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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1980

Body composition. Prediction of normal body potassium, body water and body fat in adults on the basis of body height, body weight and age.

In 134 males and 242 females, aged 20-70 years, most of them randomly selected from population studies, the body composition was estimated from the measurements of body height (BH), body weight (BW), total body potassium (TBK) and total body water (TBW). TBK was measured with isotope dilution technique using 42K or determined as 40K in a whole body counter. TBW was determined with an isotope dilution technique using tritiated water, assayed in urine or plasma. From these data, body cell mass (BCM), intra- and extra-cellular water (ICW and ECW, resp.) and body fat (BF) were calculated for each individual. Significant correlations were found between age versus TBK, ECW, BF and ECW/ICW; between BW versus TBK, TBW, ECW, BF and ECW/ICW; (females only) and between BH versus TBK, TBW, ECW (females only) and ECW/ICW. For the prediction of TBK, TBW and BF, multiple regression equations based on BW, BH and age are given. These equations are also presented diagrammatically. The problems with the methods used are considered as well as the applicability of the formulas for the calculation of BCM etc. The predictive value of the results when both TBW and TBK are used for the calculation of body composition data is discussed and compared with similar results, based on TBW or TBK only. It is concluded, that the most reliable method for calculation of BF is to estimate both TBW and TBK.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Differences in body composition between female geriatric hip fracture patients and healthy controls: body fat is more important as explanatory factor for the fracture than body weight and lean body mass.

Body weight and body composition change with advancing age. In elderly women, the loss of body weight is partially due to loss of body fat. We compared the body composition of 71 healthy female hip fracture patients and 51 controls. Body composition was estimated with an electrical impedance technique. The fracture patients had lower body weight, lean body mass, body fat, body fat percentage, body mass index and age than the control group. No significant differences were found between the different fracture groups, except for a higher mean age in patients with subtrochanteric fractures. Multivariate logistic regression analysis of body composition, body mass index, and age showed that the amount of body fat, when adjusted for age, had greater explanatory value for fracture, than body weight, lean body mass, and body mass index.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1983

Comparison in man of total body electrical conductivity and lean body mass derived from body density: validation of a new body composition method.

This article reports a study in which total body electrical conductivity (TOBEC) measurements and lean body mass (LBM) estimated from hydrostatic weighing in human subjects were compared. The TOBEC method provides a new approach to assessment of human body composition that is based on the principle that the electrical conductivity of lean tissue is far greater than that of fat. In a sample of 32 men and women varying widely in age (20 to 53 years), body weight (45 to 155 kg), and adiposity (9.5 to 53.0% body fat), the TOBEC measurement was found to be extremely reliable (r = 0.999) and to correlate highly with hydrostatically estimated LBM (r = 0.903, P less than 0.0001). When the TOBEC scores were transformed to provide a single variable; namely, the subject's height times the square root of the TOBEC score, a higher correlation with LBM was obtained (r = 0.943). Taking gender into account further enhanced the prediction of LBM from TOBEC (r = 0.951). These observations strongly reinforce the results of a previous investigation in which high correlations were found between TOBEC and both total body potassium and total body water. Accordingly, this new method promises to provide a useful technique for the evaluation of body composition that is at once simple, rapid, objective, and noninvasive.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

[Body composition at menarche. Estimation of total body weight, total body water, lean and fat body weight].

Our aim was to confirm in our environment what has been observed and described by other writers about the importance of achieving a "critical body weight'' and an adequate "fat percentage'' -on the basis of the calculation of total body water- for the initiation and development of pubertal events. This study included 92 girls, healthy, well nourished, belonging to upper middle class from a high school of The National University of Cordoba. The longitudinal method of control was used every 6 months and at the precise moment of menarche. Out of 20 antropometrical variables observed height, weight and height, TBW as percentage of body weight, lean body and fat weight, fat percentage and skin folds ppercentiles for each girl at menarche. A regression between fat percentage and skin folds was done. Percentiles 5 to 95 of fat percentage in relation to body water percentage were estimated. At menarche the average for the different variables are: Heigth 155.6 cm +/- 0.469; Weight 45.8 Kg +/- 0,5; TBW 25.216 lit. +/- 0.318; lean body weigth 35.02 Kg (S.D.2.98); fat weigth 10.86 Kg (S. D. 3.17). The addition of skin folds was correlated fat percentage, thus, an equation was obtained for the average calculation of such percentage %F= 12.16 + (0.313 x fold addition). The minium percentage for the onset of menstrual cycles is 17.3% and corresponds to percentile 10. However, there is a 5% of girls who start to menstruate with a 15.5% of fat and none of them is below that value. The reasons mentioned above suggest that is necessary to obtain a "critical body weigth'' as well as a "fat percentage'' minimum for the onset and maintenance of menstrual cycles, among our girls, similar o what has been obtained by doctor Frisch.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

[Estimation of body composition based on total body water determination using phenazone for assessment of body fat gain in cattle. 1. Relationship between body fat content and live weight].

