[Behavior audiometry (parent audiometry, deviation test, free-field audiometry) (author's transl)].
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Audiometry↗
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Relations between electric response audiometry, conventional audiometry and psychodiagnostic examinations in hearing-impaired children.
To obtain a more objective determination of the hearing loss and thereby a more effective therapy, we compared the results of conventional audiometry (reflex and behavioural audiometry) with electric response audiometry (ERA) results in 522 children whose median age was 3 years. ERA threshold was more sensitive at 10.8 +/- 17.5 dB. The mean difference and its standard deviation are both much greater for the younger children and particularly for non-cooperative children, but neither relates clearly to intelligence. In the case of 'difficult-to-test' children (due to behavioural disturbance, mental retardation or brain damage), we carried out a psychological examination consisting of several special non-verbal tests. 62.7% of children with IQs under 70 needed sedation; for the children whose IQs lay above 70, this proportion was only 37.3%. Our artefact rejection system greatly reduced the percentage of sedations required, particularly for children under 3 years of age.
Age Factors↗
Comparison of the hearing threshold measured by pure-tone audiometry and by Békésy sweep audiometry.
The hearing thresholds of 115 subjects, workers in a shipyard, were determined both by Békésy sweep audiometry and by conventional individual pure-tone audiometry at fixed audiometric frequencies. The Békésy method gave the lowest values for the hearing thresholds. It has been possible to find a useful linear relation between pure-tone and Békésy hearing thresholds. With the help of a retest experiment it has been established that the standard deviations of hearing thresholds, obtained under similar conditions in a pure-tone investigation, are about twice as large as those obtained in a Békésy investigation.
Adult↗
[Application of medical electronics to otology: electric response audiometry, impedance audiometry and quantitative diagnosis with microcomputers (author's transl)].
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Acoustic Impedance Tests↗
Microprocessor, self-recording and manual audiometry.
AC HTLs were measured on 12 normal-hearing young adults by (a) standardized manual, (b) self-recording (Bekesy), and (c) microprocessor audiometry stimulating standard manual procedure, to determine how threshold measurements would be affected by the 3 methods of testing when utilized in industrial hearing conservation programs for compliance with federal agency recommendations. Self-recording audiometry resulted in mean thresholds lower than standard manual audiometry by from 1-9 db; microprocessor audiometry resulted in thresholds higher than standard manual audiometry by from 0.2-4.4 db except at 4 kc/s where the microprocessor mean threshold was 3.8 db lower. Thus microprocessor audiometry more closely approximated audiometry by standard manual procedure. All 3 methods required 7-8 min per S for a 7-frequency audiogram on both ears.
Adult↗
[The actual stage of objective audiometry (ERA) (author's transl)].
Evoked Response Audiometry (ERA) comprises a few electrophysiological tests utilizing acoustic evoked potentials as a audiometric criterion. Some potentials with different latencies (early, late and very late potentials) which are mainly used in routine audiometry are reviewed, the practical procedure of the tests (Electrocochleography, Cortical Audiometry and CNV-Audiometry) as well as their results are discussed. Today objective audiometry should be a clinical routine examination which can provide additional and more information than conventional audiometry.
Audiometry↗
Conductive hearing loss evaluated by brief tone audiometry.
Bone-conduction measurements are inaccurate and often troubled by masking problems. Determination of the temporal integration of acoustic energy by Brief Tone Audiometry permits an estimate of the cochlear threshold. In 71 patients with middle ear pathology, the conductive impairment was measured using both conventional audiometry and Brief Tone Audiometry. In 85% of the patients, the estimates coincided within 15 dB. Results from pre- and post-operative measurements are given, and it is demonstrated that Brief Tone Audiometry can be used as an alternative to bone-conduction audiometry to determine the degree of conductive loss with the same accuracy, but without the latter's limitations.
Audiometry↗
High-frequency audiometry. Age and sex variations.
