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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1995

Role of anaerobic bacteria in chronic otitis media and cholesteatoma.

Otitis media (OM), a common infection in children, can cause significant morbidity. Selection of the most appropriate treatment regimen directed against the pathogens responsible for the OM can minimize complications. The most frequently isolated bacteria from chronic OM are Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and anaerobic bacteria. The predominant anaerobes are Peptostreptococcus spp., pigmented Prevotella and Porphyromonas spp., Bacteroides spp. and Fusobacterium spp. Many of the organisms causing OM can produce beta-lactamase, which can contribute to the failure of penicillins therapy. The appropriate surgical and medical therapy for chronic OM is reviewed.

Bacteria, Anaerobic↗
PubMed2004

Effect of intrauterine administration of oestradiol on postpartum uterine bacterial infection in cattle.

After parturition fewer first dominant follicles are selected in the ovary ipsilateral to the previously gravid uterine horn in cattle. However, the presence of a large oestradiol-secreting follicle in the ipsilateral ovary is a predictor of fertility, possibly due to a localised effect of oestradiol which increases the rate of elimination of the ubiquitous uterine bacterial contamination that occurs after calving. The present study tested the hypothesis that oestradiol reduces uterine bacterial contamination when administered into the uterine lumen around the expected time for selection of the first postpartum dominant follicle. Animals were infused with saline (n=15) or 10mg oestradiol benzoate (n=15) into the previously gravid uterine horn on Days 7 and 10 postpartum. Peripheral coccygeal blood samples were collected daily and oestradiol concentrations measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Uterine lumen swabs were collected 7, 14 and 21 days postpartum for aerobic and anaerobic culture, bacteria were identified and growth scored semi-quantitatively. Plasma oestradiol concentrations were higher for treated animals between Days 7 and 14 (1.4+/-0.1 versus 2.0+/-0.2 pg/ml, P<0.05). Control animals had a similar bacterial growth score on Days 7 and 14, with a lower value on Day 21 (5.7+/-1.0 and 6.1+/-0.7 versus 0.3+/-0.1, P<0.05). However, treated animals had a surprising higher bacterial load on Day 14, than on Days 7 or 21 (7.1+/-0.9 versus 4.0+/-0.6 or 3.6+/-0.6, P<0.05). The increased score was attributable to more pathogens associated with endometritis on Day 14 than Day 7 (5.1+/-1.0 versus 2.5+/-0.5, P<0.05), in particular Prevotella melaninogenicus (1.5+/-0.5 versus 0.7+/-0.2, P<0.05) and Fusobacterium necrophorum (1.5+/-0.4 versus 0.3+/-0.2, P<0.05). In conclusion, administration of oestradiol into the uterine lumen surprisingly increased uterine pathogenic anaerobic bacterial contamination. Thus, it is unlikely that increased fertility associated with a first dominant follicle in the ipsilateral ovary is a consequence of the elimination of bacterial contamination by ovarian oestradiol.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Microbiology and antibiotic sensitivities of head and neck space infections of odontogenic origin.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to assess the anatomical spaces and causative micro-organisms responsible for deep fascial space head and neck infections and evaluate the resistance of antibiotics used in the treatment of these infections. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A 6-year retrospective study evaluated hospital records of 103 patients. All patients in this study underwent surgical incision and drainage, received IV antibiotics, and had culture and sensitivity performed. Patient demographics reviewed were gender, age, involved fascial space(s), micro-organisms identified and antibiotic resistance from culture and sensitivity testing. RESULTS: There were 56 male (54%) and 47 (46%) female patients. The submandibular space was the most frequent location for a single space abscess (30%), followed by the buccal space (27.5%) and the lateral pharyngeal space (12.5%). Sixty-three patients presented with multiple space involvement, totaling 142 spaces involved. A total of 269 bacterial strains were isolated from 103 patients. The bacteria were found to be 63.5% gram-positive. Gram-positive cocci were isolated 57.7% of specimens and gram-negative rods were isolated in 33% of cultures. There were 178 aerobes (65.7%) and 91 anaerobes (34.3%) isolated. The most common bacteria isolated were Viridans streptococci, Provetella, Staphylococci, and Peptostreptococcus. Culture and sensitivities were reviewed on 101 patients. CONCLUSION: Patients who underwent surgical incision and drainage in the operating room had a tendency for involvement of multiple space abscesses with the submandibular space, submental, and lateral pharyngeal spaces effected most frequently. Cultures and sensitivities commonly showed greater growth in aerobes (65.7%) than in anaerobes. Gram positive cocci and gram negative rods had the greatest growth percentage in cultures.

Abscess↗
PubMed2002

Antimicrobial susceptibility of major pathogens of orofacial odontogenic infections to 11 beta-lactam antibiotics.

