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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

Cloning and sequence analysis of two isotypic IgM heavy chain genes from Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.

A leukocyte cDNA library from Atlantic salmon, based on oligo-dT priming, was constructed in lambda-gt10. Immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) cDNA were isolated from the library using a specific probe generated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) between two conserved areas within the variable region (second and fourth frame region). Two cDNA clones encoding the entire constant region of membrane-bound IgH, and one cDNA encoding the entire constant region of secretory IgH were sequenced, revealing messages from two isotypic IgM genes. Both genes were shown to be present in haploid embryos and have been isolated from a genomic library, the exons and deduced amino acid sequences of which are presented here (salmon CHA and CHB). The splicing of transcripts encoding the membrane-bound IgH excises the whole fourth exon as in other teleosts. The nucleotide and amino acid identity between salmon CHA and CHB are 98.2%, and 96.2%, respectively. Two subfractions of IgM from Atlantic salmon separated by ion chromatography can be explained by a net exchange of basic residues in salmon CHB compared to CHA. The finding of two closely related salmon CH genes is in accordance with the quasi-tetraploid state of the Atlantic salmon genome.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1992

Galanin receptors in the brain of a teleost: autoradiographic distribution of binding sites in the Atlantic salmon.

The distribution of galanin (GAL) binding sites in the brain of the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) was investigated by means of radioligand binding in conjunction with autoradiography by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) characterized radio-iodinated porcine galanin ([125I]GAL). On slide-mounted sections of frozen salmon brain homogenate, [125I]GAL (4 nM) bound rapidly and reversibly to a single population of sites with a Kd of 1.0 +/- 0.08 nM (n = 3) and Bmax of 2.38 +/- 0.19 fmol/mg wet tissue. Specific [125I]GAL binding was found in cellular regions, in fiber tracts, and in neuropil areas throughout the brain, except for in the olfactory bulb, pineal organ, and cerebellum. Autoradiographic microdensitometric measurements revealed high total [125I]GAL binding in the ventral hypothalamus (inferior lobes; around 7-12 fmol/mg tissue), the dorsal spinal cord (between 6 and 12 fmol/mg tissue), sublayers of the optic tectum (around 8 fmol/mg), torus semicircularis (around 7 fmol/mg), and glomerular complex (around 6 fmol/mg). Intermediate densities of [125I]GAL binding (3-5 fmol/mg tissue) were found in the pituitary, telencephalon, dorsolateral thalamic nucleus, and raphe nuclei and in association with the forebrain bundles. Except for in the optic tectum, there is a good concordance of [125I]GAL binding sites and GAL-immunoreactive fiber projections in most brain areas of the salmon. The wide distribution of GAL binding sites provides further evidence that a GAL-like substance might be involved in a diversity of brain functions of teleosts. The topographic distribution of target sites in the hypothalamo-hypophyseal axis indicates that GAL-like substances may have both direct and indirect effect on pituitary functions while in extrahypothalamic areas, functional implications by GAL may include involvement in somatosensory, central gustatory, olfactory, and visual functions. This study provides evidence for the presence of a specific GAL receptor in the brain of the Atlantic salmon. Together the distribution of GAL binding and GAL-like molecules provide a covering delineation of the GAL neuronal system in the brain of the Atlantic salmon. Comparisons with mammals suggest that the GAL receptor molecule has been well preserved during evolution and that GAL-like substances may be present, and even possess similar functional properties, throughout the vertebrate phylogeny.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Acute toxicity of ammonia to Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr.

1. Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr were exposed to (NH4)2SO4 solutions in static systems with aerated, soft water for 96 hr. The 96 hr-LC50 for un-ionized ammonia (expressed as mg/l NH3-N) ranged from 0.031 (2.1 degrees C) to 0.111 (17.1 degrees C) at pH 6.0 and from 0.030 (1.8 degrees C) to 0.146 (12.5 degrees C) at pH 6.4. 2. No mortality, was found in a KCl solution and a physiological salt solution with chloride concentrations approximately equivalent to the chloride concentration in a NH4Cl solution giving 45% mortality, and to the ammonia concentration in a (NH4)2SO4 solution giving 35% mortality, all solutions tested at pH 6.0 and 2 degrees C.

Ammonia↗
PubMed1992

17 alpha,20 beta-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one 20-sulphate is a potent odorant in precocious male Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) parr which have been pre-exposed to the urine of ovulated females.

