC, a higher platelet count, and no hepato- or splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, or hemorrhagic manifestations at diagnosis. However, only for those patients with a WBC under 100,000/mm3 at diagnosis was there a significant prognostic implication (p less than 0.01). Patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia who survive more than 4 years without relapse have about an 80% chance of long survival. For those who have lived 4 years with one or more lapses, there is only a 17% chance of long survival, and of these only those who develop extramedullar relapse (CNS or testicular) without bone marrow involvement have a chance of long survival. Patients who live 4 years in continuous complete remission have the same chance of very long survival regardless of previous therapy.
Adolescent↗
Serological studies and isolations of serotype hardjo and Leptospira biflexa strains from horses of Argentina.
Three pathogenic leptosipras and 12 saprophytic Leptospira biflexa strains were isolated from 72 apparently normal horse kidneys collected at an abattoir in Argentina. Cross-agglutination reaction patterns of the pathogens showed that they were antigenically homologous with members of the Hebdomadis group. When one of the strains was compared to Hebdomadis serotypes in reciprocal agglutination-absorption tests, it was found to be serologically homologous to serotype hardjo. This is the first known report of an isolation of this serotype from horses. Serological tests were also carried out on randomly collected abattoir sera from 245 horses to determine the prevalence of equine leptospirosis. Significant antibody titers (1:100 or greater) were found in 74.6% of the sera. Predominant reactions occurred with the antigens pomona, hebdomadis group, pyrogenes, tarassovi, and canicola. Agglutination tests performed with antigen prepared with one of the saprophytic biflexa isolates showed seropositive reactions in 99.1% of the equine sera, with agglutination titers ranging from 1:100 to 1:3,200. Absorption of selected horse sera with the saprophytic strain removed the agglutinins to Leptospira interrogans serotypes. This suggests the possibility that L. biflexa strains may act as an antigenic stimulus and account for some of the persistent multiple cross-reaction patterns of equine sera with pathogenic serotypes.
Abattoirs↗
Health in Argentina under the Military Junta.
The socioeconomic policies of Argentina's Military Junta, in power since March 1976, have led to a sharp impoverishment of the vast majority of the population. In the health sector, facilities which previously were public are being transferred to the private sector, and public hospitals formerly providing free services to the population now charge patients for the care received. As a necessary counterpart to these unpopular measures, a regime of terror has been waged against members of the health team--both those politically active and those considered potentially subversive, particularly the psychiatrists and workers in community health. Differences between the Argentinian situation and previous European fascist patterns are noted, and the possibility of use of the "Argentinian model" in other capitalist countries in crisis is discussed.
Argentina↗
Search for Trypanosoma rangeli in endemic areas of Trypanosoma cruzi in Argentina and Brazil.
Because the presence of Trypanosoma rangeli in Argentina and Brazil has not been confirmed, a serach was carried out in man and triatomine insects. Fifty-nine of 207 persons (28.5%) were infected when studied with one or more xenodiagnosis (40 Triatoma infestans/xenodiagnosis); 0.1% to 13% of 7,821 bugs' feces and 4% of 875 dissected midguts showed T. cruzi in Giemsa stained smears. One of 6,980 hemolymph samples and 1/875 salivary glands showed few flagellates which may have originated in the gut. They were not found in stained smears. Thirteen percent of 188 wild-caught domiciliary T. infestans showed only T. cruzi in the gut and feces. Although the presence of T. rangeli could not be demonstrated, the study indicates that examination of pooled hemolymph and random samples of salivary glands and midguts can be carried out together iwth the usual examination of extracted feces in any species of triatomine, including those with salivary glands lacking the pink color present in the genus Rhodnius. Unless this procedure is widely used it will not be possible to differentiate T. rangeli and other possible trypanosome infections from those of T. cruzi nor to determine, therefore, the true prevalence of Chagas' disease in a given human population.
Animals↗
Occurrence of antibodies to Brucella canis in rural inhabitants of Corrientes and Neuquén Provinces, Argentina.
Of 1,065 persons sampled during a house-to-house survey of an area of the Department of Curuzú Cuatiá, Province of Corrientes, Argentina, 21 were seropositive to Brucella canis antibodies by the gel-diffusion test, using a saline-extracted B. ovis surface R antigen. Two positive reactors were similarly identified during a survey of rural schools in the Province of Neuquén, which included 887 persons. The findings are discussed in terms of current knowledge of this recently recognized zoonotic infection.
Adolescent↗
Molecular diagnosis of spinal muscular atrophy: Experience in a pediatric hospital in Argentina.
Introduction. Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal recessive neuromuscular disease caused by the loss of the SMN1 gene, with a variable clinical spectrum determined primarily by the number of copies of the SMN2 gene. The development of new therapies underscores the importance of early molecular diagnosis and genotype-phenotype characterization. Objective. To describe 27 years of experience in the molecular diagnosis of SMA at a pediatric referral hospital in Argentina and to evaluate the correlation between SMN2 copy number and the SMA types.Population and methods. A retrospective descriptive study was conducted on 1060 pediatric patients with clinically suspected SMA who were evaluated between 1997 and 2024. Molecular diagnosis was performed using PCR-RFLP and, since 2012, MLPA to determine SMN1 and SMN2 copy number. Genotype-phenotype correlation was evaluated in 260 patients with complete clinical characterization. Results. The diagnosis was confirmed in 513 patients. A homozygous deletion of the SMN1 gene was detected in 99.6% of unrelated cases. The positivity rate increased over time. A significant correlation was observed between the number of SMN2 copies and the type of SMA, with milder phenotypes associated with a higher number of copies. Conclusion. Molecular diagnosis of SMA enabled accurate and timely characterization of patients, avoiding invasive procedures and optimizing therapeutic decision-making. Genotype-phenotype correlation is a fundamental tool for prognosis and clinical management, highlighting the importance of an interdisciplinary approach.
