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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1993

Phylogenetic analysis of basidiomycetous yeasts by means of 18S ribosomal RNA sequences: relationship of Erythrobasidium hasegawianum and other basidiomycetous yeast taxa.

The basidiomycetous yeast genus Erythrobasidium Hamamoto, Sugiyama & Komagata, based on the type species E. hasegawianum Hamamoto et al., is characterized by filobasidiaceous basidia and the Q-10 (H2) system as its major ubiquinone. It is tentatively placed in the Filobasidiaceae. The molecular characterization is based on 18S ribosomal RNA sequence comparisons among the basidiomycetous yeasts, and the ultrastructural characterization on the cell wall and hyphal septal pores in E. hasegawianum clearly indicate a close relationship with the teliospore-forming yeasts Rhodosporidium toruloides and Leucosporidium scottii. Our molecular phylogeny with statistical analysis suggests that the existing taxonomic system of basidiomycetous yeasts, based primarily on the morphology of basidia including the teliospores (probasidia), should be revised.

Basidiomycota↗
PubMed1978

Antibiotics from Basidiomycetes. V merulidial, a new antibiotic from the Basidiomycete Merulius tremellosus Fr.

Merulidial, a new antibiotic, was isolated from the culture fluid of the Basidiomycete Merulius tremellosus Fr., strain No. WQ 568. Merulidial inhibits a variety of bacteria and fungi. In cells of the ascitic form of EHRLICH carcinoma, DNA synthesis is inhibited at lower concentration as compared to RNA and protein synthesis. Merulidial shows mutagenicity when incubated with the his-mutant TA 100 for Salmonella typhimurium (B.N.AMES). The molecular formula as determined by high resolution mass spectrometry is C15H20O3.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Antibiotics from basidiomycetes. VII. Crinipellin, a new antibiotic from the basidiomycetous fungus Crinipellis stipitaria (Fr.) Pat.

A crystalline antibiotic, which we have named crinipellin, was isolated from submerged cultures of the basidiomycete Crinipellis stipitaria, strain No. 7612. High resolution mass spectrometry yielded the formula C22H28O5. The antibiotic is most active against Gram-positive bacteria, although yeasts and filamentous fungi are affected to a lesser extent. Crinipellin exhibits high in vitro inhibitory activity against the ascitic form of EHRLICH carcinoma. The incorporation of precursors of DNA-, RNA-, and protein syntheses in EHRLICH carcinoma (and in Bacillus brevis) cells was completely inhibited at 5(10) microgram/ml. In Bacillus brevis the inhibition of the incorporation of uridine was found to be due to an interference by crinipellin with the transport of the precursor into the cells.

Agaricales↗
PubMed1997

Generation of basidiomycetous hyphal cell-aggregates by addition of the Arg-Gly-Asp motif-containing fragment of high-molecular-weight cell-adhesion protein MFBA derived from the basidiomycete Lentinus edodes.

The Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) motif-containing fragment of high-molecular-weight cell-adhesion protein MFBA derived from Lentinus edodes caused a significant aggregation of the fragmented hyphal cells of Schizophyllum commune. This fungal cell-aggregation was inhibited by a previous treatment of the cells with the Gly-Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser-Pro peptide, but not with the Gly-Arg-Gly-Glu-Ser-Pro peptide, showing that the RGD motif is essential for the cell-aggregation activity.

Basidiomycota↗
PubMed1998

Mushroom (Basidiomycete) allergy: diagnosis established by skin test and nasal challenge.

