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PubMed2026

Distinct cell morphotypes of Aureobasidium melanogenum ZN exhibit differential functional profiles in promoting maize growth.

Black yeast-like fungi of the genus Aureobasidium exhibit morphological plasticity, but whether distinct cellular states within the same genetic background are associated with different plant growth-promoting functions remains unclear. Here, yeast-like cells (YL), swollen cells (SC), and chlamydospores (CH) of Aureobasidium melanogenum ZN were characterized. YL was associated mainly with siderophore production and laccase activity, SC with extracellular polysaccharide accumulation, and CH with phosphate mobilization and higher ammonia and IAA production. Whole-genome and comparative genomic analyses revealed a shared repertoire related to nutrient acquisition, auxin-associated metabolism, extracellular oxidation, and carbohydrate remodeling, with expansions in nutrient- and cell-surface-related gene families. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses showed distinct deployment of these capacities, with CH exhibiting broad reprogramming of tryptophan-associated, nitrogen, phosphate, central-carbon, and amino-acid metabolism. In maize, CH at the optimal inoculation concentration of 105 CFU·mL-1 produced the strongest growth promotion, increasing plant height, dry biomass, root length, root surface area, and root volume by 58.6%, 365.1%, 191.0%, 194.3%, and 222.4%, respectively. Consistent with this pronounced growth phenotype, maize root transcriptomics showed coordinated CH-induced responses involving root development, nutrient transport, redox regulation, and root-interface remodeling. Root-zone tracking showed greater short-term stability and persistence of CH. These findings identify cellular state as an important functional dimension of Aureobasidium-plant interactions and provide a basis for developing fungal inoculants with defined beneficial cellular states.

Zea mays↗
PubMed2026

Efficient rDNA-mediated multi-copy integration of gene clusters in Aureobasidium melanogenum.

Aureobasidium melanogenum is a promising non-conventional yeast chassis for synthetic biology. However, techniques recombining large genetic fragments, such as gene clusters, are still unavailable, hindering further metabolic reprogramming in this chassis. To achieve multi-copy integration of genes, we employed highly repetitive ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequences in A. melanogenum as homologous recombination sites for large genetic fragments. First, integration efficiency of three different regions of A. melanogenum rDNA were investigated: RNA polymerase I promoter region (rDNA1, 1.0 kb), partial 26S rDNA region (rDNA2, 1.0 kb), and RNA polymerase I terminator region (rDNA3, 1.0 kb). Our findings revealed that the highest copy numbers and expression stability were observed for the short heterologous green fluorescent protein gene (gfp, 0.7 kb) and the long native polyketide synthase gene (pks, 7.0 kb) after rDNA1-mediated integration. Specifically, the copy numbers reached 7.0 and 8.0 for gfp and pks, respectively, and they remained stably expressed in the genome after 120-h subculturing. Furthermore, an 11.0 kb gene cluster (comprising the native pks, phosphopantetheinyl transferase (npg1), and scytalone dehydratase genes (scd) responsible for melanin biosynthesis) was integrated at the rDNA1 site, resulting in stable recombination with 15.0 copies and an approximately 12-fold increase in melanin production. Overall, the convenience and efficiency of the proposed rDNA-mediated multi-copy insertion strategy will facilitate superior metabolic engineering of A. melanogenum chassis cells.

Multigene Family↗
PubMed1979

Growth of Aureobasidium pullulans on waste water hemicelluloses.

Strain Aureobasidium pullulans capable of utilizing hemicelluloses and xylan was cultivated on processed waste dialysis liquor from the production of viscose fibres, containing about 1.5% hemocelluloses. Basic conditions of biomass production were tested on a laboratory scale. The dialysis waste liquor adjusted with mineral acids to pH 4--5 and supplemented with 0.05% yeast autolyzate and 0.2% ammonium sulphate affords protein yields of about 0.8 g/l, corresponding to 4.0--4.5 g dry biomass. Biomass is isolated together with residual water-insoluble hemicelluloses which are not utilized by the microorganism. The total utilization of hemicelluloses attains about 70%.

Cellulose↗
PubMed1979

Aureobasidium pullulans metabolism of prostaglandins of the A-type.