Electrophysiological recordings from the olfactory epithelium have shown that 17 alpha,20 beta-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one 20-sulphate (17,20 beta-P-sulphate; a conjugate of the oocyte-maturation-inducing steroid in teleosts) is a potent odorant in precocious male Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) parr. However, the olfactory epithelium of these fish only appeared to be responsive to the steroid after stimulation with the urine of ovulated female Atlantic salmon. Immature fish did not respond at any time. Stimulation with urine from immature and precocious male Atlantic salmon parr did not make the olfactory epithelium of precocious male salmon parr responsive to the steroid. 17,20 beta-P-sulphate was found in the urines of ovulated females, precocious male parr and mature male Atlantic salmon. The findings are discussed in relation to the possible role of 17,20 beta-P-sulphate in the physiology of Atlantic salmon.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Growth enhancement in transgenic Atlantic salmon by the use of an "all fish" chimeric growth hormone gene construct.

We have developed an "all fish" growth hormone (GH) chimeric gene construct by using an antifreeze protein gene (AFP) promoter from ocean pout linked to a chinook salmon GH cDNA clone. After microinjection into fertilized, nonactivated Atlantic salmon eggs via the micropyle, transgenic Atlantic salmon were generated. The presence of the transgene was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using specific oligonucleotide primers. A number of these transgenic fish showed dramatic increases in their growth rate. At one year old, the average increase of the transgenic fish was 2 to 6 fold and the largest transgenic fish was 13 times that of the average non-transgenic control.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Changes in polyamines during embryonic development of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar.

1. Polyamine composition of eggs and alevins from cultured and wild Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, was compared during early development. 2. Eggs collected from wild stock had higher amounts of bound and free putrescine, spermidine and spermine than those collected from cultured stock. 3. Cadaverine was present in bound form in cultured and wild stocks before and after fertilization, respectively. However, free cadaverine was detected in both stocks throughout development. 4. Atlantic salmon embryos and alevins can synthesize polyamines which could be associated with their growth and development.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Purification of the Atlantic salmon hepatic 21 kDa protein and classification as a high mobility group chromatin protein.

The 21 kDa protein of liver from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) has been purified. Hepatic nuclei were extracted with 0.75 M HClO4. The extracted proteins were fractionated using reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography. The purity of the protein was analysed by isoelectric focusing in the first, and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the 2nd dimension. Isoelectric focusing separated the protein into 5 spots. In gel trypsin digestion after isoelectric focusing followed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis resulted in identical migration of the tryptic peptides. The amino acid composition of the 21 kDa protein was similar to that of high mobility group (HMG) proteins C and D from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The N-terminal sequence of the amino acids 1-19 revealed a conserved region characteristic for HMG 14/17 proteins of mammals and avians, and their equivalents in rainbow trout. Considering the electrophoretic mobility, amino acid composition and N-terminal amino acid sequence it is concluded that the 21 kDa protein of Atlantic salmon is a member of the HMG protein family resembling the HMG D protein of rainbow trout.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1977

An epidermal papilloma of the Atlantic salmon I: Epizootiology, pathology and immunology.

Papillomatosis of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) was studied with regard to epizootiology, gross and histologic pathology, and host response. It was found to be a condition of parr in their second summer, but also occasionally of young adult fish (smolts and grilse) which have adapted to salt water. The lesion was plaque-like to papillomatous and consisted of stratified squamous epithelium with supporting stroma. Immunologic findings tended to support histologic observations that the lesion was ultimately sloughed as a result of a cell mediate immune response.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Antifreeze protein gene transfer in Atlantic salmon.

Salmonids freeze to death if they come into contact with ice. Many marine fish species that inhabit icy sea waters synthesize antifreeze proteins (AFP) to protect them from freezing. Production of stable lines of freeze-resistant salmon and other species would greatly facilitate development of sea-pen aquaculture in many regions. We successfully introduced winter flounder AFP genes into Atlantic salmon. Research to date indicates stable genomic integration and low levels of expression of winter flounder AFP genes in a small number (approximately 3%) of salmon developed from microinjected eggs. Inheritance of the AFP gene by offspring (F1) from crosses between transgenic and wild-type salmon revealed that the transgenic flounders (F0) were germ-line mosaics. Low levels of AFP precursors could be detected in the blood of all these transgenic offspring (F1). Approximately 50% of the progeny produced by crosses between transgenic F1 and wild-types contained the AFP genes. These results demonstrate that stable germ-line transformed Atlantic salmon can be produced.