BACKGROUND: Fungal spores are universal components in the air and established as important causes of respiratory allergies. Whereas fungi imperfecti are accepted sources of allergic asthma and rhinitis, the significance of basidiomycetes as respiratory allergens is not established. OBJECTIVES: The aims of the present study were to investigate the rate of sensitization in subjects referred to an allergy clinic to 3 basidiomycetes commonly found in Europe. We demonstrate the clinical relevance of basidiomycete sensitization by active anterior rhinomanometry and identified basidiomycete allergens by immunoblotting. METHODS AND RESULTS: Consecutive outpatient clinic attendees (n = 1207, >12 years of age) were given the skin prick test with a panel of common inhalant allergens and extracts of Boletus, Coprinus, and Pleurotus. To evaluate a cause-and-effect relation between basidiomycete allergens and respiratory allergies, 12 Pleurotus pulmonalis spore-sensitized subjects with respiratory symptoms and 6 control subjects were challenged by anterior rhinomanometry. SDS-PAGE immunoblots were used to identify basidiomycete-specific IgE antibodies in sera from subjects with positive skin prick test results. Of 1207 subjects tested, 48 (4%) reacted to at least 1 of the basidiomycete extracts. Whereas all of the 12 subjects with Pleurotus pulmonalis-positive skin test results showed a significant decrease in nasal air flow (mean 73%), none of the control subjects reacted. Immunoblots revealed several different IgE-binding proteins in Pleurotus and Coprinus extracts. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate that sensitization to basidiomycetes in subjects with respiratory allergies is frequent. Furthermore, Pleurotus pulmonalis spore extracts can definitely induce respiratory allergy in sensitized subjects. Immunoblot assays disclosed different IgE-reactive bands indicating the existence of basidiomycete allergens.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Sulfur tuft and turkey tail: biosynthesis and biodegradation of organohalogens by Basidiomycetes.

Chlorinated aliphatic and aromatic compounds are generally considered to be undesirable xenobiotic pollutants. However, the higher fungi, Basidiomycetes, have a widespread capacity for organohalogen biosynthesis. Adsorbable organic halogens (AOX) and/or low-molecular-weight halogenated compounds are produced by Basidiomycetes of 68 genera from 20 different families. Most of the 81 halogenated metabolites identified from Basidiomycetes to date are chlorinated, although brominated and iodated metabolites have also been described. Two broad categories of Basidiomycete organohalogen metabolites are the halogenated aromatic compounds and the haloaliphatic compounds. Some of these organohalogen metabolites have demonstrable physiological roles as antibiotics and as metabolites involved in lignin degradation. Basidiomycetes produce large amounts of low-molecular-weight organohalogens or adsorbable organic halogens (AOX) when grown on lignocellulosic substrates. In our view, Basidiomycetes, as decomposers of forest litter, are a major source of natural organohalogens in terrestrial environments. Basidiomycetes are also potent degraders of a wide range of chlorinated pollutants, such as bleachery effluent from kraft mills and pentachlorophenol, polychlorinated dioxins, and polychlorinated biphenyls. The extracellular, lignin-degrading enzymes of the Basidiomycetes are involved in the oxidative degradation of chlorophenols and dioxin and can cause reductive dechlorination of halomethanes. There is no clear-cut separation between "polluters" and "clean-uppers" within the Basidiomycetes. Several genera, e.g. Bjerkandera, Hericium, Phlebia, and Trametes, produce significant amounts of chlorinated compounds but are also highly effective in metabolizing or biotransforming chlorinated pollutants.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1976

Allergenicity and immunogenicity of Basidiomycetes.

Species selected from six families of the class Basidiomycetes were evaluated for allergenicity in atopic and nonatopic individuals and for immunogenicity and antigenic cross-reactivity in experimental animals. Between 42% and 68% of atopic asthmatics demonstrated positive Type 1 wheal-and-flare skin reactivity to basidiomycete metabolic and somatic antigens. Sixty-four percent of skin test-positive atopic asthmatics exhibited positive RAST to as basidiomycete metabolic antigen and 50% were positive to somatic antigen. Negative RAST results were obtained in all nonatopic control sera. Only an occasional individual demonstrated positive serum antibasidiomycete precipitins by counterimmunoelectrophoresis. All basidiomycete species studied were highly immunogenic in the rabbit and most appeared to contain an electrophoretically heterogenous group of antigens with predominant anodal mobility. Ouchterlony double-diffusion analysis employing hyperimmune rabbit antisera indicated the presence of shared antigens among all basidiomycete species with the exception of Pleurotus. Rabbit antibasidiomycete sera did not cross-react with antigens of several common species of the Fungi imperfecti. Results indicate that many atopic asthmatics of the Gulf South area demonstrate IgE-medicated hypersensitivity to basidiomycete antigens as evidenced by positive wheal-and-flare skin reactivity and/or RAST. Basidiomycetes are also immunogenic in the rabbit and possess antigens that do not cross-react with those of certain Fungi imperfecti.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Atopic cough caused by basidiomycetes antigen; the importance as a fungal aeroallergen in occupational environment].

