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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

Toxicology and safety of antioxidant of bamboo leaves. Part 2: developmental toxicity test in rats with antioxidant of bamboo leaves.

The antioxidant of bamboo leaves (AOB) is a kind of polyphenols-rich extract from bamboo leaves of the Phyllostachys Sieb. et Zucc. family. It has been certificated as a natural antioxidant by the Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China in 2003, which has a warrant for use in edible oil, meat product, aquatic product and puffed food as a novel food additive. For safely using AOB, it was required to systemic safety evaluation studies. As part of an extensive program of safety evaluation studies, the traditional teratogenicity test and the reproduction study were conducted in Sprague-Dawley rats. In the traditional teratogenicity test, the treatment was well tolerated and no mortality occurred at doses of 0, 1.43, 2.87 and 4.30 g/kg bw per day; weight gain during gestation, food consumption, and food efficiency were similar in all groups; reproductive performance was not effected by the treatment; examination of the fetuses for external, visceral, and skeletal alterations did not reveal any fetotoxic, embryotoxic, or teratogenic effects of AOB. Therefore, a nominal dietary AOB level of 4.30 g/kg bw per day (The value of intended use and potential exposure to human is 860 mg/60 kg bw per day dependent on the period of the study.) was considered to be the no-observed-adverse-effect level following daily oral administration of AOB. The results of our studies indicate safety of AOB and support the use of AOB as a food additive.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed2005

Toxicology and safety of anti-oxidant of bamboo leaves. Part 1: Acute and subchronic toxicity studies on anti-oxidant of bamboo leaves.

The anti-oxidant of bamboo leaves (AOB) has recently been certificated as a novel kind of natural anti-oxidant by the Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China, and has been used in various food systems. Here, AOB was subjected to a series of acute and subchronic toxicological tests to evaluate its safety. It was examined to evaluate acute oral toxicity by using Kun-Ming mice and Sprague-Dawley rats, and its mutagenic potential assessed by reverse mutation test using Salmonella typhimurium, bone marrow cell micronucleus test using Kun-Ming mice, and sperm abnormality test using Kun-Ming mice. In addition, a 90-day oral toxicity study using Sprague-Dawley rats was conducted to evaluate subchronic toxicology. The results showed that the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of AOB was >10 g/kg body weight in both rats and in mice, which can be regarded as virtually non-toxic. No mutagenicity evidence was detected in any of the three mutagenic tests. Administration at levels of 1.43, 2.87 and 4.30 g/kg per day to the rats for 90 days did not induce significant hematological, clinic, chemical and histopathological changes, and suggested a no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of 4.30 g/kg per day. These results indicate that AOB can be generally regarded as safe for use as a food additive.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1997

Calcium phosphate formation induced on silica in bamboo.

The effect of in vitro induction of calcium phosphate on bamboo surfaces is reported for the first time. Bamboo is studied for biomaterial application due to its elasticity modulus being closer to human bone than other biomaterials. Following an earlier study of cytotoxicity and precipitation of apatite on ground tissue and vascular bundles of bamboo, the composition and function of the minerals in bamboo, especially silica, are considered in the present work. It is found that in both outer and inner surfaces of bamboo culm, there exists some silica. Bamboo elicits an inert response when soaked directly in calcification solution. After the rind of bamboo is treated with sodium hydroxide solution, the silica underneath can induce precipitation of calcium phosphate in an ambient environment. Furthermore, by subsequent grafting with polyethylene glycol (PEG 1000), calcium phosphate induction of bamboo rind can be improved, depending on the concentration of NaOH solution and treatment time. Heat treatment of bamboo can remove the organic materials around the minerals in bamboo, allowing the calcification behaviour of the silica-containing inorganic phase of bamboo in aqueous solution to be studied.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Silicon's organic pool and biological cycle in moso bamboo community of Wuyishan Biosphere Reserve.

