Arizona State University Open Curriculum project. Arizona State University, College of Nursing; Tempe, Arizona.
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Arizona↗
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[Serological analysis of two complex Salmonella respectively Arizona O-groups (Salmonella O:48 and O:64 - Arizona O:5 and O:29) with the object of combining them into one Salmonella O-group 48 within the Kauffmann-White-schema (author's transl)].
In 1963 KAUFFMANN divided O-group Y (= O:48) of the KAUFFMANN-WHITE-Schema into 3 sub-groups, e.g. 481, 482 - S. dahlem; 481, 482, 483 - S. djakarta; 481, 483, 484 = Citrobacter no. 2624/36. He also recommended the use of the two serotypes S. dahlem and S. djakarta for the preparation of a diagnostic group-serum. At that time, serological relations- especially O-antigenic relations (and even some identities) - between the separate Salmonella and Arizona genera were known, viz. between the Salmonella group 0:48 and the Arizona group O:5. It has now been found that there exist also close serological relations between the Salmonella O-groups 48 and 64 on the one hand and to the corresponding Arizona O-groups 5 and 29 on the other hand, in connection with which the special factor 484 defined by KAUFMANN in the Citrobacter culture no. 2624 embraces the whole Salmonella group O:64 (= Arizona group O:29). Therefore, every Salmonella O:64 strain and Arizona O:29 serotype respectively can be agglutinated with factorserum 484, defined by KAUFFMANN. A special O:64 serum is no longer required. The Salmonella antigen 64 (Ar. 29 or 5.29) has a rule the partial antigens 481, 483, 484 (= Ar. 5,29). Only a few serotypes do not possess factor 483; their components are 481 and 484 (= Ar. 29). The evidence of our findings demonstrates that the Salmonella O-group 64 (= Arizona 29) should be combined with O-group 48 (Ar. 5) and erased from the original Kauffmann-White-Schema and the Arizona Antigenic Schema to avoid a wrong diagnosis.
Absorption↗
[Antigenic bacterial polysaccharides. 24. The structure of the O-specific polysaccharide chain of Salmonella arizonae 063 (Arizona 08) lipopolysaccharide].
The O-specific polysaccharide chain of the Salmonella arizonae O63 lipopolysaccharide is composed of D-glucose, D-galactose, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, and 3-acetamido-3,6-dideoxy-D-galactose (Fuc3NAc) residues in the ratio 1:1:2:1. On the basis of methylation analysis and calculations of 13C-NMR-spectra of the polysaccharide and of the product of its selective cleavage with anhydrous hydrogen fluoride, the linear polymer lacking 3-acetamido-3,6-dideoxygalactose, it was concluded that the polysaccharide has the following structure: (Formula: see text).
Antigens, Bacterial↗
[The structure of O-specific polysaccharide chains of lipopolysaccharides from Citrobacter 032 and Salmonella arizonae 064 (Arizona 29)].
On the basis of acid hydrolysis, methylation, Smith degradation, selective cleavage with anhydrous hydrogen fluoride, and 13C NMR analysis, the repeating unit of the O-specific polysaccharide of Citrobacter O32 was concluded to have the following structure: (Formula: see text). The repeating unit of the Salmonella arizonae O64 O-specific polysaccharide has the same structure lacking the O-acetyl group.
Antigens, Bacterial↗
[Computer analysis of the structure of branched O-specific polysaccharide of Salmonella arizonae O63 (Arizona 08) from 13C-NMR data].
A computerised approach to the structural analysis of branched regular polysaccharides on the basis of the 13C NMR spectra is described. Deviations from additivity of the glycosidation effects for the monosaccharides arranged in branch points are taken into account. The approach has been verified by using data on bacterial polysaccharide of S. arizonae 063.
Antigens, Bacterial↗
Computer-assisted structural analysis of the branched O-specific polysaccharide of Salmonella arizonae O63 (Arizona O8) on the basis of 13C-n.m.r. data.
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Antigens, Bacterial↗
[Isolation of a new Salmonella (S.II 41:b:1,5) as well as Arizona serotypes (Arizona 21:24:25) from a viper (Vipera russellii)].
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Animals↗
[Eight new Arizona serotypes with emphasis on 2 O-antigens previously only found in Salmonella (author's transl)].
