5-Methoxyuridine, a new modified constituent in tRNAs of Bacillaceae.
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Bacillus↗
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Alpha-globulin-like antigens in bacteria.
Seventy-two strains of bacteria of the families Bacillaceae, Enterobacteriaceae and Micrococcaceae were investigated for antigens resembling Gm (1), Gm (2) and Inv (1) human immunoglobulin group factors. Antigens similar to these factors were encountered in some strains of the genus Bacillus. Staph. epidermidis strains had antigenic structures resembling Gm (1) and Inv (1) factors, and strains of Enterobacteriaceae structures resembling Gm (2) and Inv (1). Occurrence among various species of bacteria of antigens resembling human gamma-globulin group factors suggests immunization by bacterial infection as one of the causes of presence of anti-Gm and anti-Inv antibodies in human beings.
Alpha-Globulins↗
Anaerobic dechlorination and degradation of hexachlorocyclohexane isomers by anaerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria.
Screening studies with strict and facultative anaerobic bacteria showed that Clostridium app. and several other representatives of Bacillaceae and Enterobacteriaceae actively degraded gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (gamma-HCH) under anaerobic conditions. Representatives of Lactobacillaceae and Propronibacterium were inactive. With 36Cl-labelled gamma-HCH a nearly complete dechlorination was shown to occur in 4--6 days by Clostridium butyricum, C. pasteurianum and Citrobacter freundii, while other facultative anaerobic species were less active. Aerobically grown facultative anaerobes also dechlorinated actively gamma-HCH during subsequent anaerobic incubation with glucose, pyruvate or formate as substrates. The alpha-, beta- and delta-HCH isomers were also, but more slowly, dechlorinated (gamma larger than alpha larger than beta larger than or equal to delta-HCH). All species active in anaerobic degradation of gamma-HCH formed gamma-tetrachlorocyclohexene (TCH) as the main intermediate metabolite and no gamma-pentachlorocyclohexene (PCH) or other isomers of TCH or PCH have been found. Small amounts of tri- and tetrachlorinated benzenes have been found too. The mechanism of dechlorination is discussed.
Aerobiosis↗
Procaryote phylogeny IV: concerning the phylogenetic status of a photosynthetic bacterium.
The 16S ribosomal RNA (30S subunit) of Rhodopseudomonas spheroides has been characterized in terms of T1 ribonuclease digestion products. This "fingerprint" ultimately permits the placement of R. spheroides into a detailed procaryotic phylogenetic tree. Given the number of major procaryotic lines that have been characterized in these terms to date, one can tentatively place the Athiorhodaceae closer to the Vibrio-Enteric group than to the Bacillaceae or Cyanophyta.
Base Sequence↗
On the relationship between glycerophosphoglycolipids and lipoteichoic acids in Gram-positive bacteria. I. The occurrence of phosphoglycolipids.
1. Gram-positive bacteria out of the families of Streptococcaceae, Lactobacillaceae, Micrococcaceae and Bacillaceae were investigated with respect to the occurrence and the concentration of phosphoglycolipids. 2. Phosphatidylglycolipids occur exclusively in group D Streptococci and in Streptococcus hemolyticus D-58. Phosphatidyl-alpha-kojibiosyldiacylglycerol, the prevalent species, accounts for up to 28% of the polar lipids. The related glycerophospho-phosphatidyl-alpha-kojibiosyldiacylglycerol is restricted to Streptococcus faecalis. 3. Glycerophosphoglycolipids, usually minor components, comprise thirteen compounds most of which have so far not been described. Except Micrococcus lysodeikticus all examined bacteria contained one or more glycerophosphoglycolipids. Their occurrence parallels, therefore, that of lipoteichoic acids, which supports the hypothesis of a metabolic relationship between these two membrane components.
Bacillus↗
Studies on the aerobic non-symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria, other than Azotobacter, in Egyptian soils.
Twenty isolates of micro-organisms capable of growing on nitrogen-deficient medium and found as contaminants in Azotobacter cultures were isolated from Egyptian soils and studied for their morphological, cultural, and physiological properties. These micro-organisms s are members of Rhizobiaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Achromobacteriaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Micrococcaceae, Bacillaceae, and Streptomycetaceae as well as some yeasts. In nitrogen-free medium the micro-organism fixed only small amounts of atmospheric nitrogen, hardly exceeding 3 ppm and because of their low sugar consumption rates, efficiences of N2-fixation sometimes reaching 18 mg nitrogen fixed/g carbon oxidized were recorded. Addition of 15 ppm combined nitrogen to the medium increased the amounts of nitrogen fixed to 3--9 ppm.