Biomineralization of Si by plants into phytolith formation and precipitation of Si into clays during weathering are two important processes of silicon's biogeochemical cycle. As a silicon-accumulating plant, the widely distributed and woody Phyllostachys heterocycla var. pubescens (moso bamboo) contributes to storing silicon by biomineralization and, thus, prevents eutrophication of nearby waterbodies through silicon's erosion of soil particles.A study on the organic pool and biological cycle of silicon (Si) of the moso bamboo community was conducted in Wuyishan Biosphere Reserve, China. The results showed that: (1) the standing crop of the moso bamboo community was 13355.4 g/m2, of which 53.61%, 45.82% and 0.56% are represented by the aboveground and belowground parts of moso bamboos, and the understory plants, respectively; (2) the annual net primary production of the community was 2887.1 g/(m2 x a), among which the aboveground part, belowground part, litterfalls, and other fractions, accounted for 55.86%, 35.30%, 4.50% and 4.34%, respectively; (3) silicon concentration in stem, branch, leaf, base of stem, root, whip of bamboos, and other plants was 0.15%, 0.79%, 3.10%, 4.40%, 7.32%, 1.52% and 1.01%, respectively; (4) the total Si accumulated in the standing crop of moso bamboo community was 448.91 g/m2, with 99.83% of Si of the total community stored in moso bamboo populations; (5) within moso bamboo community, the annual uptake, retention, and return of Si were 95.75, 68.43, 27.32 g/(m2 x a), respectively; (6) the turnover time of Si, which is the time an average atom of Si remains in the soil before it is recycled into the trees or shrubs, was 16.4 years; (7) the enrichment ratio of Si in the moso bamboo community, which is the ratio of the mean concentration of nutrients in the net primary production to the mean concentration of nutrients in the biomass of a community, was 0.64; and lastly, (8) moso bamboo plants stored about 1.26x10(10) kg of silicon in the organic pool made up by the moso bamboo forests in the subtropical area of China.

Biological Transport↗
PubMed2002

[Bamboo rhizome system of mixed forest of Sassafras tsumu and Phyllostachys pubescens].

By the method of fixed plots, the bamboo rhizome system structure and nutrient content in rhizome from mixed Sassafras tsumu and Phyllostachys pubescens, which were established in 1983-1984 by planting S. tsumu on new-planted bamboo forests (3-4 years old), were investigated. The results showed that the mixtures with rational density of S. tsumu were suitable for optimizing the bamboo rhizome structure and increasing the nutrient content in rhizome. The total length and weight of rhizome, the diameter of rhizome and its evenness indices, the annual growth of new rhizome, the proportion of healthy rhizomes and buds, and the volume of rhizome system in the mixed bamboo forests with the density of 420-615 S. tsumu trees per hectare were higher than those in pure bamboo forest, respectively. The indexes mentioned above in mixed bamboo forests with the density of S. tsumu more than 735 trees per hectare were lower than those in pure bamboo forest, respectively, but the frequency of rhizome branch per unit length of rhizome was obviously higher than that in pure bamboo forest. The results of regression analysis showed that there were close relationships between S. tsumu density and total length of rhizome, the length between two joints, the growth of new rhizome, the diameter of rhizome and its evenness indices, and the frequency of rhizome branch per unit length of rhizome. The content of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg in the rhizome from mixed bamboo forests were higher than those in pure bamboo forest, respectively. For example, the content of N in rhizomes from mixtures was increased by 7.6-11.6% averagely.

Ecosystem↗
PubMed2005

Enhanced bioavailability of paclitaxel by bamboo concentrate administration.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a cotreatment of bamboo concentrates (Jukcho solution; 0.75, 1.5, and 3.0 mL/kg) with the chemotherapeutic agent paclitaxel on the bioavailability of orally administered paclitaxel (50 mg/kg) in rats. The effect of a pretreatment of bamboo concentrates (1.5 and 3.0 mL/kg for 1.0 h or a consecutive 3 day) was also examined. The paclitaxel plasma concentrations of rats orally administered paclitaxel plus bamboo concentrates (coadministration, 3.0 mL/kg and pretreatment, 1.5 and 3.0 mL/kg) were significantly higher than those of rats treated with paclitaxel alone. Plasma concentrations of paclitaxel in groups pretreated with bamboo concentrates for 3 day were markedly higher than those of a paclitaxel control group at the measured time points. The areas under plasma concentration-time curves (AUCs) of paclitaxel in groups pretreated with bamboo concentrates were elevated and the absolute bioavailability (AB%) and relative bioavailability (RB%) of paclitaxel were also significantly higher than those in the control group. The peak concentration (Cmax), half-life (t1/2), and the elimination rate constant (Kel) of paclitaxel after 3 day of pretreatment with bamboo concentrates were also significantly higher than those in the control, but the time required to reach the maximum plasma concentration (Tmax) of paclitaxel was unaffected by the bamboo concentrates. Western blot analyses demonstrated that the level of CYP3A4 was increased in the livers of rats treated orally with paclitaxel, but this was reversed by pretreating with bamboo concentrates. These results show that bamboo concentrates enhance the bioavailability of orally administered paclitaxel and this effect may be associated with a diminished expression of CYP3A4 in the liver.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2006

Experimental evaluation of overhanging bamboo in Anopheles darlingi larval habitat selection in Belize, Central America.