Description of eight new Arizona serotypes isolated from snakes and lizards (exception: Arizona 7a, 7c:23-21) in various countries and submitted to the National Salmonella Centre Hamburg for identification. No. 4-36/70 Arizona 10a, 10b:29-25 = S. arizonae 40(1), 40(2):k:z53 No. 159-36/70 Arizona 7a, c..:26-21 (with a new O-antigen) = S. arizonae 1, 6, 14, 25:z53:z35 No. 160-36/70 Arizona 30:32-31 = S. arizonae 65:c:z No. 162-36/70 Arizona 10a, 10b, (10c):23-31 (with a new O-antigen) = S. arizonae 40(1), 40(2):1, v:z No. 167-36/70 Arizona 25:23-31-41 = S. arizonae 16:1, v:z:z61 No. 2-36/71 Arizona 20:33-21 = S. arizonae 35:i:z35 No. 227-36/72 Arizona 26a, 26b:26-21 = S. arizonae 61(1), 61(2):z52:z35 No. 305-36/72 Arizona 7a, 7c:23-21 = S. arizonae (6), 14:1, v:z35 The two new Arizona O-antiges traced in strains nos. 159-36/70 and 162-36/70 testify the close relationship between Arizona and Salmonella justifying the inclusion of all Arizona serotypes with their corresponding Salmonella-formulae in the Kauffmann-White-Schema. The O-antigen of strain no. 159-36/70 was verified only by using Salmonella O-antisera, the O-antigen of no. 162-36/70 by serological comparative tests with a certain Salmonella-species = S. bukavu. Strain no. 167-36/70: it is pointed out that phase 3 could probably be a so-called R-phase.
Agglutination Tests↗
On the serological relationship between Salmonella O-groups 48 and 64 and the corresponding Arizona O-groups 5 and 29 which would justify a merger of these groups.
In 1963 Kauffmann divided O-group Y (O:48) of the Kauffmann-White schema into 3 sub-groups, e.g. 48(1),48(2) (S. dahlem), 48(1),48(2),48(3) (S. djakarta), 48(1),48(3),48(4) (Citrobacter 2624/36). He also recommended the use of the two serotypes S. dahlem and S. djakarta for the preparation of a diagnostic group-serum. At that time, serological relations--especially O-antigenic relations (and even some identities)--between the separate Salmonella and Arizona genera were known, viz. between the Salmonella group O:48 and the Arizona group O:5. It has now been found that there exist also close serological relations between the Salmonella O-groups 48 and 64 on the one hand and to the corresponding Arizona O-groups 5 and 29 on the other hand, in connection with which the special factor 48(4) defined by Kauffmann in the Citrobacter culture 2624/36 enbraces the whole Salmonella group O:64 (Arizona group O:29). Therefore, every Salmonella O:64 strain and Arizona O:29 serotype respectively can be agglutinated with factor-serum 48(4), defined by Kauffmann. A special O:64 serum is no longer required. The Salmonella antigen 64 (Arizona O:29 or O:5,29) has as a rule the partial antigens 48(1),48(3),48(4) (Arizona O:29). Only a few serotypes do not possess factor 48(3): their components are 48(1) and 48(4) (Arizona O:29). The evidence of our findings demonstrates that the Salmonella O-group 64 (Arizona O:29) should be combined with O-group 48 (Arizona O:5) and erased from the original Kauffmann-White schema and the Arizona antigenic schema to avoid a wrong diagnosis.
Agglutination Tests↗
In vivo transfer of antibiotic resistance to a strain of Salmonella arizonae.
Two trials were conducted to determine the transferability of antibiotic resistance in vivo between two strains of enteric bacteria. Newly hatched turkey poults were inoculated per os with a strain of Escherichia coli resistant to kanamycin, tetracycline, and ampicillin, a strain of Salmonella arizonae resistant to nalidixic acid and streptomycin, or both strains. Kanamycin was added to the drinking water of some poults. To test for S. arizonae cells which had received transferable resistance determinants in vivo from the E. coli strain, samples were collected by swabbing the recta of the poults and by removing segments of the intestines and livers after the birds were sacrificed. Nalidixic acid was added to the isolation media to prevent in vitro transfer from occurring after the samples were collected. Salmonella arizonae resistant to nalidixic acid, streptomycin, kanamycin, tetracycline, and ampicillin were isolated from 20% of the rectal samples taken from poults that had received both bacterial strains. S. arizonae cells which had received resistance determinants in vivo were also isolated from 73% of the intestinal samples and 8% of the liver samples taken from birds inoculated with both donor E. coli and recipient S. arizonae. Salmonella arizonae demonstrating resistance to all five antibiotics were recovered from all intestinal samples taken from birds given kanamycin in their drinking water immediately after the last S. arizonae inoculation but from only 43% of such samples taken from birds given no kanamycin.