We report here a 28-year-old woman with severe atopic cough in which Basidiomycetes antigen was an etiologic agent. She did not have bronchial hyperresponsiveness to methacholine or heightened bronchomotor tone. Bronchodilator therapy was not effective against her coughing. Her cough worsened in her office, suggesting the existence of some etiologic agents. Basidiomycetes was isolated from her office, and bronchoprovocation test with Basidiomycetes antigen was positive. 19 coworkers and 29 control subjects underwent skin test with Basidiomycetes extract. The rate of positive skin test to Basidiomycetes was significantly greater in coworkers than in control subjects (P=0.0069). These results indicate that a significant number of coworkers are sensitized to Basidiomycetes antigen and suggest that the Basidiomycetes may be an important fungal aeroallergen in occupational environment.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Diversity of basidiomycetes in michigan agricultural soils.

We analyzed the communities of soil basidiomycetes in agroecosystems that differ in tillage history at the Kellogg Biological Station Long-Term Ecological Research site near Battle Creek, Michigan. The approach combined soil DNA extraction through a bead-beating method modified to increase recovery of fungal DNA, PCR amplification with basidiomycete-specific primers, cloning and restriction fragment length polymorphism screening of mixed PCR products, and sequencing of unique clones. Much greater diversity was detected than was anticipated in this habitat on the basis of culture-based methods or surveys of fruiting bodies. With "species" defined as organisms yielding PCR products with > or =99% identity in the 5' 650 bases of the nuclear large-subunit ribosomal DNA, 241 "species" were detected among 409 unique basidiomycete sequences recovered. Almost all major clades of basidiomycetes from basidiomycetous yeasts and other heterobasidiomycetes through polypores and euagarics (gilled mushrooms and relatives) were represented, with a majority from the latter clade. Only 24 of 241 "species" had 99% or greater sequence similarity to named reference sequences in GenBank, and several clades with multiple "species" could not be identified at the genus level by phylogenetic comparisons with named sequences. The total estimated "species" richness for this 11.2-ha site was 367 "species" of basidiomycetes. Since >99% of the study area has not been sampled, the accuracy of our diversity estimate is uncertain. Replication in time and space is required to detect additional diversity and the underlying community structure.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2006

Basidiomycetes harbour a hidden treasure of proteolytic diversity.

This survey is the first to investigate the proteolytic potential of a large number of basidiomycetes. Aqueous extracts of 43 basidiomycetes were investigated for their content of proteolytic activities, using gelatin zymography. The activities were characterised qualitatively using class specific inhibitors. All four catalytic classes of proteases were present, with 4% of all activities classified as aspartic, 5% as cysteine, 6% as metallo and 22% as serine proteases, while the remaining activities could not be assigned unambiguously. The majority of the latter were not inhibited by any of the inhibitors used and were termed insensitive. Different proteolytic activities are evenly distributed among members of all orders of basidiomycetes, although some taxa are a richer source of proteases than others. A significant number of the cysteine protease activities shown here have not previously been reported in basidiomycetes. The fungal cysteine and serine protease inhibitors, clitocypin and CNSPI (Clitocybe nebularis serine protease inhibitor), both inhibited a number of activities and even a few activities that were otherwise insensitive to all other inhibitors used, hence indicating their potential for a regulatory role. The number and diversity of proteases in basidiomycetes are seen to be remarkable and encourage further investigation.

