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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2002

Attachment representations in 6-year-olds: related longitudinally to the quality of attachment in infancy and mothers' attachment representations.

A new method to assess attachment representations in children by applying a story completion procedure in doll play (SCPDP) is presented. Transmission and continuity of attachment were tested in 28 German families by using the Strange Situation procedure (SS) with the mother and her infant, the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) with the mother when the child is 5 years old, and the attachment representations (SCPDP) of the 6-year-olds. Relying on the twofold distinction (secure/insecure), results revealed a significant continuity of attachment from 1 to 6 years of age, and a correspondence between maternal AAI and child's attachment quality in SS, as well as a correspondence between maternal AAI and the 6-year-olds' attachment representations. Using configural frequency analysis, we found continuity in patterns of security and insecurity when looking across the measures of infant and pre-school attachment and maternal adult attachment. Processes underlying the high match of mothers' and children's attachment representations are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Adult attachment representations, parental responsiveness, and infant attachment: a meta-analysis on the predictive validity of the Adult Attachment Interview.

About a decade ago, the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI; C. George, N. Kaplan, & M. Main, 1985) was developed to explore parents' mental representations of attachment as manifested in language during discourse of childhood experiences. The AAI was intended to predict the quality of the infant-parent attachment relationship, as observed in the Ainsworth Strange Situation, and to predict parents' responsiveness to their infants' attachment signals. The current meta-analysis examined the available evidence with respect to these predictive validity issues. In regard to the 1st issue, the 18 available samples (N = 854) showed a combined effect size of 1.06 in the expected direction for the secure vs. insecure split. For a portion of the studies, the percentage of correspondence between parents' mental representation of attachment and infants' attachment security could be computed (the resulting percentage was 75%; kappa = .49, n = 661). Concerning the 2nd issue, the 10 samples (N = 389) that were retrieved showed a combined effect size of .72 in the expected direction. According to conventional criteria, the effect sizes are large. It was concluded that although the predictive validity of the AAI is a replicated fact, there is only partial knowledge of how attachment representations are transmitted (the transmission gap).

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Attachment representation and cortisol response to the adult attachment interview in idiopathic spasmodic torticollis.

OBJECTIVE: The study investigates individual differences in the mental representation of attachment and their impact on the cortisol response to psychosocial stress in idiopathic spasmodic torticollis (IST). It was hypothesized (a) that in IST insecure attachment is more prevalent than in a non-clinical control group and (b) that subjects with dismissing attachment respond with higher physiological arousal to a specific stimulus activating the attachment behavioural system than subjects with secure attachment. METHOD: 20 patients with IST and 20 healthy controls matched for age and sex underwent the Adult Attachment Interview, an hour-long, semiclinical interview on attachment experiences. During the interview salivary cortisol levels were monitored. The subjects' mental state with regard to attachment was classified using the attachment Q-sort method. Anxiety and depression were measured as potential covariates of the adrenocortical stress response. RESULTS: Compared to the non-clinical group, dismissing attachment was strongly overrepresented in IST. In IST, but not in the healthy control group, dismissing attachment correlated with an elevated cortisol response to the interview. CONCLUSION: In clinical, but not in non-clinical samples dismissing attachment may be associated with increased vulnerability to psychosocial stress. The factors contributing to this interaction are not yet fully elucidated.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Investigation of the role of signal transduction in attachment of ocular melanoma cells to matrix proteins: inhibition of attachment by calmodulin antagonists including tamoxifen.