Argentina↗
[Chronic arsenic water pollution in the Republic of Argentina].
Arsenical pollution of water supplies is a chronic problem of great medical, social and sanitary importance in Argentina. The well-known cutaneous manifestations of chronic arsenical toxicity, palmar and plantar keratoses, melanoderma and multiple epitheliomas are described. The interest which this disease has evoked in the last few years is emphasized when new arsenical areas are discovered with clinical cases of chronic arsenical intoxication. Furthermore it is shown that the high content of arsenic in drinking water may be the determining factor in the incidence of visceral neoplasms. Contrary to classic beliefs, the chronic toxic effects from arsenic may be present in young children but the palmar and plantar keratoses may be absent. The histochemical localization of the arsenic in the skin and its relation to thyroid function and the production of leukoplakia and laryngeal cancer are noted. When one analyses all the recent reports it is evident that patients with chronic arsenical intoxication must now be thoroughly studied bearing in mind the multiple localization of this carcinogenic agent.
Argentina↗
Avian adenoviruses--distribution of infection in commercial flocks of fowls in Argentina.
Group-specific avian adenovirus antibodies were surveyed in broiler, layer, and breeder chickens in three poultry-producing areas of Argentina: north, middle, and south. The method used was the agar double-immunodiffusion test. Of the flocks examined, 89% had antibodies to avian adenovirus, with the percentages higher in layers and breeders than in broiler chickens. A close relation was found between poorer hygienic condition and high adenovirus antibodies values.
Adenoviridae Infections↗
[Myxosporidia of the cartilaginous fish of the Patagonian shelf (shore of Argentina)].
5 species of myxosporidians of the genus Chloromyxum were found in the gall bladder of Chondrostei from the Pathagonian shelf (Argentina coast). 4 species of them are new ones. This indicates that the species Chloromyxum leydigi mentioned for all Chondrostei is a collective species which needs a revision. Caudal filaments and ribs of the valves of spores of myxosporidians are more developed in species parasitic in fishes getting food from water mass and predators and to a lesser extent in species getting food from the bottom.
Animals↗
The occurrence of leptospiral antibodies in rural inhabitants of Argentina.
Sera collected during surveys of presumably healthy rural inhabitants of the Provinces of Corrientes and Neuquén, Argentina, were examined for serological evidence of leptospirosis. Significant antibody levels (1:100 or greater) were found in 8.7 per cent of 1,029 sera from residents of Corrientes Province. The most frequent reactions occurred against the serotypes australis, hebdomadis group, pomona, and icterohaemorrhagiae. The predominance of antibodies to the Australis group in the country is new and suggests the emergence of leptospirosis in an unrecognized animal reservoir host. Out of 706 sera collected from rural school students and sera from 71 adults in the Province of Neuquén, only 4 (0.5%) showed leptospiral agglutinin in the microscopic agglutination test and these were only at a 1:100 serum dilution. The higher percentage of reactors in the Corrientes population appears to reflect a more favorable environment and a greater risk of infection.
Adolescent↗
Babesia bovis (argentina): observations of coagulation parameters, fibrinogen catabolism and fibrinolysis in intact and splenectomized cattle.
The results of this paper indicate that cattle infected with B. bovis (argentina) have a markedly altered and activated coagulation system. A degree of thrombin activation occurs due partly to release of thromboplastin-like substances from lysed erythrocytes but due primarily to activation of kallikrein by babesial proteases. This produces a hyperfibrinogenaemia, particularly in intact cattle, with soluble fibrin complexes constituting up to one-third of the total fibrinogen concentration. High molecular weight non-coagulable fibrinogen-like proteins are detected terminally but more so in splenectomized cattle. Plasminogen concentration decreases in splenectomized but not intact cattle while low molecular weight fibrinogen degradation products are not easily detected. It is suggested that a hypercoagulable intermediate state with little or no fibrin deposition occurs rather than terminal disseminated intravascular coagulation.
Animals↗
Babesia argentina: observations on the immunogenicity of the cryofibrinogen complex.
Rabbit antisera were prepared against the soluble and insoluble fractions of a cryofibrinogen complex that formed in plasma of cattle acutely infected with Babesia argentina. Analyses of the rabbit antisera indicated that the cryofibrinogen complex contained proteins from erythrocytes and parasites as well as fibrinogen and related proteins.
Animals↗
Babesia bovis (= argentina): changes in erythrophylic and associated proteins during acute infection of splenectomized and intact calves.
Saline eluates were prepared from sucrose-washed erythrocytes of cattle infected with B. bovis (= argentina). Fibrinogen, plasminogen and IgG2 were constituent proteins of the eluates and all three proteins increased in concentration during infection. The significance of the protein changes and their contribution to coagulation and fibrinolysis during infection are discussed.
Acute Disease↗
Babesia bovis (argentina): components of the cryofibrinogen complex and their contribution to pathophysiology of infection in splenectomized calves.
A cryofibrinogen complex, found in the plasma of cattle acutely infected with Babesia bovis (argentina), was characterized. The fibrinogen-like proteins of the complex were isolated and the structure of their polypeptide chains analysed. In general, the chain structure was similar to that of soluble non-crosslinked fibrin (fibrinogen) although chains indicating some degree of fibrin crosslinking were often detected. Only rarely did the chain structure suggest that fibrinolysis occurred. It was concluded that the complex was produced by activation of the coagulation system but that fibrinolysis did not occur to any marked degree. The complex was implicated in assistance to the sludging of erythrocytes in the internal organs which is a feature of the pathogenesis of the disease.
Animals↗