Basidiomycota↗
PubMed2004

Evolutionary relationships among beta-tubulin gene sequences of basidiomycetous fungi.

36 fungal beta-tubulin sequences were analysed to study the evolution of this gene and the phylogeny of basidiomycetes. The analysis comprises a representative selection of all major lineages of basidiomycetous fungi and some selected ascomycetes for comparison. Intron positions vary between the different lineages, but seem to be conserved in the Hymenomycetes and Ustilaginomycetes. The most conserved regions seem to be highly susceptible for introns. Splicing and branching sites of the introns are more variable in basidiomycetes than reported from other fungal groups so far. Basidiomycete monophyly was confirmed with our data in respect to the ascomycetes studied. By analysing amino acid sequences, the Hymenomycetes and the Ustilaginomycetes were resolved as monophyletic groups. The phylogeny within these two groups is similar to that obtained with other genes. Based on beta-tubulin data Naohidea sebacea, Chionosphaera apobasidialis, Jaculispora submersa, Platygloea pustulata, Platygloea disciformis and Melampsora lini, representing the Urediniomycetes, are not resolved in most analyses. The early radiation of major basidiomycetous lineages seems to be reflected in the highly conserved beta-tubulin gene.

Basidiomycota↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The structure of micromycete communities and their synecologic interactions with basidiomycetes during decomposition of plant debris].

We investigated the interactions between micromycetes and basidiomycete mycelium on plant substrates in the course of their 3-year incubation in the litter of ecologically intact spruce forests of the Central State Biosphere Forest Sanctuary (Nelidovo District, Tver oblast). Only 40-60% of the micromycetes were involved in direct antagonistic interactions with basidiomycetous fungi. In terms of the ratio between physiologically active strains and those which did not interact with basidiomycete mycelium, we revealed differences in the structure of micromycete communities developing on various types of substrates (xylem, bark, sphagnum, leaves, needles, litter, and cotton grass). The micromycetes tested belonged to 49 species. At the end of the observation period, the fraction of microscopic fungi that actively influenced basidiomycete mycelium was four times lower in the inactive litter fraction (lignin-containing xylem debris) than in the active fraction (grass substrates). The mechanisms of indirect regulation of the structure and functions of micromycete communities are discussed, which may be based on the accumulation of phenolic compounds in the medium and changes in the enzyme activities of basidiomycete mycelium.

Basidiomycota↗
PubMed1996

Chronic basidiomycetous endophthalmitis after extracapsular cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation.

BACKGROUND: Basidiomycetes are known as rare pathogens for meningitis, sinusitis, pneumonia, ulcerative lesions of the hard palate and onychomycosis. To our knowledge, no filamentous basidiomycete has been reported from a case of fungal endophthalmitis. PATIENT: We report on a 67-year-old man with delayed-onset endophthalmitis caused by an opportunistic basidiomycete. Tissue obtained during vitrectomy was cultured and examined by light and transmission electron microscopy. After enucleation the eye was examined by light microscopy. CONCLUSION: The patient had endophthalmitis from a sterile hyphomycete, harboured in remnants of lens capsule and a granuloma on the ciliary body. It was recognized as a Holobasidiomycete on the basis of its dolipore structure with perforated pore cap, seen with transmission electron microscopy. Species identification was not possible because fruiting bodies were absent. The patient failed to respond to intravitreal and systemic amphotericin B and systemic itraconazole. The eye was enucleated. This case demonstrates that filamentous basidiomycetes can cause endophthalmitis when inoculated during cataract extraction.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

Catabolism of benzene compounds by ascomycetous and basidiomycetous yeasts and yeastlike fungi. A literature review and an experimental approach.