In this study, we evaluated the current effectiveness of 11 beta-lactam antibiotics for treatment of orofacial odontogenic infections by determining the antimicrobial susceptibility of the major pathogens. The antimicrobial susceptibilities of viridans streptococci (n = 47), Peptostreptococcus (n = 67), Porphyromonas (n = 18), Fusobacterium (n = 57), black-pigmented Prevotella (n = 59) and non-pigmented Prevotella (n = 47) isolated from pus specimens of 93 orofacial odontogenic infections to penicillin G, cefmetazole, flomoxef, cefoperazone, cefoperazone/sulbactam, ceftazidime, cefpirome, cefepime, cefoselis, imipenem and faropenem were determined using the agar dilution method. Penicillin G, most cephalosporins, imipenem and faropenem worked well against viridans streptococci, Peptostreptococcus, Porphyromonas and Fusobacterium. Penicillin G and most cephalosporins, including fourth-generation agents, were not effective against beta-lactamase-positive Prevotella, though they were effective against beta-lactamase-negative strains. Cefmetazole, cefoperazone/sulbactam, imipenem and faropenem expressed powerful antimicrobial activity against beta-lactamase-positive Prevotella. In conclusion, penicillins have the potential to be first-line agents in the treatment of orofacial odontogenic infections. Most of the other beta-lactam antibiotics, including fourth-generation cephalosporins, were not found to have greater effectiveness than penicillins. In contrast, cefmetazole, cefoperazone/sulbactam, imipenem and faropenem were found to have greater effectiveness than penicillins.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2004

Prevalence of periodontal bacterial infection in non-obese Japanese type 2 diabetic patients: relationship with C-reactive protein and albuminuria.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between periodontal bacteria infection ( Porphyromonas gingivalis, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Prevotella intermedius) and C-reactive protein (CRP) and albuminuria in non-obese Japanese type 2 diabetic patients. One hundred and thirty-four non-obese Japanese type 2 diabetic patients without evidence of current acute illness including clinically significant acute infectious disease were enrolled into the study. The degree of periodontal bacterial infection was evaluated using IgG titer against Porphyromonas gingivalis, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, or Prevotella intermedius. The bacterial sonic extracts were used as antigens. High-sensitivity CRP (hCRP), glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA (1c)), and lipids were also measured after an overnight fast. Urinary albumin excretion rate as a ratio of urinary albumin and urinary creatinine was assessed in a morning spot urine sample using a commercial enzymatic immunoassay. The prevalence of Porphyromonas gingivalis infection was 52.2 % and that of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Prevotella intermedius was 7.5 and 14.2 %, respectively. IgG titer against Porphyromonas gingivalis significantly correlated with CRP (r = 0.225, p < 0.001) and albuminuria (r = 0.185, p < 0.05), while IgG titer against Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans or Prevotella intermedius was not associated with either parameter. These results suggest that among periodontal bacteria, Porphyromonas gingivalis infection is associated with atherosclerosis in non-obese Japanese type 2 diabetic patients.

Actinobacillus Infections↗
PubMed2003

Acute bacterial suppurative parotitis: microbiology and management.

The parotid gland is the salivary gland most commonly affected by inflammation. The most common pathogens associated with acute bacterial parotitis are Staphylococcus aureus and anaerobic bacteria. The predominant anaerobes include gram-negative bacilli (including pigmented Prevotella and Porphyromonas spp.), Fusobacterium spp., and Peptostreptococcus spp. Streptococcus spp. (including S. pneumoniae) and gram-negative bacilli (including Escherichia coli) have also been reported. Gram-negative organisms are often seen in hospitalized patients. Organisms less frequently found are Arachnia, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Treponema pallidum, cat-scratch bacillus, and Eikenella corrodens. Mycobacterium tuberculosis and atypical mycobacteria are rare causes of parotitis. Therapy includes maintenance of hydration and administration of parenteral antimicrobial therapy. Once an abscess has formed surgical drainage is required. The choice of antimicrobial depends on the etiologic agent. Maintenance of good oral hygiene, adequate hydration, and early and proper therapy of bacterial infection of the oropharynx may reduce the occurrence of suppurative parotitis.

Abscess↗
PubMed1995

Endodontic pathogens in periodontal disease augmentation.