286 normal subject representing both sexes and seven age groups from 10 to greater than or equal to 70 years were tested with both conventional pure tone audiometry and high frequency audiometry (4--20 kHz) using a previously described free field system. The subjects were selected according to very strict criteria. Results from conventional audiometry are similar to other findings in presbycusis studies, though sex difference was seen for the oldest age groups, but only at the frequencies 4 and 5 kHz where the male population showed a significantly poorer hearing. The same sex difference was observed by high frequency audiometry at 4 and 8 kHz. From 10--20 kHz no sex difference was present. At the high frequencies there is an abrupt decrease in hearing sensitivity already from youth. Hitherto, no international standard for zero dB hearing level exists for frequencies above 8 kHz. It is questioned whether a general standard is meaningful at all and that normative data for various age groups should instead be used as a reference level.
Adolescent↗
Békésy audiometry in evaluation of hearing in cases of raised intracranial pressure.
The paper reports findings in a Békésy audiometry study on 50 ears of 27 patients with raised intracranial pressure. The Békésy audiometry was done both preoperatively and after operation when the raised intracranial pressure had been controlled. The study showed a significant hearing loss in Békésy audiometry due to raised intracranial pressure. However, only low frequencies of 125-250-500 Hz showed a reversal of hearing loss which was statistically significant. The type II pattern of Békésy audiometry changed to type I after control of the raised intracranial pressure. The type IV and V patterns had a tendency to change to Békésy I or II, on control of the raised intracranial pressure.
Audiometry↗
[A comparison of impedance and pure tone audiometry in children (author's transl)].
The results of conventional pure-tone audiometry and impedance audiometry are compared in 386 pre-school children. The children showing abnormal audiograms were subjected to a repeated examination in the ENT Clinic a few weeks later. It was shown, that all children, whose hearing disorders were confirmed, had already had abnormal impedance measurements during the screening examination. On the other hand, pathological changes of the ears were detected in 5.92% of the children only by the impedance measurements and not by the conventional puretone audiometry. Evaluation of the pressure and the acoustic reflex of the middle ear by impedance audiometry is preferred. It is well recommended in the examination of pre-school children, because the procedure takes little time and is easy to perform.
Age Factors↗
Development of an audiometry data processing system.
The development was reported of an electronic data processing system of computerized automatic audiometry and of Bekesy audiometry. This system using a microcomputer has the following features: (1) The large amount of data obtained through (a) automatic audiometry, (b) Bekesy audiometry (measurement at fixed or continuous frequency plus test practice, and (c) the Temporal Tone-Decay test can be stored on-line in real time, and are processed and displayed off-line at any time. (2) When retrieved, the output format of these audiometric data is of the same pattern as the conventional audiogram. (3) The output pattern on the CRT graphic display can be hard-copied whenever desired. (4) The system can be operated manually in the same way as the conventional method. (5) The SISI and DL tests can be executed manually and the resultant data keyed into computer storage. And (6) The operation from the data input to the retrieval output is performed interpretively through the CRT display, so that anyone even without special computer or audiological training can operate it at any time.
Audiometry↗
Auditory brain-stem response audiometry in children.
Auditory Brain-stem Response (ABR) Audiometry, also called Brain-stem Evoked Response Audiometry, is an effective procedure for assessing the hearing of children who cannot or will not perform satisfactorily on behavioral audiometric tests. Although ABR audiometry has limitations, it does permit an estimate of hearing status in nearly all children regardless of their age or developmental level.
Aphasia↗
Comparison of the hearing threshold measured by manual pure-tone and by self-recording (Békésy) audiometry.