Aureobasidium pullulans, originally introduced as an inadvertent contaminant in solutions used for evaluating the stability of prostaglandins, proved to lead to the rapid disappearance of the cyclopentenone unit of PGA2 (as monitored by circular dichroic spectroscopy). The cyclopentenone unit is converted, in various metabolites, to a 9-keto, 9 alpha or 9 beta-hydroxy group lacking the ring unsaturation. The major EtoAc-soluble 9-hydroxy metabolite (Compound-I) was shown to be 9 alpha, 15 alpha-dihydroxy-2, 3, 4, 5-tetranor-13-trans-prostenoic acid. Similar tetranor 9-hydroxy metabolites with one additional degree of unsaturation, and with a 9 beta-hydroxy group, also occur but these have not been fully characterized. Only two of the wide range of 9-keto metabolites are fully characterized by mass spectral (MS) data: 9, 15-oxo-2, 3, 4, 5-tetranorprostanoic acid and 9, 15-oxo-2, 3, 4, 5-tetranor-13-trans-prostenoic acid. The water soluble metabolites have not been characterized further. The fully characterized metabolites together with MS data from mixtures of minor metabolites indicate that A. pullulans can perform the following transformation: beta-oxidation, dehydrogenation at C-15, reduction of the enone carbon-carbon double bonds (both delta 10,11 and delta 13,14), reduction of the 9-ketone, and possibly migration of the cyclopentyl double bond (delta 10, 11 leads to delta 11, 12). A. pullulans metabolizes 15-epimeric PGA2 equally readily with the production of similar products. PGA1 affords less 9-keto metabolites with compound I constituting 33% of the product by HPLC analysis. A. pullulans displays some enantioselectivity, PGA2 and 15-epi-PGA2 are each metabolized more rapidly than their enantiomers. Other prostaglandins appear to be less readily metabolized.

Chemical Phenomena↗
PubMed1976

Growth of Aureobasidium pullulans on straw hydrolysate.

Growth characteristics and cell properties of Aureobasidium (Pullularia) pullulans were studied. The organism grew well on an acid hydrolysate of ryegrass straw over a wide range of pH and temperature. The optimum temperature and pH for the growth of the organism were 32 degrees C and 5.5, respectively. A cell yield of 1.5 g/liter of straw hydrolysate was obtained. The dried cell mass contained 42.6% crude protein, 0.4% crude fat, and 6.4% nucleic acids. The essential amino acid profile of the microbial protein was comparable to that of Candida utilis. A rat feeding study indicated that the A. pullulans cells were not toxic and that the feed intake, weight gain, and protein efficiency ratio values were superior to those obtained with C. utilis. Once the question of mathogenicity is resolved, A. pullulans could be useful for production of single-cell protein from cellulosic wastes.

Animal Feed↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The chemical composition of Aureobasidium (Pullularia) pullulans cells].

Amino acid composition of total protein, free intracellular amino acids, reducing substances, nucleic acids, lipids, vitamins of the B group, and mineral composition were studied in the cells of Aureobasidium (Pullularia) pullulans, strain 8. Protein contained all 11 essential amino acids. The content of these substances was the following: nucleic acids, 1.5%; protein, 30.83+/-0.2%; reducing substances, 35.3+/-0.1%; lipids, 14.03+/-0.36%; ash, 794+/-4 mg%. Among six studied vitamins (B1, B3, B6, PP, B7, B8), the content of inositol was highest (398.2 mcg/g), B3 was not found, and only traces of other vitamins were detected.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1975

[Microflora of the atmosphere in the city of Trujillo (Peru). III. Genera isolated during the year 1971].

There were 1762 fungi isolated from the atmosphere of Trujillo city (Peru) during the year 1971. These isolants belonged to 23 genera of fungi. The most frequently isolated were: Cladosporium, Penicillium, Fusarium, Stemphylium, Alternaria, Helminthosporium, Aspergillus and Tilachlidium. Nine genera are reported for first time from the air of the city (Tilachlidium, Cephalosporium, Mucor, Aureobasidium, Hormiscium, Trichoderma, Stachybotrys, Paecilomyces and Fisidium). Six genera may be alergenic for asthmatic patients of Trujillo city.

Air Microbiology↗
PubMed1978

Xylan-degrading activity in yeasts: growth on xylose, xylan and hemicelluloses.