Periapical pathology indicating endodontic infection, when present in periodontitis-affected teeth, has recently been shown to be correlated to marginal periodontal breakdown. This has been associated with patency of dentinal tubules in the tooth cervix, an area normally devoid of cementum following periodontal therapy. These studies are, however hampered by that only circumstantial evidence such as presence of periapical destruction have been applied as criteria of endodontic infection. The aim of the present investigation was to assess the effects of endodontic pathogens on marginal periodontal wound healing on root surfaces devoid of cementum but surrounded by healthy periodontal membrane. Significant differences between infected and non-infected teeth were found with respect to pathological pocket and connective tissue: The experimental defects were covered by approximately 20% more pocket epithelium in infected teeth while defects in non-infected teeth showed approximately 10% more connective tissue coverage. It was concluded, that an intra-canal infection of endodontic pathogens stimulates epithelial downgrowth along denuded dentin surfaces with marginal communication. Extrapolated to the clinical situation, endodontic infections in periodontitis-prone patients may augment periodontitis propagation.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Interleukin-1 receptor signaling rather than that of tumor necrosis factor is critical in protecting the host from the severe consequences of a polymicrobe anaerobic infection.

Infection of the dental pulp leads to an osteolytic lesion that results from a polymicrobial infection consisting largely of pathogenic anaerobes. Infection causes significant morbidity and mortality mediated by bacterial factors and in some cases by the up-regulation of inflammatory cytokines. The inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), in particular, play a complex and central role in the responses to microbial pathogens. However, relatively little is known about the significance of these cytokines in protecting the host from focal polymicrobial anaerobic infections. To establish the relative importance of IL-1 and TNF in mediating the response to a mixed anaerobic infection, we inoculated the dental pulp of mice with six anaerobic pathogens containing functional deletions of receptors to IL-1 (IL-1R1(-/-)), TNF (TNFRp55(-/-)-p75(-/-)), or both (TNFRp55(-/-)-IL-1RI(-/-)). The results indicate that IL-1 receptor signaling and TNF receptor signaling both play similarly important roles in protecting the host from local tissue damage. However, IL-1 receptor signaling is considerably more important than TNF receptor signaling in preventing the spread of infection into surrounding fascial planes, since IL-1R1(-/-) but not TNFRp55(-/-)-p75(-/-) mice exhibited significantly higher morbidity and mortality. Moreover, all of the fatal infections occurred in male mice, suggesting the importance of gender differences in limiting the impact of these infections.

Abscess↗
PubMed1998

Recovery of anaerobic bacteria from a post-traumatic nasal septal abscess. A report of two cases.

This report presents 2 children (boys, 11 and 9 years old) who had post-traumatic nasal septal abscesses. Cultures for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria revealed Peptostreptococcuus magnus and a beta-lactamase-producing Prevotella intermedia in the first patient, and Peptostreptococcus anaerobius, Streptococcus intermedius, and Prevotella melaninogenica in the second patient. Anaerobic bacteria may play a role in nasal septal abscesses.

Abscess↗
PubMed2001

Treatment of periodontal disease and control of diabetes: an assessment of the evidence and need for future research.

Evidence points to an increased cytokine response in type 2 diabetes, especially the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha. Genetics, age, and, nutrition are important signals for this increased response and as reported more recently, infections and inflammation. Persistent elevation of IL-1 beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha in the diabetic state have an effect on the liver, stimulate the release of acute-phase proteins, produce the characteristic dysregulation of lipid metabolism associated with type 2 diabetes, and have effects on pancreatic beta cells as well. In addition, TNF-alpha, a potent inhibitor of the tyrosine kinase activity of the insulin receptor, has been implicated as an etiologic factor for insulin resistance. Collectively, the evidence supports a role for cytokine elevation in the pathophysiology and metabolic abnormalities associated with diabetes. Periodontitis is an infection that is twice as prevalent in diabetic individuals compared to non-diabetics. Porphyromonas gingivalis, one of the microorganisms responsible for this infection, is able to invade endothelial cells and is a potent signal for monocyte and macrophage activation. Thus, once established in the diabetic host, this chronic infection complicates diabetes control and increases the occurrence and severity of microvascular and macrovascular complications. Unlike treatment of acute infections, modalities of treatment for chronic infections are a matter of debate. Evidence indicates that mechanical removal of subgingival infection does not result in complete elimination of periodontal infection and consequently there is no effect on diabetes control measured as reduction in glycated hemoglobin. On the other hand, studies incorporating systemic antibiotics as adjuncts to mechanical debridement result in a reduction of P. gingivalis to nondetectable levels and a concomitant reduction in glycated hemoglobin, independent of the hypoglycemic effects of diabetes drugs or insulin. The evidence supports the notion that treatment of chronic periodontal infection is essential in the diabetic patient. Assessment of infection status in diabetic patients is fundamental for appropriate treatment decisions.

Acute-Phase Proteins↗
PubMed2006

[In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of anaerobic bacteria isolated from pleuropulmonary infections].