Aerobiosis↗
Phylogenetic origin of the chloroplast and prokaryotic nature of its ribosomal RNA.
The 16S ribosomal RNA of the Euglena gracilis chloroplast has been characterized in terms of its two-dimensional electrophoretic "fingerprint" (T1 ribonuclease). Results show it to be a typically prokaryotic 16 S rRNA. By the present criterion, different chloroplasts are shown to be related to one another and at least distantly to blue-green algae and perhaps to Bacillaceae. These results argue in favor of an endosymbiont origin of the chloroplast.
Base Sequence↗
The nucleotide sequence of formylmethionine tRNA from Mycoplasma mycoides sp. capri.
The nucleotide sequence of Mycoplasma mycoides sp. capri PG3 formylmethionine tRNA has been determined, using in vitro labeling techniques, to be pC-G-C-G-G-G-G-s4U-A-G-A-G-C-A-G-U-D (U)-G-G-D-A-G-C-U-C-G-C-C-G-G-G-C-U-C-A-U-A-A-C-C-C-G-G-A-G-G-C-C-G-C-A-G-G-U-psi- C-G-A-G-U-C-C-U-G-C-C-C-C-C-G-C-A-A-C-C-AOH. This tRNA contains only three modified nucleosides s4U, D and psi, all of which are derived from uridine. Both in the structural features which distinguish eukaryotic from prokaryotic initiator RNAs and in the overall sequence, this tRNA resembles a typical prokaryotic initiator tRNA. A comparison of the sequence of this tRNA with those of other prokaryotic initiator tRNAs suggests that taxonomically the Mycoplasma may be less related to the Cyanophyta (Anacystis nidulans) than to the bacteria and less related to the Enterobacteriaceae (Escherichia coli) than to the Bacillaceae (Bacillus subtilis).
Base Sequence↗
Fast-growing Bacillus sensu lato rhizosphere populations are constrained by antagonistic Pseudomonadota, Actinomycetota and other Bacillus sensu lato.
Copiotrophic Bacillus and related taxa grow rapidly and are commonly isolated from soil. Despite their growth rate, Bacillus sensu lato (BSL) constitute less than one percent of soil bacterial communities, and the nutrient-enriched rhizosphere contains even fewer. Amendment of bulk soil with synthetic root exudate did not lead to increase in Bacillus culturable counts. We hypothesized that BSL populations in soil enriched with growth-supporting carbon are suppressed by various soil microbes. A screen using B. pseudomycoides as tester strain yielded 124 growth inhibiting isolates, aligning by 16S rRNA genes to 3 Alphaproteobacteria, 6 Betaproteobacteria, 5 Gammaproteobacteria, 3 Streptomyces, and 19 Bacillaceae. Most antagonists also suppressed four other BSL, and over 70% of the BSL isolates suppressed each other. The 11 sequenced BSL genomes encoded between 2 and 10 antibiotic biosynthetic gene clusters. Incubation of multiple isolates in artificial soil microcosms resulted in population growth restraint through a high percentage of endospores formed. This indicated that growth suppression by antagonists was due primarily to induction of sporulation. These results support our hypothesis that Bacillus populations in soil enriched with growth-supporting carbon are suppressed by various soil microbes.
Bacillus↗
Tetrahydrofolate-dependent biosynthesis of ribothymidine in transfer ribonucleic acids of Gram-positive bacteria.
Trimethoprim, an inhibitor that prevents tetrahydrofolate-dependent transmethylation reactions inbacteria, was used in a comparative study to discriminate between two possible biosynthetic pathways, either the S-adenosylmethionine or the tetrahydrofolate-dependent formation of ribothymidine (rT) in transfer ribonucleic acids (tRNA's) of several strains of gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. rT-deficient tRNA's accumulate in trimethoprim-treated gram-positive Streptococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Corynebacterium bovis, Arthrobacter albidus, and all examined Bacillaceae, except Bacillus stearothermophilus. The rT-deficient rT-deficient tRNA's accept the methyl moiety from S-adenosylmethionine in vitro, with extracts from Escherichia coli (wild type) as a source of methylating enzymes; 90% of the incorporated methyl groups are present in rT. Trimethoprim does not inhibit the biosynthesis of rT in tRNA of gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae, Rhizobium lupini, and Pseudomonadaceae, suggesting that the rT-specific tRNA methyltransferases of these gram-negative strains use S-adenosylmethionine as coenzyme.