Body composition based on total body water analysis using phenazone were estimated in 251 beef heifers, aged 3 to 17 months, 27 beef bulls aged 15 months and 200 Holstein dairy cows of different age and stage of lactation. Correlation coefficients between body fat content and live weight were estimated to be between 0.59 and 0.97 for groups of animals. In beef heifers there was a fat gain of 294 g per live weight gain of 1 kg, in beef bulls 247g, in cows until third lactation 418 g and 731 g respectively 791 g in entirely full-grown cows. Cows of first lactation showed loss in body fat content with simultaneous gain in live weight. Hence, using body weight for assessment of change in body fat content is dependent on special prerequisites, which will be discussed.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1998

[Estimation of body composition based on total body water determination using phenazone for assessment of body fat gain in cattle. 2. Relationship between body fat content and back fat thickness].

Back fat thickness was measured at six points in 251 beef heifers aged 3 to 17 months, in 27 beef bulls aged 15 months and in 200 Holstein dairy cows of different age. This was paralleled by estimation of body fat content based on total body water analysis. All groups of animals showed the same pattern of back fat thickness for the measuring points investigated, which lead to the result of one optimum measuring point for determination of back fat thickness. The correlation coefficients between back fat thickness and body fat content were estimated to be between 0.80 and 0.87 for all groups investigated. Change in back fat thickness by 1 mm corresponded to gain or loss of around 5 kg body fat in all animal groups. Therefore it is possible to make concrete assessments of body fat content on the basis of back fat thickness.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2000

Gender differences in body fat of low- and high-body-mass children: relationship with body mass index.

The primary objective of this study was to determine gender differences in total body fat mass (TBFM) and body fat distribution (subcutaneous fat mass, SFM; and internal fat mass, IFM) in a cross-sectional sample of 280 children. Measurements of the body composition of 141 boys and 139 girls, all apparently healthy and aged 3-6 years were made using bioelectrical impedance. Determinations of impedance were made using a four-terminal impedance analyzer (TP-95K; Toyo Physical, Fukuoka, Japan). Lean body mass (LBM) was calculated using a previously published equation [Goran MI, Kaskoun MC, Carpenter WH, Poehlman ET, Ravussin E, Fontvieikke A-M (1993) Estimating body composition of young children by using bioelectrical resistance. J Appl Physiol 75: 1776-1780]. SFM was calculated using a modification of the equation derived by Skerjl [Skerjl B, Brozek J, Hunt EE (1953) Subcutaneous fat and age changes in body build and body form in women. Am J Phys Anthrop 11: 577-580] and Davies [Davies PSW, Jones PRM, Norgan NG (1986) The distribution of subcutaneous and internal fat in man. Ann Hum Biol 13: 189-192]. The main modifications of the equation in the present study were the introduction of: (1) mean thickness of adipose tissue over body surface/2, and (2) skin mass. IFM was calculated as the difference between TBFM and SFM. The body mass index (BMI; kg/m2) was calculated from the formula: body mass/height2. For each gender, the subjects in the lowest and highest 25th percentiles were designated as "low body mass" and "high body mass", respectively. In the present study, no gender differences in absolute TBFM, SFM and IFM were observed in either of these groups. In contrast, gender differences in relative TBFM (%Fat) and SFM (SFM/mass) were evident in girls. However, the four subgroups were similar in terms of relative IFM (IFM/mass). The TBFM was independently related to SFM, IFM and %Fat in both genders after adjustment for BMI; however, there was no significant association of SFM with IFM after adjustment for BMI in any group. Even after adjustment for BMI, IFM was independently related to %Fat in both genders, although SFM was not independently related to %Fat in any group except low-body-mass boys. This study shows that relative TBFM and SFM are higher in high-body-mass groups and tend to be higher in girls than in boys, and that the higher %Fat in high-body-mass girls than in high-body-mass boys appears to be associated with internal adipose tissue deposits. External adipose tissue mass does not appear to be related to the higher %Fat levels in high-body-mass girls. In addition, subcutaneous fat mass appears to be higher in low-body-mass girls than in low-body-mass boys, although this observation needs confirmation using more valid measures of subcutaneous fat such as computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2001

[Body height, body weight and body mass index of German military recruits. Historical retrospect and current status].