Previous studies in Belize have shown the preferred breeding habitats of the malaria vector Anopheles darlingi were floating detritus patches within riverine systems that were associated with overhanging bamboo. The present study focused on an experimental evaluation of overhanging bamboo in An. darlingi habitat selection using larval counts as an indicator of attractiveness. Four sets of 1-m2 floating screened enclosures were placed at a location with a documented presence of both larval and adult An. darlingi populations. Each enclosure set comprised a control (i.e., open water) and three other experimental treatments consisting of: 1) detritus, 2) detritus with overhanging bamboo, and 3) overhanging bamboo alone. Larvae were sampled from all treatments on Day 5, Day 11, and Day 17 post-setup. A total of 2,461 An. darlingi larvae were collected and identified from three trials conducted from March-May 2002. Of these, 1,997 larvae were sampled from detritus treatments, 256 from enclosures with bamboo and detritus, 139 from bamboo treatments, and 69 from control enclosures. The detritus treatment had a significantly higher average count of An. darlingi larvae than the other treatments (P<0.01), and no difference existed between the control treatment and the treatment containing overhanging bamboo alone (P=0.423). More importantly, enclosures containing the overhanging bamboo with detritus treatments did not have greater larval populations than the enclosures with only detritus. These data suggest that bamboo does not contribute to An. darlingi larval habitat attractiveness but may function as a barrier to surface water flow causing the lodging of debris, the preferred habitat, that will then attract gravid females for oviposition.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Inhibition of mast cell-dependent immediate-type hypersensitivity reactions by purple bamboo salt.

Purple bamboo salt is a specially processed salt according to the traditional recipe using normal salt and bamboo etc. It has been used as a folk medicine for the purpose of prevention and treatment of various diseases in Korea. This report describes an inhibitory effect of purple bamboo salt on mast cell-mediated immediate-type allergic reactions. Purple bamboo salt (0.01-1 microg per site) significantly inhibited the ear swelling response induced by intradermal injection of compound 48/80 in mice. Purple bamboo salt (0.01-1 mg/ml) dose-dependently inhibited the histamine release from the rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMCs) by compound 48/80. Purple bamboo salt (0.01-1 g/kg) also dose-dependently inhibited the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) by oral administration. Our results provide evidence that purple bamboo salt will be beneficial in the regulation of immediate-type of allergic reactions.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

In vitro calcium phosphate formation on a natural composite material, bamboo.

A natural self-reinforced composite material, bamboo, is studied for the first time as a biomedical material. Its anatomical structure was investigated and its mechanical properties were measured and compared with those of some common bone-bonding or bone-repairing biomaterials. It is found that, among all kinds of biomaterials, bamboo has the closest modulus of elasticity to human long bone. The cytotoxicity of bamboo was tested using the agar overlay method before and after heat or chemical treatments. The results reveal that ethanol, methanol and toluene can remove toxic leachable components from bamboo to some extent through extraction. After grafting a polymer whose molecule includes poly(ethylene glycol), alpha,omega-di(aminopropyl)poly(ethylene glycol) 800 on bamboo, bamboo has the ability to form a calcium phosphate coating after being immersed in calcification solution (simulated body fluid and accelerated calcification solution). The characteristics and the morphology of the mineral formed on bamboo were studied by infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy.

Apatites↗
PubMed2001

Comparative treatability of Moso bamboo and southern pine with CCA preservative using a commercial schedule.

The United States Department of Agriculture introduced several bamboo species into the southern United States in the 1920s. One of the species included was Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens), a species native to China. This species grows well in South Carolina. In rural areas, bamboo splits are frequently used for fences and stakes for supporting crop plants. However, the decay resistance of bamboo is very low. In this study, Moso bamboo splits and southern pine lumber were treated in a commercial wood-treating plant using a full-cell process with Chromated Copper Arsenate (CCA) preservative to target retentions of 4.0 and 6.4kg/m3. Results indicate that bamboo is much more difficult to treat than southern pine. Using the same treatment procedures for southern pine, bamboo could only achieve approximately 22% of the target CCA retention.