Arthrobacter↗
Bacterial parasite of a plant nematode: morphology and ultrastructure.
The life cycle of a bacterial endoparasite of the plant-parasitic nematode Meloidogyne incognita was examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The infective stage begins with the attachment of an endospore to the surface of the nematode. A germ tube then penetrates the cuticle, and mycelil colonies form in the pseudocoelom. Sporulation is initiated when terminal cells of the mycelium enlarge to form sporangia. A septum within each sporangium divides the forespore from the basal or parasporal portion of the cell. The forespore becomes enclosed by several laminar coats. The parasporal cell remains attached to the forespore and forms the parasporal microfibers. After the newly formed spores are released into the soil, these microfibers apparently enable a mature spore to attach to the nematode. These results indicate that the endoparasite is a procaryotic organism having structural features that are more common to members of Actinomycetales and to the bacterium Pasteuria ramosa than to the sporozoans or to the family Bacillaceae, as previous investigatios have concluded.
Actinomycetales↗
Permeability and charge-dependent adsorption properties of the S-layer lattice from Bacillus coagulans E38-66.
We investigated the permeability properties of the oblique S-layer lattice from Bacillus coagulans E38-66 after depositing cell wall fragments on a microfiltration membrane, cross-linking the S-layer protein with glutaraldehyde, and degrading the peptidoglycan with lysozyme. Comparative permeability studies on such multilayered S-layer membranes and suspended S-layer vesicles from thermophilic members of the family Bacillaceae with use of the space technique (M. Sára and U. B. Sleytr, J. Bacteriol. 169:4092-4098, 1987) revealed identical molecular exclusion limits (M. Sára and U. B. Sleytr, J. Membr. Sci. 33:27-49, 1987). Examination of the S-layer lattice from B. coagulans E38-66 with the S-layer membrane technique revealed unhindered passage for molecules up to the size of myoglobin (M(r) 17,000). The molecular dimensions of this protein (2.8 by 3.2 by 4.5 nm) correspond approximately to the size of the ovoid-shaped pore previously shown by high-resolution electron microscopy of negatively stained S-layer self-assembly products (D. Pum, M. Sára, and U. B. Sleytr, J. Bacteriol. 171:5296-5303, 1989). Chemical modification of the S-layer protein and comparative labeling, adsorption, and permeability studies clearly demonstrated that (i) in the native state, free amino and carboxyl groups are present on the outer S-layer face and in the interior of the pores and (ii) electrostatic interactions between these groups prevent unspecific adsorption of the S-layer in vivo.
Adsorption↗
Metal accumulation by bacteria with particular reference to dissimilatory sulphate-reducing bacteria.
Dissimilatory sulphate-reducing bacteria, genera Desulfovibrio and Desulfotomaculum, exhibit a superior ability, over assimilatory organisms, to extract three amounts of metals from culture media. This property does not appear to be solely a function of the presence of H2S. In media containing elevated amounts of Fe, electron dense particles, provisionally identified as FeS, are deposited within the cells of dissimilatory bacteria.
Bacillaceae↗
[Daily bath and its effect on the normal human skin flora quantitative and qualitative investigations of the aerobic skin flora (author's transl)].
The behaviour of the aerobic skin flora of the flexor sides of the forearm, under a daily repeated bath during 21 days, using two marketable bath-supplements, was investigated in 24 volunteers for its quantitative and qualitative aspects. The combined scrubbing-washing-method was used as described by Burtenshaw with Ringer's solution. After the daily baths, using Wilcoxon-test, statistically no significant changes in the total number of microorganizations and in the number of the single groups of bacteria were found in the areas investigated by intermittent samplings of the skin flora. In the analysis of the composition of the normal aerobic skin flora, however, changes were obvious in 4 volunteers. There were no clinical changes of the skin surface in any of the volunteers.
Actinomycetales↗
Anaerobic bacteria: evaluation of disc susceptibility to four cephalosporins.
The disc diffusion technique was evaluated with 178 strains of anaerobes and four cephalosporins (cephalothin, cefamandole, cefazolin and cefoxitin). Good correlation in results was found in comparison with the agar dilution technique (p less than 0.001) with the exception of cefamandole and cefazolin against anaerobic cocci (p greater than 0.05). Choosing a breakpoint of 8 microgram/ml for distinguishing susceptible and resistant strains, we determined corresponding incubation, the rate of error is less than 1% for false susceptible and less than 5% for false resistant. However, some strains of anaerobic cocci required a 48 hour incubation period for allowing visible growth. Moreover, a great deal (60.5%) of overlapping zone diameters made interpretation of disc diffusion test difficult among Bacteroides fragilis strains classed as susceptible, intermediate and resistant occuring with cefoxitin. The results have shown that the cephalothin disk will not accurately predict susceptibility of B. fragilis to cefoxitin.