Surveys of conscripts give a chance to pursue the somatic development and the nourishment situation of young men over long times. At the beginning a historical view is given of the organization and methodological basis of medical examinations of German recruits since the introduction of the general conscription at the beginning of the 19th century. Secular changes of the body height are sketched out for selected regions of Germany until the middle of the 20th century. Data of the body weight hardly exist for this time. Until now the greatest continuous documentation of data for body height and body weight is available for West Germany since 1957 and for East Germany between 1973 and the reunion in 1989. The body height of German conscripts has nearly permanently increased since 1957 and reached in 1994 a maximum with 180.0 cm. In general East German conscripts have body height data which are smaller on an average than those of West German conscripts. But in the last years a catch-up in body height could be seen. The body weight of German conscripts also shows an increase apart from some short-time exceptions. The data of West German conscripts are also higher than those of the East German conscripts. Until the reunion the West-East-differences could partly be due to the different mustering age. But the differences also continue in the nineties despite the now identical mustering age. The Body Mass Index (BMI) of the German conscripts (calculated from the average values of body height and body weight) is characterized by increments in the last years. This indicates greater changes in body weight than in body height. The BMI also shows marked West-East-differences. There is no uniform tendency in differences between urban and country side regions for body height and body weight. On the other hand until now differences between selected professional groups are existing. Especially the over-proportional increase of the number of conscripts in the higher body-weight-classes requires a further continuous analysis of the available mustering data.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Chinese and American college students' body-image: perceived body shape and body affect.

This study examined the differences in the measures of perception of body shape and body affect among Chinese and American college male and female students. 289 Chinese students in China and 180 American students in the United States voluntarily completed the Body-image Questionnaire, comprised of four categories: (a) anthropometric data, (b) self-perception of body shape, (c) body affect, and (d) desired body shape. American students were significantly more likely than Chinese students to perceive their body shapes as being larger, but both Chinese and American students tended to perceive their body shapes accurately. For body affect, both Chinese and American female students who perceived themselves as thin had positive feelings about their bodies, while both groups of female students who perceived themselves as heavy had negative feelings about their bodies. American women were more likely than Chinese women to have negative feelings about their bodies. American students also placed high value on muscular firmness as part of their ideal female body shape, while Chinese students added plumpness as another component for judging ideal female body shape. Both Chinese and American men valued physical strength as a major component for body satisfaction.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Dynamic nature of cleavage bodies and their spatial relationship to DDX1 bodies, Cajal bodies, and gems.

DDX1 bodies, cleavage bodies, Cajal bodies (CBs), and gems are nuclear suborganelles that contain factors involved in RNA transcription and/or processing. Although all four nuclear bodies can exist as distinct entities, they often colocalize or overlap with each other. To better understand the relationship between these four nuclear bodies, we examined their spatial distribution as a function of the cell cycle. Here, we report that whereas DDX1 bodies, CBs and gems are present throughout interphase, CPSF-100-containing cleavage bodies are predominantly found during S and G2 phases, whereas CstF-64-containing cleavage bodies are primarily observed during S phase. All four nuclear bodies associate with each other during S phase, with cleavage bodies colocalizing with DDX1 bodies, and cleavage bodies/DDX1 bodies residing adjacent to gems and CBs. Although inhibitors of RNA transcription had no effect on DDX1 bodies or cleavage bodies, inhibitors of DNA replication resulted in loss of CstF-64-containing cleavage bodies. A striking effect on nuclear structures was observed with latrunculin B, an inhibitor of actin polymerization, resulting in the formation of needlelike nuclear spicules made up of CstF-64, CPSF-100, RNA, and RNA polymerase II. Our results suggest that cleavage body components are highly dynamic in nature.

Actins↗
PubMed1999

Fat mass in infants and toddlers: comparability of total body water, total body potassium, total body electrical conductivity, and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.

