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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1981

Zoon's balanitis (balanitis circumscripta plasmacellularis).

The clinical and histopathological features of nineteen cases of Zoon's balanitis and a comparable lesion of the vulva have been reviewed. The condition is particularly distinguished by characteristic histological changes affecting the epidermis and the dermal vasculature. The presence of a plasma cell infiltrate is relatively non-specific. Recognition of these features should allow simple differentiation from premalignant, infective and other inflammatory penile lesions which may be more responsive to treatment.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

High incidence of balanitis xerotica obliterans in boys with phimosis: prospective 10-year study.

This prospective study was designed to address the incidence and clinical and histologic characteristics of balanitis xerotica obliterans in a large random pediatric population with phimosis. We investigated 1178 boys who presented consecutively with phimosis between 1991 and 2001. All patients who underwent complete circumcision and surgical specimens were typed histologically as early, intermediate, or late forms of this disorder or as nonspecific chronic inflammation. Patients with balanitis xerotica obliterans were controlled at 1, 6, and 12 months postoperatively, then yearly. Balanitis xerotica obliterans was found in 471 of the 1178 patients (40%), with the highest incidence in boys aged 9 to 11 years (76%). Secondary phimosis occurred in 93% of boys with balanitis xerotica obliterans and in 32% of those without the disorder. In six instances of balanitis xerotica obliterans, meatotomy and in one meatoplasty was performed, as well as circumcision. On histologic evaluation, we found 19% had early, 60% intermediate, and 21% late form of balanitis xerotica obliterans. Glanular lesions disappeared completely within 6 months in 229 out of 231 patients. Our data strongly suggest that the true incidence of childhood balanitis xerotica obliterans is higher than previously assumed. Its incidence peaks in the 9 to 11 years age group, in whom secondary phimosis was almost exclusively caused by balanitis xerotica obliterans.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed2002

Balanitis of Zoon: a clinicopathologic study of 45 cases.

Balanitis of Zoon is a relatively common diagnosis in elderly men, although its nature is controversial and descriptions of its histopathologic features in current textbooks of dermatopathology vary considerably. We studied 45 cases of balanitis of Zoon clinically and histopathologically. The earliest histopathologic changes in cases diagnosed clinically as balanitis of Zoon were slight thickening of the epidermis, parakeratosis, and a patchy lichenoid infiltrate of lymphocytes and some plasma cells. More advanced cases showed atrophy of the epidermis, superficial erosions, a scattering of neutrophils in the upper reaches of the epidermis, scant spongiosis, extravasation of erythrocytes, and a much denser infiltrate with many plasma cells. Additional findings at even later stages were subepidermal clefts, sometimes with loss of the entire epidermis, marked fibrosis of the superficial dermis, and many siderophages. That sequence of histopathologic changes is compatible with the thesis that balanitis of Zoon results from irritation or mild trauma affecting barely keratinized skin in a moist environment. As a reaction to nonspecific stimuli, balanitis of Zoon may be found superimposed on lesions of other diseases and may modify the histopathologic presentation of those diseases to the extent that they are no longer recognizable. In the current study, several cases diagnosed originally as balanitis of Zoon turned out to be examples of allergic contact dermatitis, psoriasis, lichen planus, and squamous cell carcinoma in situ. It is important, therefore, to recognize balanitis of Zoon as a nonspecific pattern that may occur either as an isolated finding or may complicate other diseases affecting the glans penis or prepuce of uncircumcised men.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

An argument for circumcision. Prevention of balanitis in the adult.

A cross-sectional study and a retrospective study were performed to determine the frequency of balanitis in a randomly selected group of dermatology patients. A total of 398 subjects were included in the cross-sectional study, 213 (53.5%) of whom had been circumcised. Balanitis was diagnosed in 2.3% of circumcised men and in 12.5% of uncircumcised men. In patients with diabetes mellitus, balanitis occurred with a prevalence of 34.8% in the uncircumcised population, compared with 0% in the circumcised population. Balanitis did occur with increased frequency in the diabetic population (16%), regardless of circumcision status, compared with the nondiabetic population (5.8%). Of 63 circumcisions performed at our institution between 1987 and 1989, 28.6% were for the treatment of balanitis; 44.4%, for phimosis (which was probably induced by chronic balanitis); 19% in preparation for placement of penile prostheses; and 8% for miscellaneous reasons. No complications of circumcision were reported. In this group of patients, balanitis was more frequent in diabetic than in nondiabetic uncircumcised men (50% vs 15.4%).

Adult↗
PubMed2001

The response of balanitis xerotica obliterans to local steroid application compared with placebo in children.