The hearing threshold of 115 subjects aged 25--63 years and working on a shipyard were determined both by Békésy sweep audiometry and by conventional manual octave pure-tone audiometry at fixed audiometric frequencies. The attenuation rate was 2.5 dB s-1 with pulsed-tone presentation and the sweep time from 0.25 to 10 kHz was 400 s for the Békésy audiometer. Manual pure-tone audiometry was performed in 5-dB steps. The Békésy method gave the lowest values for the hearing thresholds. It has been possible to find a useful linear relation between pure-tone and Békésy hearing thresholds. With the help of a retest experiment, it has been established, that the standard deviations of hearing thresholds obtained under similar conditions in a pure-tone investigation are about twice as large as those obtained in a Békésy investigation.
Adult↗
Speech audiometry and fitting of hearing aids in noise.
Conventional speech audiometry, performed in a noise-free testing room, often gives only little information on the patient's impairment of speech perception in daily life. A sensitized form of free-field speech audiometry is suggested which simulates everyday speech perception and, at the same time, supplies comparable and reproducible results. The test material consists of phonetically balanced sentences. From separate loudspeakers, a standardized environmental noise with a constant sound pressure level, 50 dB(A) is admixed. By this technique, certain handicaps in speech perception, undetected by conventional test procedures, can be revealed. Above all, the results are in good accordance with the subjective assessment of disability. A standardization of 'handicap speech audiometry' based on these principles is therefore suggested. The comparative hearing-aid fitting in noise improves the final selection with special regard to practical use.
Acoustic Stimulation↗
[The reliability of audiometry based on conscious orientation of the hearing impaired child (author's transl)].
The authors present the audiometric procedure for hearing impaired children, which has been developed and performed routinely for some years by the Department of Audiology in the ENT-Clinic of the Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena. Problems of children's audiometry are discussed. The procedure developed, is based on the children's conscious orientation to the source of sound which can regularly be registered especially in children of the age from 5 or 6 months to 3 or 4 years. The threshold provoking orientation is 45 to 50 dB (absolute). The results gained by the method described are compaired with those which were obtained 4 to 9 years later in 41 subjects suffering from heredodegenerative hearing loss. A coefficient of correlation r = 0.77 was found, indication a very near correlation of results for both procedures. When compaired to ERA, the test presented is simple to perform and is though to be very valuable for praxis. The orientation audiometry is more exact than the test of subjective audiometry and various procedures based on acoustical reflexes, too.
Age Factors↗
[High tone audiometry I. Dominant sidedness of hearing (author's transl)].
Tests for determining the dominant hearing ear by use of high tone audiometry (18 to 16 KHz) on 100 male and female "normal hearing" patients aged between 5 and 71 years of age demonstrated a relationship with whole body laterality (eye dominance, preferred tongue side, vocal cord asymmetry and hand and foot dominance). Right ear dominance was found in 62 of 85 right-handed individuals, whereas left ear dominance was found in only 3 of 10 left-handed individuals. In 5 with ambidexterity high tone audiometry failed to show any significant preference. High tone audiometry clearly clarifies cerebral hemisphere dominance and this auditory dominance can be utilized therapeutically as well as prognostically.
Audiometry↗
[High tone audiometry. II. Clinical application (author's transl)].
High tone audiometry, which is the testing of the auditory threshold between 8 and 16 KHz, increases the clinical usefulness of pure tone audiometry. Specific patterns of audiograph were obtained from 100 children and adults with auditory dysfunction of varied cause. The clinical application of high tone audiometry as an audiological aid to specific diagnosis should be pursued.
Adolescent↗
Respiration audiometry.
Since 1971 an impedance-plethysmographic method was been used to record changes in the breathing pattern of 218 high-risk infants during acoustic stimulation. The results of this technique, known as respiration audiometry, show that acoustically induced changes in the breathing pattern can be used as a hearing test for very young children. The results fall into four categories: excellent readability (45%), good readability (32%), readable (15%), not readable (8%). Respiration audiometry makes it possible in most cases to ascertain a child's hearing level. The neonatal period and early infancy are the ages best suited for investigations with respiration audiometry. The reliability of this method was found to be good.
Acoustic Impedance Tests↗