BACKGROUND: Accurate assessment of body composition in infants and children is fundamental to understanding normal growth and development. Validation of methods applicable to pediatric populations is needed. In the absence of a gold standard, this study was conducted to compare methods using total body water, total body potassium, total body electrical conductivity, and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry measurements for the estimation of body fat mass in infants and toddlers. METHODS: Repeated body composition measurements were performed on 76 healthy term infants at 0.5, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, and 24 months of age. Total body water was determined by deuterium dilution and converted to fat-free mass. Total body electrical conductivity was used to measure fat mass. Total body potassium was estimated by whole-body counting and converted to fat-free mass. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry was used to estimate fat mass at 0.5, 12, and 24 months only. Data were analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance, followed by Bonferroni multiple comparisons at 5%. RESULTS: Significant differences among methods were encountered at each age (p = 0.001-0.05). The rank order of the methods and the magnitude of the method differences were a function of age, not of gender or infant feeding mode. Wide limits of agreement imply that the methods are not interchangeable for group or individual measurements. CONCLUSIONS: Methods using total body water, total body potassium, total body electrical conductivity, and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry to estimate body fat mass in infants and toddlers are not interchangeable and require further development and validation.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1995

The association of body weight, body fatness and body fat distribution with osteoarthritis of the knee: data from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the association of body weight, body fatness, and body fat distribution with osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee. METHODS: Bilateral standing knee radiographs, taken between 1985 and 1991, of 465 Caucasian men and 275 Caucasian women subjects aged 40 and above in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging were read by one investigator for grade of OA using Kellgren-Lawrence scales. Measures of obesity, assessed at same visit as the last radiograph during this interval, included body mass index, percent body fat, and body fat distribution. RESULTS: Both men and women with definite knee OA had higher age adjusted mean levels of body mass index, while women only had higher age adjusted mean levels of percent body fat. Both women and men in the highest tertile of body mass index had significantly increased odds of both definite and bilateral knee OA; women in the middle and highest tertile of percent body fat had significantly increased odds of both definite and bilateral knee OA, and men in the highest tertile of waist-hip ratio had significantly increased odds of bilateral knee OA. After adjusting for body mass index, however, the association of percent body fat and waist-hip ratio with knee OA in women and men, respectively, was no longer significant. CONCLUSION: These data further extend observations that body weight is associated with both definite and bilateral knee OA in both sexes, and support a stronger contribution of mechanical as opposed to systemic factors to explain this association.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1996

Body weight in acute anorexia nervosa and at follow-up assessed with percentiles for the body mass index: implications of a low body weight at referral.

OBJECTIVE: A systematic epidemiological comparison of body weights of patients with anorexia nervosa can be enhanced by the use of age percentiles for the body mass index. METHOD: To demonstrate the feasibility of this approach, body mass indices of 81 female adolescents with anorexia nervosa were calculated from anthropometric data upon admission for inpatient treatment and at follow-up and set into relationship to the age-dependent distribution of the body mass index in a large and representative sample of the German population. The percentiles were used to visualize the weight increase over time of each former patient by aligning the body mass index at referral with the respective body mass index at follow-up. RESULTS: Upon admission most adolescents had body mass indices below the third age centile. The distribution of body mass indices at outcome suggests a continuum between death of complications related to starvation, chronic anorexia, residual anorexia, and a low body weight Patients with very low body weights at referral had a poor prognosis, because their body weights tended to remain below the minimal normal weight for height. These conditions were statistically best described by categorical analysis, because they were nonlinear to a certain extent. DISCUSSION: The results indicate that the body mass index at referral influences the amount of weight that an individual patient gains in the future.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Potential use of bioelectrical impedance of the 'whole body' and of body segments for the assessment of body composition: comparison with densitometry and anthropometry.

The value of 'whole body' and segmental impedance measurements, and of simple anthropometric methods for predicting body composition was assessed in 24 normal (14m, 10f) subjects (BMI, 18.3-28.6), using densitometry as the reference method. The contribution of segmental impedance was assessed in a separate group of 24 normal (12m, 12f) subjects (BMI, 19.8-28.8) at two frequencies (1 kHz and 50 kHz). Estimates of specific resistivities of certain individual segments (upper arm, forearm, upper leg, and lower leg) were also made in this group, and compared to those obtained from a group of 7 obese female subjects (BMI, 32.6-56.1). The bias and 95 per cent limits of agreement between densitometrically determined body composition (fat and fat-free mass, and total body water) and the alternative methods were found to vary considerably, depending on the technique and/or equations employed. Estimates of whole body composition based on impedance or resistance measurements were found to be associated with only slightly smaller limits of agreement than those made by anthropometry. The upper limb was found to have the greatest influence on whole body impedance measurements. Indeed, the forearm, which accounts for 1.3 per cent of body weight contributes 25.0 per cent to 'whole body' impedance. The estimated specific resistivities of segments were found to be considerably greater in the obese individuals than in normal female subjects (for example, 75 per cent higher for the upper arm, P less than 0.001). The results suggest that: (a) there may be a systematic, population-related, error in predicting densitometric estimates of body composition with the use of standard equations, which incorporate variables such as weight, height, skinfold thicknesses, and impedance/resistance measurements; (b) in this population, impedance or resistance measurements confer only a small advantage over simple anthropometry for predicting body composition; (c) the impedance of the arm or leg may provide a simple alternative method for assessing the composition of the whole body; and (d) the estimated specific resistivity of individual body segments may be useful for assessing the composition of those segments.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Estimation of body density and lean body weight from body measurements at high altitude.