PURPOSE: We evaluated the clinical effectiveness of topical steroid application for balanitis xerotica obliterans in children and analyzed the association of any clinical response with histological findings. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Our double-blind, placebo controlled, randomized study included 40 boys in whom balanitis xerotica obliterans was diagnosed clinically by cicatricial phimosis. The severity of phimosis was graded into 4 groups. Patients were randomized to receive the topical application of 0.05% mometasone furoate or placebo. After 5 weeks phimosis severity was reevaluated and all patients underwent circumcision. Surgical specimens were histologically typed as an early, intermediate or late form of balanitis xerotica obliterans. RESULTS: Seven patients were withdrawn from the study. In the steroid group 7 boys had clinical improvement and 10 had no change. Histological study showed an early, intermediate and late form of balanitis xerotica obliterans in 5, 5 and 7 cases, respectively. Of cases with clinical improvement 5 were the early and 2 the intermediate type. In the placebo group 5 cases worsened clinically and 11 did not change. Histological evaluation revealed an early, intermediate and late form of balanitis xerotica obliterans in 3, 7 and 6 boys, respectively. Of the 5 cases with histological worsening, disease was the early, intermediate and late type in 2, 2 and 1, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Applying a potent topical steroid affects improvement in balanitis xerotica obliterans in the histologically early and intermediate stages of disease, and may inhibit further worsening in the late stage.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1996

Balanitis and balanoposthitis: a review.

OBJECTIVES: To give an overview of the literature on balanitis, with a special emphasis on infective causes. METHOD: A data search was performed using the OVID CD plus Medline 1967-1995, using balanitis and balanoposthitis as textword search strategy. Specific subjects such as anaerobic infection, Zoon's balanitis were sought separately and subgroups combined. Original articles and abstracts were referenced to illustrate each condition. These were mainly English language articles, but included appropriate non-English language papers. CONCLUSIONS: Balanitis is a common condition among genitourinary medicine clinic attendees, the cause often remaining undiagnosed. Many cases are caused by infection, with candida being the most frequently diagnosed. However, gardnerella and anaerobic infections are common, and there are a wide variety of other rarer infective causes. In addition irritant balanitis is probably a contributing factor in many cases. Balanitis which persists and in which the cause remains unclear warrants biopsy.

Bacterial Infections↗
PubMed1995

[Balanitis and infectious agents. A prospective study of 100 cases].

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was: 1) to evaluate the rate of micro-organism isolation in 100 patients consulting for balanitis at the Centre of sexually transmitted diseases at the St. Louis Hospital in Paris in comparison with that of micro-organisms isolated in 60 men without balanitis; 2) to search for a possible correlation between the clinical aspect of the disease and the nature of the infectious agent identified. METHODS: One hundred consecutive patients were included in the study. All underwent a clinical examination and samples were taken for bacteriology, mycology and virology examinations. Sixty healthy volunteers served as controls. Two samples were taken from the balanopreputial groove in search for fungi and bacteria. RESULTS: Candida albicans (CA) was isolated in 33 p. 100 of the patients. A pathogenic bacteria (beta-haemolytic streptococci, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella), or a potentially pathogenic germ (Haemophilus parainfluenzae, anaerobic bacteria, Gardnerella vaginalis, Streptococcus milleri, group HB5) was found without CA in 28 p. 100 of the cases, a commensal flora (enterobacteria, group D streptococci) was found without CA in 8 p. 100 and in 31 p. 100 of the cases non causal agent could be identified. DISCUSSION: This series confirms the non-pathogenic nature of commensal bacteria: the number of isolations was similar in the subjects with and without balanitis (p < 0.9). The role played by the other bacteria in the development of balanitis is discussed: saprophytic association or direct pathogenesis? The significant difference in the rate of bacteria isolations in patients with balanitis compared with controls (p < 0.001) is in favour of a pathogenic role. The clinical presentation was not predictive of the presence of any particular micro-organism excepting the presence of pustules which were highly suggestive of candidiasis.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

The Balans chair and its semi-kneeling position: an ergonomic comparison with the conventional sitting position.