We investigated the role of signal transduction systems in the attachment of human uveal melanoma cells to matrix proteins. Ocular melanoma cells established from primary tumours attached rapidly to all substrates examined. Preferred substrates of attachment were collagens type I, III and IV and fibronectin rather than laminin, gelatin, arginine-glycine-aspartine, vitronectin, poly-L-lysine or plastic. All cells showed rapid attachment to the preferred substrates (80% within 10 min). Manipulation of intracellular cyclic AMP or protein kinase C activity had relatively little effect on cell attachment. In contrast, attachment was significantly reduced by manipulating either intracellular calcium or calmodulin. After 15 min at 37 degrees C, the calcium ionophore ionomycin (5 microM) reduced attachment to 25%, and TMB8 (50 microM), which can reduce intracellular calcium, reduced attachment to 60%. The experimental calmodulin antagonist J8 (25 microM), a substituted naphthalene sulphonamide, reduced attachment to 40%. Similarly tamoxifen (25 microM), which has calmodulin antagonist activity in vitro, reduced attachment to 55%. Both J8 and tamoxifen inhibited cell attachment to a wide range of matrix proteins, suggesting that this effect on attachment is not dependent on the presence of specific adhesion receptors. Reduction of ocular melanoma tumour cell/matrix interactions through manipulation of intracellular calcium or calmodulin may therefore merit further investigation as a possible approach to reducing metastatic spread.

Calcium↗
PubMed1993

Attachment of human bone cells to tissue culture polystyrene and to unmodified polystyrene: the effect of surface chemistry upon initial cell attachment.

Cell culture studies have often been used in the determination of the suitability of biomaterials as surfaces for the attachment and growth of cells. For such studies of surfaces for potential use in bone implants, cells derived from bone may be maintained in culture on tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS). We have determined the contribution that serum fibronectin (FN) or vitronectin (VN) make to the attachment and spreading of cells cultured from explanted human bone (bone-derived cells) during the first 90 min following seeding on culture surfaces. The attachment of bone-derived cells to TCPS was simulated two-fold by the addition of 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum (FBS) to the seeding culture medium. The roles of FN and VN were determined by selective removal of the FN or VN from the FBS prior to addition to the culture medium. FBS from which the VN had been removed did not have this stimulatory activity. In contrast, the attachment of bone-derived cells onto TCPS from medium containing FN-depleted serum (which contained VN) was the same as when intact FBS was used. There was incomplete attachment of bone-derived cells (27% of cells) when seeded in medium containing FBS depleted of both VN and FN. Our results show that for human bone-derived cells, the attachment onto TCPS of cells planted in medium containing FBS during the first 90 min of culture is principally as a result of adsorption onto the surface of serum VN. As unmodified polystyrene (PS) has also been used previously as a model biomaterial surface, PS was compared to TCPS for attachment of the bone-derived cells. Attachment of bone-derived cells to TCPS was twice that onto PS, both when the medium was serum-free and when it contained FBS. Bone-derived cells attached to TCPS or PS onto which purified VN or FN had been precoated, with VN adsorbed onto PS being as effective as was VN adsorbed onto TCPS. With FN, there was an effect of the polystyrene surface chemistry which was evident in that suboptimal concentrations of FN had a slightly higher potency when adsorbed onto TCPS than did the same concentrations of FN coated onto PS. When preadsorbed onto TCPS, the potency of FN for attachment of bone-derived cells was at least equal to that of VN.

Bone and Bones↗
PubMed2000

Role of MAP kinases p42erk-2/p44erk-1 in cementum-derived attachment-protein-mediated cell attachment.