Body density and other anthropometric data were obtained on 101 Indian soldiers who were continously staying at high altitude (3920 m) for more than 10 months. Use was made of a human body volumeter, and body density was calculated from observed body weight and volume. Measurements were taken on the body using standard techniques. A stepwise linear regression analysis was performed to establish possible relationships of 36 body measurements with density and lean body weight. Thigh anterior, juxta-nipple skin folds and forearm and ankle circumference were selected in the regression equation predicting body density. Multiple correlation coefficient (R) equal to 0.765 was obtained for this equation. For the predicted lean body weight, R equalled 0.930. The regression equations included body weight, thigh, anterior and juxta-nipple skin fold thicknesses, and forearm circumference. Contribution of other body measurements in the regression of these parameters was not significant. The analysis also revealed that a new set of coefficients is required for the measurements included in the published regression equations.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2000

Body stalk defects, body wall defects, amniotic bands with and without body wall defects, and gastroschisis: comparative epidemiology.

The presence of body wall defects with "evisceration" of thoracic and/or abdominal organs associated with other congenital anomalies, with or without limb deficiencies, is considered to be the body wall complex (BWC). The BWC is different from gastroschisis, which is usually a small body wall defect lateral to the umbilical cord that is not covered by any membrane and, in most of the cases, is an isolated defect. For the present analysis we separated the BWC group into three subgroups. One group was that of body stalk anomalies characterized by severe defects of the abdominal wall with absence of, or very small, umbilical cord, or this is continuing with the placenta. The second group was made up of those infants with body wall defects without amniotic bands, and the third group was of those children with body wall defects produced by amniotic bands. We considered two additional groups in the analysis, one was of infants with gastroschisis and the other those infants with amniotic bands without body wall affectation. We also included the control group (nonmalformed infants) for comparisons. From the results of our epidemiological study, we can conclude that amniotic bands with body wall affectation and amniotic bands without body wall defects are two different entities. The results also suggest that the characteristics of infants with amniotic bands with body wall defects are more similar to the group of infants with body stalk anomalies. This may indicate that the former group is produced during the very early gestation.

Abdominal Muscles↗
PubMed1993

[Energy and nitrogen metabolism of pregnant and lactating sows and suckling piglets. 3. Chemical composition and energy content of the animal body fractions as well as portions of the animal body fractions of empty body of nonpregnant, pregnant and lactating sows].

The study is based on the results obtained from the slaughter of 5 sows on the first day of pregnancy and the first day of the experiment respectively (pregnant and non-pregnant sows resp.), of 43 pregnant sows on the 56th, 84th, 98th, 105th and 113rd day of gestation as well as 17 lactating sows on the 26th day of lactation. The animal bodies of pregnant sows were divided in 15 fractions and those of non-pregnant and lactating sows in 12 fractions. The investigations were carried out with 3 x 3 variants of litter number (1, 2, 4) and energy supply (120, 100, 80% of requirement recommendation). The chemical composition and the energy content of the animal body fractions as well as their relative portions of the empty body were largely constant during the course of gestation with the exception of the reproductive organs and the conception products. The physiological stage of lactation connected with limited mobilization of body reserves resulted in a reduction in fat content of some body fractions as well as a limited increase of the portions of body organs contrary to the portions of body tissues of the empty body. In comparison with sows of litter numbers 1 and 2 the sows of litter number 4 were characterized by higher portions of bones and meat, valuable parts as well as by smaller portions of depotfat and meat from head and belly of empty body. The raising of the energy supply of the pregnant sows increased the portion of the depotfat and decreased the portion of the meat, valuable parts of the empty body. The chemical composition of the reproductive organs and the conception products as well as the portions of these fractions of the empty body were influenced strongly from the course of the gestation and lactation resp. The portions of the reproductive organs and of the conception products are small (related to energy < or = 5.7 and < or = 2.6% resp.)

Abattoirs↗