Bacillaceae↗
Protein profiling and GC-MS product analysis provide insights into lignite solubilization and bioconversion by Lysinibacillus sphaericus strain SH19.
Lignite biosolubilization offers a mild route for valorizing low-rank coal, although the microbial processes that accompany solubilization remain incompletely defined. Here, an endogenous isolate designated Lysinibacillus sphaericus strain SH19 was evaluated using nitric-acid-pretreated Shengli lignite. Under the selected working conditions (4 M nitric-acid pretreatment, initial pH 8, 40°C, and 16 days), the apparent solubilization rate reached 66.81%. Changes in A450, residual solid mass, culture pH, and extracellular protein concentration showed that chemical pretreatment and bacterial culture were both associated with the release of soluble lignite-derived material. SDS-PAGE and two-dimensional electrophoresis revealed treatment-associated differences in extracellular and intracellular protein patterns. LC-MS/MS analysis of excised protein spots yielded 85 candidate protein assignments; the revised supplementary table reports PEAKS scores, sequence coverage, peak area, and unique-peptide counts and highlights the limited support for several entries. GC-MS analysis produced 33 tentative library assignments in the solubilized fraction, but siloxane- and silyl-related signals were treated as possible analytical background, and no pathway was inferred from these assignments alone. Together, the data identify strain SH19 as a promising lignite-biosolubilizing isolate and provide candidate proteins and product signals for future validation. The proposed process model remains exploratory because direct enzyme assays, inhibitor experiments, carbon-balance measurements, transcriptomic or genetic validation, complete GC-MS blank subtraction, and authentic-standard confirmation were not available.
Bacillaceae↗
Simple radioassay for dihydroorotate dehydrogenase.
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Bacillaceae↗
Whole genome-based reclassification of the genus Metabacillus: Proposal for five novel genera, Chryseobacillus gen. nov., Cohnibacillus gen. nov., Salimetabacillus gen. nov., Pantoeobacillus gen. nov., and Lutimetabacillus gen. nov. and the description of one novel bacterial species, Chryseobacillus diguaensis sp. nov. isolated from soil in the Digua reservoir.
Comprehensive phylogenomic and comparative genomic analyses were conducted to clarify the taxonomic boundaries of the genus Metabacillus. Phylogenetic trees reconstructed from a set of single-copy orthologous proteins (SCOPs) revealed that the genus, as currently defined, is polyphyletic. The type species of the genus Metabacillus and its closest relatives formed a consistent clade, herein designated as Metabacillus sensu stricto. The remaining species were grouped into three well-supported clades: Kandeliae, Indicus, and Mangrovi, and two single-taxon lineages: M. arenae and M. lacus. The phylogenomic delineation found in these divergent taxa was corroborated by either inconsistent distribution patterns or the absence of previously defined conserved signature indels (CSIs) specific to Metabacillus. Genomic metrics, including Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI), Average Amino acid Identity (AAI), and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) further supported the taxonomic delineation proposed here. The observed genomic divergence was mirrored by phenotypic differences, including variations in GC content ranges. Based on this polyphasic evidence, we propose the reclassification of the genus Metabacillus taxa into five novel genera: Chryseobacillus gen. nov. (encompassing the Kandeliae clade), Cohnibacillus gen. nov. (M. lacus), Salimetabacillus gen. nov. (M. arenae), Pantoeobacillus gen. nov. (Indicus clade), and Lutimetabacillus gen. nov. (Mangrovi clade). The core lineage is retained as Metabacillus sensu stricto, for which an emended description of the genus Metabacillus is also provided. A novel bacterial strain, designated as MAU-250T, was isolated from a soil sample collected on the shore of an artificial reservoir in the Andean foothills of the Maule Region in central Chile. Public metagenome screening supported a low-abundance taxon with broad ecological adaptability, preferentially associated with soil habitats. A polyphasic analysis based on phenotypic traits and genomic distances (78.0% ANIb and 19.8% dDDH against its closest relative) also supported its designation as a novel species, for which the name Chryseobacillus diguaensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is MAU-250T (=RGM 3146T = IMI 507634T).
Phylogeny↗