Cementum-derived attachment protein (CAP) is a collagenous protein which promotes the attachment and spreading of periodontal cell types. We examined the role of the MEK/MAPK pathway in CAP-mediated fibroblast attachment. Human gingival fibroblasts were labeled with 35S-methionine, and the effect of MAP kinase pathway inhibitor PD98059 on attachment and spreading on CAP-coated dishes was examined. Effect on cell proliferation on CAP-coated plates was determined by [3H]-thymidine uptake. Attachment of human gingival fibroblasts to CAP-containing surfaces activated extracellular-signal-regulated kinases (ERK) ERK-2 and ERK-1. In the absence of serum, the ERKs were activated 15 min after attachment, reaching peak levels after 3 hours, and the activity was sustained for at least 12 hours. The enzyme levels were inhibited in cells treated with PD98059. The PD98059 did not significantly affect the kinetics of fibroblast attachment or the number of cells attaching to CAP-coated plates. However, cell spreading was retarded. DNA synthesis as indicated by [3H]-thymidine uptake was not significantly affected. In contrast to PD98059, attachment, spreading, and [3H]-thymidine uptake were inhibited by the protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor genestein. Our results indicate that the MEK/MAPK pathway participates in CAP-mediated fibroblast spreading, but cell attachment and proliferation do not appear to require ERK-2.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Assessing attachment: convergent validity of the adult attachment interview and the parental bonding instrument.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine whether or not the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) can provide information about parent-child attachment that is comparable to information obtained from the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI), a more complex measure of attachment. METHOD: One hundred and thirty emotionally and/or behaviourally disturbed adolescents (73 male, 57 female; ages 13-19 years, x = 15.3 +/- 1.47 years) participating in a study of attachment and suicidality completed the PBI and the AAI. Data from these measures were compared within participants. RESULTS: Maternal care and overprotection on the PBI differed significantly by AAI attachment classification (F3,122 = 2.79, p = 0.012), with autonomous participants showing the most optimal and unresolved participants the least optimal PBI results. Maternal love and maternal involvement/role reversal on the AAI were significant predictors of maternal care and maternal overprotection, respectively, on the PBI (R2 = 0.15; R2 = 0.16). These predictions improved when AAI scales measuring idealisation and involving anger towards the mother were included in the regression analyses (R2 = 0.35; R2 = 0.20). Autonomous participants on AAI showed the highest scale correlations across instruments. CONCLUSIONS: Attachment information obtained from the PBI and the AAI is comparable in participants with optimal attachment histories, but not in participants showing idealisation or anger towards their mothers. Caution is, therefore, advisable when using the PBI to obtain attachment information in clinical samples where suboptimal attachment histories are likely.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Associations among adult attachment representations, maternal sensitivity, and infant-mother attachment in a sample of adolescent mothers.

Associations among adolescent attachment organization, maternal sensitivity, and infant attachment organization were examined prospectively in 74 teenaged mother-infant dyads. Pregnant teenagers' attachment organizations predicted both sensitivity and infant-mother attachments. Mothers classified autonomous (F) in the prenatal period showed higher levels of sensitivity at both 3 and 9 months than mothers classified dismissing (Ds), preoccupied (E), or unresolved (U). Correspondence between maternal attachment (F vs. Ds/E/U) and infant attachment (secure [B] vs. avoidant [A]/resistant [C]/disorganized [D]) was observed in 58 of 74 (78%) dyads. Exact 4-group (Ds/E/F/U and A/B/C/D) agreement was observed in 50 of 74 (68%) families. In contrast, associations between maternal sensitivity and infant attachment were not significant, leading to questions about the processes that link attachment representations, maternal behavior, and infant attachment in adolescent mothers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Comparison of the attachment rates of males of the ticks Amblyomma hebraeum and A. variegatum to cattle, sheep and rabbits in the absence of aggregation-attachment pheromone.

Losses in domestic ruminants caused by heartwater (Cowdria ruminantium infection) in Zimbabwe and Mozambique are greater when the vector is Amblyomma hebraeum than when the vector is A. variegatum. It has been suggested that the epidemiology of the disease may be influenced by the rates at which unfed adults of these two tick species attach to uninfested hosts (i.e. in the absence of the male-produced aggregation-attachment pheromone [AAP]). In this study we confined unfed males of A. hebraeum and A. variegatum on uninfested cattle, sheep and rabbits and recorded their attachment rates. Males of both species attached more rapidly on cattle than on sheep or rabbits. Males of A. hebraeum attached more rapidly than males of A. variegatum on all three host species. The differences in the attachment rates between the two species were much greater on sheep and rabbits than on cattle. The findings suggest that in the absence of AAP, pioneer males of both tick species may attach to cattle, and pioneer males of A. hebraeum may also attach to sheep. The differences in the attachment rates of A. hebraeum and A. variegatum provide a possible explanation for observed differences in the epidemiology of heartwater associated with these two vector species.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1999

Periodontal-derived cells attach to cementum attachment protein via alpha 5 beta 1 integrin.