Arsenates↗
PubMed2006

Arsenic speciation in moso bamboo shoot--a terrestrial plant that contains organoarsenic species.

Arsenic is predominantly found as an inorganic species in most terrestrial plants. However, we found that a significant proportion of organic arsenic was present in moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens Mazel) shoot in a market survey of arsenic species in edible terrestrial plants. Moso bamboo shoots from different producing areas in China were collected for analysis to confirm the ubiquity of methylated arsenic species. The total arsenic concentrations of bamboo shoots were determined by hydride generation coupled atomic fluorescence spectrometry (HG-AFS), ranging from 27.7 to 94.0 microg/kg. Information about arsenic species was acquired from cold trap-hydride generation-atomic absorption spectrometry (CT-HG-AAS). Dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) was present in the amount of 13.9% to 44.9% of sum of the arsenic species in all these samples. Monomethylarsonic acid (MMA) and trimethylarsine oxide (TMAO) were also detected in certain samples in the range of 4.2-16.5% and 11.8-18.4%, respectively. In addition, bamboo shoots collected in winter were found to have more total arsenic and organic arsenic than those collected in spring. To investigate the source of the organic arsenic in moso bamboo shoots, arsenic species in the rhizosphere soils of the plants were examined. The absence of organic arsenic in soils would suggest the possibility of formation of methylated arsenic in the plants. In addition, studies of arsenic speciation in the peel and core of winter bamboo shoots showed that all the cores contained organic arsenic while no organic arsenic was detected in the peels. The study provides useful information for better understanding of the distribution of arsenic species in terrestrial plants.

Arsenicals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Water balance, growth, development, and survival of arboreal frog eggs (Chirixalus eiffingeri, Rhacophoridae): importance of egg distribution in bamboo stumps.

We studied the effects of substrate moisture and flooding on the arboreal eggs of Chirixalus eiffingeri and determined the possible causes of egg mortality. Eggs appear highly permeable to water vapor, losing 16.24% and 38.38% of initial egg mass in 2 h at 90% and 45% relative humidity, respectively. Eggs that experienced positive water uptake developed faster, hatched earlier with larger hatchlings, and had greater hatching success than eggs that experienced negligible or negative water uptake. The hatching success of eggs that were submerged in water in bamboo stumps was significantly lower than that of eggs that were incubated on the water surface and was significantly correlated with the water PO2. In some bamboo stumps, we observed chironomid and tipulid larvae preying on submerged eggs. A dilution of water collected from bamboo stumps did not increase the hatching success of eggs. The water PO2 of bamboo stumps in the field was 67.4+/-18.8 mmHg, and the degree of hypoxia of water in each bamboo stump was correlated with the turbidity. Our findings demonstrated that the vertical distribution of C. eiffingeri eggs on walls of bamboo stumps significantly influenced the growth, development, and survival of embryos. Eggs deposited too far from the water may become desiccated, while eggs deposited too close to the water may become submerged and die of hypoxia or predation by insect larvae.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2000

Foodborne botulism outbreaks following consumption of home-canned bamboo shoots in Northern Thailand.

We report epidemiological investigations of 2 outbreaks of foodborne botulism following consumption of home-canned bamboo shoots in northern Thailand. The first outbreak affecting 4 female and 2 male cases occurred in Mae Sot District, Tak Province, in December 1997. All 6 cases were hospitalized, 4 of whom required mechanical ventilation. All cases experienced neurological features and 4 had gastrointestinal symptoms. One case died, giving a case-fatality rate of 16.7 per cent. A case-control study revealed a significant association (p < 0.01) between the disease and consumption of home-canned bamboo shoots purchased from the same foodshop in the village. The second outbreak of a similar clinical syndrome occurred in Thawangpha District, Nan Province, in April 1998. A total of 13 cases were identified, 9 (69.2%) of whom were female. Nine cases (69.2%) were hospitalized, 4 (30.8%) of whom required mechanical ventilation. Two early hospitalized cases died due to ventilatory failure, giving a case-fatality rate of 15.4 per cent. A case-control study indicated that home-canned bamboo shoots prepared by a local foodshop served as the vehicle for the disease transmission. One bamboo shoot specimen from one affected house was positive for botulinum toxin type A by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and mouse antitoxin bioassay. Improper home-canning procedures for bamboo shoot preservation were similarly detected in both outbreaks although performed by different merchants. Prompt recognition and treatment of the disease are essential in reducing the fatality rate. Safe home-canning procedures should be widely distributed and instructed to persons who perform bamboo shoot preservation for sale.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Bamboozled again! Inadvertent isolation of fungal rDNA sequences from bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae).