Animals↗
PubMed2025

Large Haplotypes Linked to Climate and Life History Variation in Divergent Lineages of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar).

Advances in sequencing are revealing that linked genomic architectures, enabling the evolution of co-adapted alleles at multiple loci, often shape complex phenotypes. Several recent studies have identified such architectures (e.g., chromosomal rearrangements and supergenes) contributing to adaptation or divergence across diverse species, from plants to mammals. Specifically, within Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar ), genomic studies are revealing large haplotypes and structural variants that may underpin local adaptation in the species. Using data from > 4000 individuals from 134 locations spanning the North Atlantic Ocean, we identify a large (~3 Mbp) genomic region on Ssa18 showing patterns of differentiation and linkage disequilibrium (LD) indicative of a large haplotype block containing three divergent haplotypes (herein A, B and C haplotypes). In Europe, haplotypes A and B were common, whereas A and C were more common within North America, suggesting a shared 'ancestral' A haplotype, with different continent-specific alternative haplotypes. Data support independent origins of divergent haplotypes in each continent, as well as signals of trans-oceanic introgression of haplotypes. Haplotype frequency is strongly associated with latitude, climate and life history (smolt age); however, the strength and direction of these relationships vary across continents. Overall, our analyses were consistent with other studies that identify chromosomal rearrangements; however, long-read sequence data did not find evidence of a structural variant, and instead an ancestral fusion may explain the formation and maintenance of the observed haplotypes. Our study contributes to ongoing efforts to understand the evolutionary role of linked genomic architecture in Atlantic salmon and its significance in salmonid diversification.

Climate Change↗
PubMed1992

Renal, respiratory and ionic regulation in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) kelts following transfer from fresh water to seawater.

Atlantic salmon may return to the sea after spawning in fresh water. These fish, known as kelts, reportedly show a limited ability to hypoosmoregulate. However, this study shows that fresh-water-adapted kelts exposed to seawater demonstrate rapid adaptation (within 48 h) in osmoregulatory parameters to values characteristics of seawater-adapted salmonids. The urine flow rate falls from 1.2 to 0.2 ml.kg-1.h-1 within 24 h. Over the same period, urine osmolality increases from 48 mosmol.kg-1 to become isosmotic with the plasma, and Mg2+ secretion by the kidney tubules elevates the urine concentration from 0.5 to 100 mmol.l-1. As is characteristic for marine teleosts, kelts drink seawater and process the ingested water in the gut to replace body water lost by osmosis to the hyperosmotic medium. Seawater exposure causes a marked hypoxia, arterial oxygen tension falling by 43% within minutes and persisting for at least 4 days at this low level. This is associated with large changes in blood pH and acid-base balance. The physiological mechanisms involved in adaptation to a hyperosmotic external medium are discussed, and the osmoregulatory capacity of kelts is compared with that of salmon at other stages of the life cycle.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1992

Physiological properties of liver, gonads and muscle during maturation of female Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. Comparison between a control and xenobiotics containing fish feed.

1. Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, in their 4th year were maintained in a sea-based farm in the Baltic Sea, salinity 0.2-0.4%. The fish were fed a control diet or a diet containing, among the lipid-soluble xenobiotics, 60 parts of dioxin per 10(12) parts of fish oil. 2. In the fish that attained sexual maturity the liver and gonadal wet weight increased, but decreased after stripping of the roe. Vitellogenesis was also apparent as an elevated level of plasma vitellogenin which was higher after than 2 months prior to removal of the roe. 3. In muscle protein content was highest prior to the removal of the roe. RNA content decreased with time. Following the taking of the roe glycogen content and acid proteinase activity were elevated. 4. Comparison between the feeding groups showed, in the fish fed the experimental diet, a higher gonadal wet weight and plasma vitellogenin content, and in muscle, after stripping of the roe, a lower glycogen content and an elevated level of acid proteinase activity.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Considerations of a method of analyzing diallel crosses of atlantic salmon.

Inferences derived from a proposed mixed model analysis of a diallel cross involving four stocks of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) are illustrated with growth data on weight and length. Variation between stocks was more apparent when samples represented dams as opposed to sires, thus stressing the relative importance of maternal effects. However, the ranking of stocks was not altered when either the means of sire sources or the means of dam sources were considered. No heterotic effects were found for the growth traits studied.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2025

Comparisons of Methods for Mucus Sampling and Mucin Semi-Quantification on Barramundi (Lates calcarifer) and Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Epithelial Sites.