A specific collagenous cementum attachment protein (CAP) has been identified in human cementum which promotes selective cell migration towards and attachment of various periodontal derived cell populations to root surfaces in vitro. The CAP is known to support attachment of periodontal-derived cell via an RGD motif, which suggests an integrin-mediated mode of attachment. The purpose of the present study was to ascertain which integrin(s) are involved in the attachment of periodontal-derived cells to CAP. The integrins examined comprised subunits of the major receptors for fibronectin (alpha 5) and collagen (alpha 2, alpha 3), as well as the common beta 1 subunit which is present in many extracellular matrix receptors. The wells of 48-well non-tissue culture treated plates were coated with CAP (2 micrograms/ml). For negative and positive controls the wells were coated with bovine serum albumin and fibronectin (5 micrograms/ml), respectively. Human gingival fibroblasts and periodontal ligament fibroblasts were labeled with [3H]-proline, incubated with anti-integrin antibodies and added to the precoated wells. Attachment was assessed after incubating the cells for 1 h at 37 degrees C in the presence of the antibodies. Antibodies to alpha 5 and beta 1 inhibited the attachment of both human gingival fibroblasts and human periodontal ligament fibroblasts to CAP, while anti alpha 2 and alpha 3 antibodies did not affect the attachment. The binding of the fibroblasts to fibronectin was also inhibited by anti-alpha 5 and beta 1 antibodies, both of which are components of the "classical" fibronectin receptor and remained unaffected by the addition of anti-alpha 2 and alpha 3 antibodies. Proteins migrating in SDS-polyacrylamide gels in positions similar to the alpha 5 and beta 1 integrin subunits were present in fractions bound to a column of CAP coupled to Sepharose CL-4B. These results indicate that the attachment to CAP of the periodontal-derived cells, human gingival fibroblasts and human periodontal ligament fibroblasts, is mediated primarily via the integrin alpha 5 beta 1.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Attachment of Burkholderia pseudomallei to pharyngeal epithelial cells: a highly pathogenic bacteria with low attachment ability.

Respiratory infections are initiated by the attachment of bacteria to pharyngeal epithelial cells. We studied the attachment of Burkholderia pseudomallei to pharyngeal epithelial cells. After one, two, three, and four washes, there were 22.6+/-8.9, 15.7+/-7.0, 6.8+/-3.1, and 4.6+/-1.1 (mean+/-SD) attached bacteria/cell, respectively. If the bacterial concentration was maintained at 1 X 10(8) colony-forming units (cfu)/ml and three washes were done, at concentrations of 2.5 x 10(4), 5 X 10(4), and 1 x 10(5) cells/ml there were 9.9+/-3.6, 3.3+/-0.8, and 2.5+/-1.1 attached bacteria/cell, respectively. If the cell concentration was kept at 2.5 x 10(4) cells/ml and three washes were done, at bacterial concentrations of 1 x 10(5), 1 X 10(6), 1 X 10(7), 1 x 10(8), and 1 x 10(9) cfu/ml, there were 0.3+/-0.3, 0.6+/-0.6, 1.0+/-0.2, 5.1+/-2.3, and 9.6+/-1.9 attached bacteria/cell, respectively. There were 4.8+/-1.9, 5.5+/-2.5, 5.6+/-1.9, and 6.4+/-2.6 attached bacteria/cell at 0, 30, 120, and 240 min of incubation, respectively. Pharyngeal cells from 10 persons (seven men and three women, mean+/-SD age = 30.7+/-8.1 years, 12 experiments with a single isolate) showed that there were 7.8+/-4.3 attached bacteria/cell. It was found that the efficiency of attachment of this bacteria was very low (7.0+/-3.3 bacteria/cell). Electron microscopy revealed that there were no fimbriae but a thin capsular polysaccharide layer on the surface of B. pseudomallei. Attachment to pharyngeal epithelial cells appeared to be mediated by this structure.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Annotation: attachment disorganisation and psychopathology: new findings in attachment research and their potential implications for developmental psychopathology in childhood.