Animals↗
Evaluation of the Arizona Medical Student Exchange Program.
In this article the authors describe and present an evaluation of the Arizona Medical Student Exchange Program of the Western Interstate Commission for Higher Education. The program is designed to help defray the cost that an Arizona student faces in attending an out-of-state medical school by paying, in the student's behalf, the difference between the resident and nonresident tuition at the out-of-state school. Furthermore, the accepting medical school is paid an additional sum as an inducement to accepts more Arizona students in the future. The program's goal is to increase the number of graduating physicians who will return to practice in Arizona, especially in areas of medical need. While the program apparently has been successful in increasing the number of Arizona students studying medicine and the number of physicians returning to the state--both to metropolitan areas and to areas of medical need--these increases have not kept pace with Arizona's growing population.
Arizona↗
Bone and joint infection with Arizona hinshawii: report of a case and a review of the literature.
The Arizona group of gram-negative enteric microorganisms is closely related to the genus Salmonella. Arizona infection is common in avian and reptilian species. Whereas Arizona intestinal infection has been observed in humans, extraintestinal disease has infrequently been described. A case of a 23-year-old woman with systemic lupus erythematosus and sickle cell trait who acquired Arizona hinshawii osteomyelitis and septis arthritis is presented. The patient recovered after treatment with ampicillin and cephalosporins. Three previously described cases of bone and/or joint infection with Arizona are summarized. Because Arizona species frequently ferment lactose, it is possible that they are discarded from fecal isolates by bacteriology laboratories. It is conceivable that many intestinal and extraintestinal infections are either overlooked or mistakenly identified.
Adult↗
Occurrence and distribution of serotypes of the Arizona subgroup of Salmonella strains in the United States from 1967 to 1976.
The Salmonella Arizona subgroup contains gram-negative enteric bacteria that are closely related to other salmonellae biochemically, serologically, and genetically. Although the Arizona subgroup may be isolated from a wide variety of nonhuman and human sources, the arizonae are uncommonly recognized as human pathogens, and surprisingly little is known about their epidemiology. From 1967 through 1976, the Centers for Disease Control received 858 Arizona subgroup cultures from human and nonhuman sources representing 143 different serotypes in 33 somatic groups; several serotypes had not been previously reported. The 374 cultures from humans represent 71 different serotypes; extraintestinal isolates were present in 31 (44%) serotypes. Compared with data from a previous 20 years of surveillance, the proportion of Arizona subgroup strains isolated from stools, blood, and other sites was remarkably stable, but several serotypes showed marked changes in their frequency of isolation. In total, the ratio of extraintestinal to intestinal isolates was 0.37, but marked serotype-specific variation was noted, suggesting differences in virulence associated with serotype.
Amphibians↗
Salmonella arizona infections in Latinos associated with rattlesnake folk medicine.
In 1987 two Los Angeles County (California) hospitals reported four Latino patients with serious Salmonella arizona (Salmonella subgroup 3) infections who gave a medical history of taking rattlesnake capsules prior to illness. Capsules supplied by the patients or household members grew Salmonella arizona. We reviewed surveillance data for this Salmonella species and conducted a case-control study to determine the magnitude of this public health problem. Eighteen (82 percent) of the 22 Latino cases in 1986 and 1987 who were questioned reported ingesting snake capsules compared to two (8 percent) of 24 matched Latino controls with non-subgroup 3 salmonellosis or shigellosis (matched pair odds ratio = 18.0, CI = 4.2, 76.3). An average of 18 cases per year of Salmonella arizona were reported in the county between 1980 and 1987. In this investigation the majority of S. arizona cases reporting snake capsule ingestion had underlying illnesses such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), diabetes, arthritis, cancer. The capsules were obtained primarily from Tijuana, Mexico and from Los Angeles, California pharmacies in Latino neighborhoods. Despite publicity and attempts to remove the capsules from sale in California, Salmonella arizona cases associated with snake-capsule ingestion continue to occur.