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and 5.8S regions of rDNA from woody bamboos (Bambuseae) led to the recovery of fungal instead of bamboo sequences under a variety of PCR conditions and irrespective of whether the plant DNA was extracted from fresh leaves or silica gel-dried material. Phylogenetic analyses based on the 5.8S sequences indicated that the fungi were most likely basidiomycetes and that none was an ascomycete. A diverse assemblage of nonascomycetous fungi was isolated from different bamboos, and various fungi coexisted in the same host plant. There was no evidence that closely related fungi consistently associate with closely related host bamboos. Phylogenetic analysis based on 5.8S sequences showed that some fungi were in lineages near Volvariella, Lentinula, Peniophora, and Rhizoctonia, but the insufficiency of basidiomycete and zygomycete ITS sequences in sequence data bases precluded more precise fungal identifications. Bamboo ITS regions were amplified only when fresh leaves were surface sterilized before DNA extraction, suggesting that the fungal associates are epiphyllous rather than endophytic. This study highlights the possibility of inadvertent PCR amplification of contaminating DNAs in molecular phylogenetic studies, particularly when using "universal" amplification primers.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2007

[Bamboo nodes as the cause of dysphonias in autoimmune diseases].

BACKGROUND: In rare cases, dysphonia can be caused by vocal fold deposits called "bamboo nodes." They often feature a transverse yellowish appearance of the middle third of the vocal cord, resembling a bamboo node. Typical histologic signs are similar to rheumatoid nodules. CASE REPORT: We report on a 43-year-old woman with known Sharp syndrome and dysphonia. Laryngoscopy showed transverse deposits on both vocal folds. The diagnosis of bamboo nodes was made and treatment initiated. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION: Laryngeal deposits should be suspected and a thorough laryngostroboscopic examination carried out whenever a patient with an autoimmune disease presents with a rough and unstable voice. Because the patients may have hoarseness as their primary symptom, it is important for otolaryngologists to be familiar with this disorder. Further autoimmune investigation should be established. A combination of local laryngeal therapy with steroids and subsequent surgery seems to be a useful treatment approach for bamboo nodes. To our knowledge this is the first description of a patient with Sharp syndrome and bamboo nodes.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Unique foreign body injury: bamboo penetration of thigh and pelvis while skiing.

We present a case of traumatic bamboo foreign body penetration through the posterior thigh extending cephalad into the pelvis sustained during skiing. The unsuspected bamboo foreign body was missed prospectively on the initial portable trauma radiograph of the pelvis, but was retrospectively quite apparent as a linear 12 x 2-cm radiolucent region overlying the left pelvis and hip region. On CT examination, the bamboo stick appeared as a round cylindrical air-filled structure of high density compared to soft tissue - the typical appearance of bamboo. Bamboo foreign bodies can be recognized radiographically by this typical appearance, since it is one of the few wood products that causes high attenuation relative to soft tissue on CT.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1982

Utilization of bamboo by the giant panda.

Two giant pandas were used to assess the utilization of bamboo as a feedstuff. Three 1-week-long digestion trials were conducted during which feed intake and fecal output were recorded. Passage of digesta was measured from both fluid and particulate markers administered at feeding. Results indicate that the giant panda, although highly specialized for the consumption of bamboo, is a very inefficient digester of bamboo. The pandas consumed up to 6% of body weight in dry matter per day, with bamboo dry matter digestibility averaging less than 20%. Apparent digestion coefficients for the structural carbohydrates of bamboo (27% for hemicellulose and 8% for cellulose) indicate that, unlike most herbivores, pandas do not rely heavily on the microbial degradation of plant material to fulfill their nutritional requirements. Additionally, the passage of digesta through the gastrointestinal tract of the panda was extremely rapid, with complete clearance of markers in less than 12 hours. The giant panda seems to have specialized to a feed source high in plant fiber without extensive modification of the digestive tract by selectivity in feeding, effective mastication, ingestion of large quantities, digestion of cellular contents rather than cell walls and rapid fecal excretion of the undigested residue.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