BACKGROUND: The past 10 years have seen a fruitful line of enquiry building on identification of previously unclassifiable patterns of infant-mother interaction. A critical review of these new findings in attachment theory, highlighting their potential relevance to child psychopathology, is presented. METHOD: Selective literature review relating to disorganised attachment in childhood. RESULTS: Disorganised patterns of attachment have only relatively recently been described. They show characteristic patterns of evolution in development. There is evidence that disorganised attachments are associated with specific forms of distorted parenting, which are distinct from general parental insensitivity and are associated with unresolved loss or trauma in the caregiver. There are also links with aspects of neurodevelopment vulnerability in the child. Attachment disorganisation is a powerful predictor of a range of later social and cognitive difficulties and psychopathology. CONCLUSIONS: The identification of disorganised attachment has greatly increased the potential relevance of attachment theory to general clinical work. However, the concept raises many methodological and theoretical issues. Among issues needing further exploration is the way in which attachment disorganisation relates to children's general mental states and may be affected by cognitive functioning and developmental impairment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Pathological attachment and attachment style in late adolescence.

Attachment theory is frequently invoked to account for patterns of adaptation within relationships. West and Sheldon derived a measure of dysfunctional adult attachment from Bowlby's theory. Four patterns are identified: compulsive self-reliance; caregiving; care-seeking; and angry withdrawal. The aim of this study was to assess the psychometric properties of this promising measure, and to assess its ability to predict symptomatology relative to measures of attachment style. Participants included 209 late adolescents who were involved in committed relationships. They responded to categorical and continuous measures of attachment style and various measures of symptomatology and college adjustment. The four dimensions of pathological attachment showed strong internal consistency and few gender differences. Compulsive care-seeking, angry withdrawal and compulsive self-reliance were particularly strong predictors of psychiatric symptomatology and insecure attachment style. Attachment pathology and insecure attachment style predicted symptomatology similarly, though variations were evident depending on how style was assessed. This study is the first to provide evidence of convergent, discriminant and predictive validity for this measure. Directions for future research are noted.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Impact of attachment styles on dream recall and dream content: a test of the attachment hypothesis of REM sleep.

We tested the hypothesis (McNamara 1996; Zborowski and McNamara 1998) that dream recall and dream content would pattern with interpersonal attachment styles. In study I, college student volunteers were assessed on measures of attachment, dream recall, dream content and other psychologic measures. Results showed that participants who were classified as 'high' on an 'insecure attachment' scale were significantly more likely to (a) report a dream, (b) dream 'frequently', and (c) evidence more intense images that contextualize strong emotions in their dreams as compared with participants who scored low on the insecure attachment scale. In study II, 76 community dwelling elderly volunteers completed measures of attachment, and dream recall. Participants whose attachment style was classified as 'preoccupied' were significantly more likely to report a dream and to report dreams with higher mean number of words per dream as compared with participants classified as 'securely' attached or as 'avoidant' or as 'dismissing.' Dream recall was lowest for the avoidant subjects and highest for the preoccupied subjects. These data support the view that rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and/or dreaming function, in part, to promote attachment.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Quality of infants' attachments to professional caregivers: relation to infant-parent attachment and day-care characteristics.

75 infants (mean age 15 months) were observed 3 times in the Strange Situation with their professional caregivers, mothers, and fathers. Sensitivity of these attachment figures to the infant's signals during free play, as well as a number of day-care characteristics, were assessed. Attachment classification distribution of infant-caregiver dyads did not differ significantly from infant-mother or infant-father attachment classification distributions. The quality of infant-caregiver attachment was independent of both infant-mother and infant-father attachments. About 10% of the infants had 3 insecure attachments. Professional caregivers observed with more than 1 infant did not have similar types of attachment classifications to all infants with whom they were observed. Infants who were securely attached to their professional caregivers spent more hours per week in day-care, and came from a middle-class background. Their caregivers appeared to be younger and more sensitive during free play than caregivers with whom the infants developed an insecure relationship.

Child Day Care Centers↗