Fish epithelial surfaces are covered by a mucus layer. The highly glycosylated proteins called mucins are a main component of the mucus, which also contains a range of antibacterial enzymes, proteins, and peptides of importance for its protective properties. Here, we compared the practicality and yield of mucus harvesting from barramundi and Atlantic salmon epithelial sites using glass slide, swab, Super·SAL™ and whole tissue extract. We also compared the feasibility of using the orcinol assay, a glycan-on-membrane assay, and absorbance at 230 nm in combination with standard curves of pig gastric mucin to estimate the mucin concentration. Glycomics demonstrated that non-amine hexose content differed more between fish and tissues than terminal monosaccharides with cis-hydroxy groups, and that non-mucin molecules had a major impact on the A230-based results, making the glycan-on-membrane assay the most versatile method for estimating mucin concentration. We conclude that the most versatile tool for mucus harvesting was swabs, allowing for sufficient amounts of sample to be harvested with relative ease and low levels of contamination from the oral cavity, gill, skin, and intestine. Furthermore, the glycan-on-membrane assay was useful for measuring mucus concentration, and it was beneficial to estimate both sample concentration and purity by comparing samples at relatively similar concentrations.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Gonadotropic cells in the Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. An experimental immunocytological, electron miscroscopical study.

The gonadotropin-producing cells (GTH-cells) in the Atlantic salmon were studied light and electron microscopically before, during and after spawning, and after injections of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH). The double immunofluorescent technique was applied using rabbit anti-carp GTH as the first antibody. Numerous immunofluorescent cells were observed throughout the pars distalis, but very few in the pars intermedia. These cells are basophilic and PAS-positive, and ultrastructurally classified as globular gonadotropes. Only one gonadotropic cell type could be identified; its size, morphology and fine structure vary considerably. In the same specimen the GTH-cells can be predominantly globular or vesicular in appearance, depending on the reproductive phase of the fish. At spawning and after LH-RH injection, many GTH-cells reach a vacuolar stage; the content of the vacuoles is not immunofluorescent. Another cell type, which resembles GTH-cells in semi-thin sections, did not show gonadotropic properties; its nature and functional significance are unknown. In addition, the present study revealed an increase in the synthetic and exocytotic activity of prolactin cells after LH-RH injections. It is suggested that LH-RH mediates this effect via LH and eventually via estradiol.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Occurrence of cataracts in triploid Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) on four farms in Scotland.

In September 1991 cataracts occurred in two year-classes of triploid Atlantic salmon. The fish showed varying degrees of blindness, were lethargic and became emaciated owing to their inability to feed. The lesions in the lens were mainly in the anterior and posterior cortex and perinuclear areas, the capsule and embryonic nucleus remaining unaffected. Diploid fish of the same year-class did not have cataracts. The origin of the triploid fish, the method of triploidisation, their diet and disease status were investigated, but no predisposing factors could be found to account for the high incidence of cataracts.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Vitamin E and selenium interrelations in the diet of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): gross, histological and biochemical deficiency signs.

Either simultaneous or separate dietary deficiencies of vitamin E and selenium in Atlantic salmon during first 4 weeks of feeding caused twice the mortality shown in fish fed both supplemental vitamin E (0.5 IU/g dry diet) and selenium (0.1 mug/g). Subsequent dietary repletion with both vitamin E and selenium significantly reduced mortality during the following 2 weeks. Larger salmon (0.9 g initial mean weight), with vitamin E deficiency with or without selenium resulted in the following deficiency signs: extreme anemia, pale gills, anisocytosis, poikilocytosis, elevated plasma protein, exudative diathesis, dermal depigmentation, in vitro ascorbic acid-stimulated peroxidation in hepatic microsomes, yellow-orange liver color, yellow-brown intestinal contents, enlarged gall bladder distended with dark green bile, low vitamin E in carcass and hepatic tissue, muscular dystrophy, increased carcass fat and water, and a response to handling characterized by a transitory fainting with interruption in swimming. A deficiency of dietary selenium suppressed plasma glutathione peroxidase activity. Supplemental selenium with vitamin E significantly increased tocopherol activity in hepatic, but not carcass tissues. Supplements of both vitamin E and selenium were necessary to prevent muscular dystrophy.

Animals↗