The ability to grow in liquid media with D-xylose, xylan from decidous trees, and hemicelluloses from conifers was tested in 95 strains of 35 genera of yeasts and yeast-like organisms. Of 54 strains thriving on xylose, only 13 (genera Aureobasidium, Cryptococcus and Trichosporon) utilized xylan and hemicelluloses as growth substrates. The árowth media of these strains were found to contain xylan-degrading enzymes splitting the substrate to xylose and a mixture of xylose oligosaccharides. The ability of these yeasts to utilize the wood components (hitherto unknown in the genus Crytococcus) makes them potential producers of microbial proteins from industrial wood wastes containing xylose oligosaccharides, xylan, and hemicelluloses as the major saccharide components without previous saccharification.

Cell-Free System↗
PubMed1975

Phialophora mutabilis endocarditis.

This is the first reported case of fungal endocarditis due to vegetative growth of Phialophora mutabilis on a prosthetic mitral valve. The patient had rheumatic heart disease with mitral and aortic stenosis. Four months after the mitral and aortic valves had been replaced by prostheses the patient developed congestive failure. Because of increased left atrial pressure, the mitral prosthesis was replaced. A large matted obstructive fungal vegetation was found on the prosthesis. Culture of this vegetation grew Phialophora mutabilis. The patient died postoperatively, and at autopsy the fungus was not found in other tissues. Culturally and morphologically, P. mutabilis shows wide variation in pigmentation, colonial and microscopic appearance. Conidia formation from intercalary cells along the hyphae is somewhat similar to that of Aureobasidium spp. P. mutabilis was injected into mice. Mice pretreated with cortisone died 3 to 5 weeks after intraperitoneal inoculation, while the majority of untreated mice died within 20 weeks of inoculation.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Fungal antigens as a source of sensitization and respiratory disease in Scottish maltworkers.

Mycological and serological studies were carried out as part of a survey of respiratory disease in Scottish maltworkers. 70% of stained sputum smears from 574 workers showed the presence of higher plant cells and/or myclelia, and the spores of common environmental fungi. Penicillium spp. (90%), Rhizopus stolonifer (48%) and yeasts (53%) were the dominant fungi in 699 sputum cultures, and showed a similar proportional distribution in 327 samples of grain, malt, culms and dusts from fifty-six maltings. 57% of 711 men were serologically positive for fungi, 22% for Aspergillus fumigatus, 20% for A. clavatus, 10% for A. niger, 16% for Cladosporium herbarum and over 3% for Rhizopus stolonifer, 6% of 132 men were positive for Penicillium cyclopium. No precipitating antibodies to antigens from Alternaria tenuis, Aureobasidium pullulans, Candida albicans, Geotrichum candidum, Rhodotorula glutinis or Trichoderma viride were detected in tests of forty sera. Sera from the 5.2% of men with symptoms of extrinsic allergic alveolitis showed increased reactivity to mycelial antigens from Aspergillus clavatus. The fungus was cultured from 21% of maltings, 7% of all environmental samples and from the sputa of 8% of maltworkers.

Alternaria↗
PubMed1977

The fungal flora of loganberries in relation to storage and spoilage.

Botrytis cinerea, Cladosporium spp., Penicillium spp., Aureobasidium pullulans, Mucor mucedo, Phoma state of Didymella applanata, Cryptococcus laurentii var. laurentii, C. albidus var. albidus, Candida sake and Sporobolomyces roseus were consistently present on freshly harvested loganberries. Botrytis cinerea was the main spoilage organism with Mucor mucedo of minor importance. The importance of benomyl-resistant strains of B. cinerea is discussed.

Ascomycota↗
PubMed1978

Molds on vegetables at the time of harvest.

The mean numbers of colony-forming units of molds present on vegetables at the time of harvest were in the range of 4.2 X 10(3) to 6.7 X 10(3)/g for all vegetables except cucurbits and asparagus. The numbers were not influenced by cultivars within species, duration of the growing season, distant separation of the growing fields, or elevation above ground. Numbers increased with rainfall during either of 3 days before harvest and decreased when the mean daily temperature exceeded 24 degrees C. The most frequently isolated fungi were Aureobasidium pullulans, Fusarium species, Alternaria tenuis, Epicoccum nigrum, Mucor species, Chaetomium fimeti, Rhizopus nigricans, and Phoma species, in decreasing order. All other molds comprised less than 2% of the isolates. Aspergilli and penicillia occurred sporadically and in low numbers. Fusarium species were dominant on cucurbits.

Food Microbiology↗