Recently, the Balans chair has been introduced with claims that, because of its semi-kneeling position, individuals will experience decreased low-back pain (LBP) as well as improvement in circulation. This study investigated the validity of these claims. Twenty healthy subjects were randomly assigned to one of two groups. Group 1 subjects sat in the Balans chair for a 30-minute study period and then sat in a conventional office chair for an additional 30-minute period. Group 2 subjects were studied in the reverse seating order. Parameters studied were cervical and lumbar paraspinous surface EMG, and pedal cutaneous blood flow measured by laser-Doppler flowimetry. In addition, a questionnaire comparing the comfort of the two chairs was completed at the end of the study session. Comfort ratings showed an overall preference for the conventional chair. Increased cervical (P = .004) and lumbar muscle EMG measurements were noted after sitting in the Balans chair. Pedal cutaneous blood flow was increased by 15% in the Balans chair (P = .001). The data do not support the manufacturer's claim that the Balans chair is likely to decrease complaints of LBP.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Plasma cell balanitis: clinical and histopathological features--response to circumcision.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinicopathological features and response to circumcision in patients with plasma cell balanitis. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: 32 uncircumcised men with penile lesions typical of plasma cell balanitis. Twenty specimens were available for histopathology. RESULTS: Lesions involved prepuce and glans in 17, prepuce only in 10 and in 5 were localised to glans alone or extended to coronal sulcus. Histopathology showed variable features but were consistent with the diagnosis of plasma cell balanitis. Haemosiderin pigment could be detected in only three specimens of patients with shorter duration of the disease. Twenty seven patients were treated with circumcision and no recurrence was noticed in 3 years of follow up. CONCLUSION: Circumcision is an effective treatment modality in plasma cell balanitis. Absence of haemosiderin pigment in majority of tissue sections is difficult to explain but may be related to longer duration of the disease.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Plasma cell balanitis of Zoon: response to Trimovate cream.

Our objective was to evaluate the response to Trimovate cream in patients with Zoon's balanitis. Patients attending the penile dermatosis clinic between October 1996 and October 1999 with the clinical and histological features diagnostic of Zoon's balanitis were included in this study. They were treated with Trimovate cream for a varying length of time according to clinical response, having declined circumcision as first-line treatment. All cases had photographs taken before and after treatment. Ten cases of histologically-confirmed Zoon's balanitis were treated. Clinical resolution was observed in all cases, all of whom remain on long-term follow-up. In conclusion, topical Trimovate cream is an effective treatment for Zoon's balanitis.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Ulcerative balanitis and vulvitis of Dorper sheep in South Africa: a study on its aetiology and clinical features.

Ovine ulcerative balanitis and vulvitis in sheep of the Dorper breed has been observed in South Africa since 1979. Its aetiology has not been conclusively resolved, and there is some discrepancy in descriptions of its clinical features. In order to identify the pathogenic micro-organism/s that contribute to the occurrence of the disease, the microflora in the genital tracts of both clinically healthy and affected sheep were isolated and compared. Bacteriological examination of materials from affected and unaffected sheep resulted in the isolation of Arcanobacterium pyogenes from 44.2% and 17.2% of them respectively. This difference is statistically significant (P < 0.01). Seventy-four per cent of the isolates originated from severe clinical cases. Mycoplasmas were isolated from 49.3% of 116 clinically normal sheep and 78.2% of 104 affected sheep. There were significant differences in their rates of isolation in clinical groups (P < 0.05). Of all the mycoplasma isolates, Mycoplasma mycoides mycoides large colony variant (MmmLC) was isolated from 61.5% of clinically diseased sheep while 6.0% of the isolates were from apparently healthy animals (P < 0.05). The study threw light on the prevalence of mycoplasmas in the genital tract of apparently healthy sheep and, at the same time the identity of the mycoplasma pathogen associated with ulcerative balanitis and vulvitis was revealed. The findings of this investigation therefore confirmed the involvement of mycoplasma, particularly that of MmmLC large colony, in the disease in Dorper sheep in South Africa, and it was concluded that this microorganism is an important pathogen of balanitis and vulvitis in them. The study furthermore demonstrated a probable synergism between A. pyogenes and MmmLC. Finding these 2 organisms together occurred 53.4 times more frequently in the affected sheep than in the unaffected, which emphasises the probable multifactorial nature of the disease. The association between age and the presence of clinical signs was statistically significant. It was found that young sheep were more likely to have lesions than adult sheep. Clinical observations showed that the typical ulceration appears to be confined to the glans penis and lips of the vulva; no ulceration was observed on the shaft of the penis and prepuce or vaginal vestibule. In uncomplicated cases inflammation of the prepuce and vaginal vestibule is not a regular feature of the disease. Therefore the names ulcerative balanitis and vulvitis most accurately describe the nature of the disease in South Africa.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1998

[Keratotic pseudoepitheliomatous and micaceous balanitis].

OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical and histopathological manifestations of a case of pseudoepitheliomatous, keratotic and micaceous balanitis and review the literature on this rare condition. METHODS: A case of pseudoepitheliomatous, keratotic and micaceous balanitis in a 63-year-old man is presented. The lesion appeared a few months after undergoing circumcision due to phimosis and recurrent inflammatory balanitis. RESULTS: The lesion relapsed after topical treatment with 5-FU, cryotherapy and shaving-biopsy plus electrocoagulation. It was finally diagnosed as epidermoid carcinoma and surgically excised. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical and histopathological features, course and relationship between micaceous balanitis and carcinoma of the penis are reviewed.

Balanitis↗