A literature review is given on growth of yeasts on benzene compounds and on the catabolic pathways involved. Additionally, a yeast collection was screened for assimilation of phenol and 3-hydroxybenzoic acid. Fifteen ascomycetous and thirteen basidiomycetous yeast species were selected and were tested for growth on 84 benzene compounds. It appeared that 63 of these compounds supported growth of one or more yeast species. The black yeast Exophiala jeanselmei assimilated 54 of these compounds. The catechol branch of the 3-oxoadipate pathway and its hydroxyhydroquinone variant were involved in phenol and resorcinol catabolism of ascomycetes as well as of basidiomycetes. However, these two groups of yeasts showed characteristic differences in hydroxybenzoate catabolism. In the yeastlike fungus E. jeanselmei and in basidiomycetes of the genera Cryptococcus, Leucosporidium and Rhodotorula, the protocatechuate branch of the 3-oxoadipate pathway was induced by growth on 3- and 4-hydroxybenzoic acids. In three Trichosporon species and in all ascomycetous yeasts tested, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid was catabolyzed via protocatechuate and hydroxyhydroquinone. These yeasts were unable to cleave protocatechuate. 3-Hydroxybenzoic and 3-hydroxycinnamic acids were catabolized in ascomycetous yeasts via the gentisate pathway, but in basidiomycetes via protocatechuate. Incomplete oxidation of phenol, some chlorophenols, cresols and xylenols was observed in cultures of Candida parapsilosis growing on hydroquinone. Most compounds transformed by the growing culture were also converted by the phenol monooxygenase present in cell-free extracts of this yeast. They did not support growth. The relationship between the ability of ascomycetous yeasts to assimilate n-alkanes, amines and benzene compounds, and the presence of Coenzyme Q9 is discussed.

Ascomycota↗
PubMed2004

Treatment of atopic cough caused by Basidiomycetes antigen with low-dose itraconazol.

We report two patients with atopic cough due to Basidiomycetes antigen. One patient was a 27 year-old woman and the other was a 17 year-old boy. Both patients visited our hospital because of severe nonproductive cough. They did not have bronchial hyperresponsiveness to methacholine or heightened bronchomotor tone. Bronchodilator therapy was not effective for their cough. Her symptoms worsened in her office and his in his house, suggesting existence of etiologic agent(s) in their environments. Basidiomycetes was isolated from the woman's office and from the boy's house, and the bronchoprovocation test with Basidiomycetes antigen was positive. Low dose itraconazol (50 or 100 mg/day) given for two weeks eliminated cough in both patients. This is the first report describing the effectiveness of low dose antifungal therapy for atopic cough caused by Basidiomycetes antigen.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Evidence for cross-reactive allergens among basidiomycetes: immunoprint-inhibition studies.

Allergenic cross-reactivity among six basidiomycete species (Calvatia cyathiformis, Coprinus quadrifidus, Psilocybe cubensis, Pleurotus ostreatus, Ganoderma meredithae, and Pisolithus tinctorius) was determined by immunoprint inhibition. Extensive cross-reactivity was demonstrated among Coprinus quadrifidus, Psilocybe cubensis, and Pleurotus ostreatus of the order Agaricales, and Calvatia cyathiformis of the order Lycoperdales. However, G. meredithae (order Aphyllophorales) and Pisolithus tinctorius (order Sclerodermatales) did not demonstrate significant cross-reactivity with the other basidiomycete species. Generally, the two most potent inhibitors were Psilocybe cubensis and Pleurotus ostreatus. Inhibitory dose-response curves of a major allergenic band (isoelectric point, 9.3) were obtained by densitometry. Significant cross-reactivity was demonstrated for the 9.3 band among the species of the order Agaricales and with Calvatia cyathiformis. The most potent inhibitors were again Psilocybe cubensis and Pleurotus ostreatus. Thus, there is substantial allergenic cross-reactivity among the species of the order Agaricales tested and with Calvatia cyathiformis but not between these four species and G. meredithae or Pisolithus tinctorius. These studies support earlier RAST-inhibition observations of shared allergenic epitopes among basidiomycetes, especially epitopes within the Agaricales. The presence of shared epitopes suggests the possibility of devising a panel of skin test reagents representative of a large group of basidiomycetes.

Allergens↗