Animals↗
Arizona hinshawii osteomyelitis with antecedent enteric fever and sepsis. A case report with a review of the literature.
A case of Arizona osteomyelitis of the spine which occurred 11 months after an episode of gastroenteritis and enteric fever is presented. As close biochemical and antigenic relative of Salmonella, Arizona infection produces a similar clinical course with gastrointestinal manifestations frequently preceding localized infections by several months. The boney lesion in the present case and in three of the four other cases of Arizona osteomyelitis described in the literature was a chronic inflammation which may have a xanthomatous component. The bone destruction caused by Arizona infection is less severe than that of tuberculosis or pyogenic osteomyelitis. Proposed treatment of Arizona osteomyelitis consists of debridement of the localized infection and long term antimicrobial therapy.
Child, Preschool↗
Treatment of Salmonella-Arizona-infected turtle eggs with terramycin and chloromycetin by the temperature-differential egg dip method.
Attempts to eliminate Salmonella and Arizona infection from newly hatched turtles were made by dipping fresh eggs in cold solutions of Terramycin and Chloromycetin at 1,000, 1,200, 1,500 and 2,000 mug per ml for either 10, 20, or 30 min. Control groups consisted of hatchings produced from nondipped eggs or eggs dipped in chilled water. In two of the four experiments 5 to 10 eggs were blended on days 15, 30, and 45 post antibiotic dip treatment. Twenty-five to 60 hatchlings from each control or experimental dip groups were held in containers and the water was tested (excretion method) for Salmonella and Arizona every 15 or 30 days for 180 to 210 days after hatching. Representative turtles were homogenized (blending method) to determine if systemic infections were present. All specimens tested were enriched in tetrathionate and selenite cystine broth. Nondipped eggs and water-dipped eggs routinely showed Salmonella and Arizona present in egg homogenate and hatchlings emerging from these eggs excreted these pathogens. Terramycin- and Chloromycetin-dipped eggs were uniformly negative for these pathogens, only if fresh eggs were dipped. Bacteriological assay of container water and whole turtle homogenate from hatchlings were negative for Salmonella and Arizona if eggs were dipped in 1,000 mug of Terramycin early in the egg laying season or if eggs were dipped in 1,500 or 2,000 mug of Terramycin per ml late in the egg laying season. The results of temperature-differential egg dip studies suggest that this is a feasible and promising method by which to eradicate Salmonella and Arizona from the turtle.
Animals↗
Fatty acid composition of paracolons: Arizona, Citrobacter, and Providencia.
The fatty acid compositions of stationary-phase cultures of Arizona arizonae, Citrobacter freundii, Providencia alcalifaciens, Providencia stuartii, and Providencia sp. were studied. The major fatty acids of A. arizonae, C. freundii, and Providencia were 16:0, 16:1, 17:cyclopropane, and 19:cyclopropane. The fatty acid compositions of the two strains of A. arizonae examined were similar to each other, but the three strains of C. freundii differed from one another in their fatty acid compositions. In both A. arizonae and C. freundii, the relative quantities of saturated, unsaturated, and cyclopropane fatty acids were similar to those which have been found in stationary-phase cultures of other members of the Enterobacteriaceae. The three strains of Providencia also differed from one another in their fatty acid compositions. In all three strains, the total quantity of unsaturated fatty acids was larger and that of the cyclopropane fatty acids was smaller than those found in stationary-phase cultures of other enteric bacteria.
Chromatography, Gas↗
Salmonella arizonae bacteremia as the presenting manifestation of human immunodeficiency virus infection following rattlesnake meat ingestion.
Recurrent nontyphoid salmonella septicemia is one of the opportunistic infections characteristic of AIDS. The increased incidence of severe salmonellosis in immunocompromised patients is due, in part, to defective cellular immunity. The literature contains reports of nine cases of extraintestinal Salmonella arizonae infections in patients ingesting rattlesnake capsules, all of whom had known underlying medical illnesses. We describe a previously healthy Hispanic man who developed S. arizonae bacteremia as his initial manifestation of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The patient ultimately stated that he had consumed rattlesnake meat for medicinal purposes--a relatively common practice among Hispanics. S. arizonae was cultured from the powder of all capsules remaining in his possession. To our knowledge, this represents the first reported case of S. arizonae bacteremia as the presenting manifestation of HIV infection following the ingestion of capsules containing rattlesnake meat.
Animals↗