BACKGROUND: Aspirative pleuropulmonary infections are usually caused by anaerobic flora of the mouth, mainly Prevotella, Fusobacterium and Peptostreptococcus spp. Penicillin in high doses is the traditional treatment for this type of infections but the rising resistance developed in recent years has induced the empiric use of clindamycin, increasing treatment costs. AIM: To study antimicrobial susceptibility of anaerobic bacteria isolated from pleuropulmonary infections. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty two strains obtained from bronchoalveolar lavage and 15 strains isolated from pleural effusions between 2000 and 2002, were studied. The phenotype of strains was identified using the semiautomated API 20 A method and their susceptibility to penicillin (PNC), clindamycin (CM) and chloramphenicol (CAF) was tested using the E test methods. RESULTS: All the strains were susceptible to CAF, 95% to CM and 74.4% to PNC. The predominant genus was Prevotella, which also exhibited the higher resistance. CONCLUSIONS: As CM and CAF are active "in vitro", high rates of clinical response should be expected. In contrast, PNC is less effective, especially against pigmented Prevotella.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1993

Bacteriology of dental infections.

The most common dental diseases, periodontal disease and dental caries, are chronic infections caused by bacteria of normal oral flora. When these bacteria increase in number and irritation exceeds the host defence threshold, disease arises. The human oral flora comprises more than 300 different bacteria. During the last decade approximately 10 species, mainly Gram-negative anaerobes, have been noted as putative pathogens in periodontal disease. The Gram-positive and facultatively anaerobic mutans streptococci are aetiologically the most important bacteria in dental caries. Data have rapidly increased on the association of these bacteria with certain periodontal diseases or caries, on phenotypic and genotypic characteristics, pathogenic mechanisms, antibiotic susceptibility patterns and transmission among family members. Chronic dental infections have been the focus of renewed interest because of recent advances in oral microbiology as well as in medicine. We now know that in addition to oral streptococci, recently classified, fastidious periodontal anaerobes can be detected from various extra-oral infections. Oral bacteria may spread into the blood stream through ulcerated epithelium in diseased periodontal pockets and cause transient bacteraemias, which are regarded as increased risk, especially for immunocompromised patients or persons with endoprotheses. In these patients, routine antibiotic prophylaxis is recommended for invasive dental care procedures. Also the new association between dental infections and myocardial/cerebral infarction have offered new challenges for cooperation between dental and medical researchers.

Actinobacillus Infections↗
PubMed2006

Post-loop electrosurgical excision procedure sepsis in a human immunodeficiency virus-infected woman.

BACKGROUND: Squamous intraepithelial lesions are more prevalent in women infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) compared with immunocompetent women. Loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) is commonly used to treat squamous intraepithelial lesions because it may be performed as an outpatient procedure with minimal blood loss and a low complication rate. CASE: We report a major infectious post-LEEP complication in an HIV-infected female who had an uneventful LEEP in which a cellulose hemostatic agent was used. Despite the severity of the infection, she was successfully treated with a minor surgical procedure along with broad antibiotic coverage. CONCLUSION: Although a cellulose hemostatic agent contaminated with perineal secretions may have served as a nidus for infection, use of perioperative antibiotics or cervical cleansing should be considered to prevent sepsis in immunocompromised hosts.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed2005

Clinical and microbiological characterization of periodontal abscesses.

BACKGROUND/AIM: The knowledge of clinical features, microbial composition and susceptibility to antimicrobials of periodontal abscesses has recently improved. This descriptive clinical and microbiological study provides more information on the characteristics of periodontal abscesses. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Clinical parameters and subgingival samples were examined from 54 subjects presenting 60 periodontal abscesses. Samples were cultured for anaerobic and facultative bacteria, and data were expressed as frequency detection and mean proportion of isolation for microorganisms. Selected isolates of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Prevotella intermedia/nigrescens were used to test susceptibility to amoxicillin, azithromycin, tetracycline and metronidazole. Statistical descriptive analysis was conducted. RESULTS: Most periodontal abscesses were present in patients with ongoing Chronic Periodontitis. Bleeding on probing, tumefaction and suppuration were present in almost all abscesses. Affected teeth were lower anterior teeth, upper anterior teeth and lower molars. The subgingival microbiota was composed of periodontal pathogens such as Fusobacterium spp. (75%), P. intermedia/nigrescens (60%), P. gingivalis (51%) and A. actinomycetemcomitans (30%). Some periodontopathogens showed antimicrobial resistance to tetracycline, metronidazole and amoxicillin, but not to azithromycin. CONCLUSIONS: Periodontal abscesses showed typical clinical features associated with untreated periodontitis, and the organisms identified were important periodontopathic bacteria. Rationale use of antibiotic adjunctive therapy in abscess treatment should be taken into account.

Actinobacillus Infections↗
PubMed2002

The relationship between the presence of periodontopathogenic bacteria in saliva and halitosis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between the presence of periodontal pathogenic bacteria in saliva and halitosis in mouth air. DESIGN: Cross-sectional microbiological and clinical oral examination of adult patients. SUBJECTS: 101 adult patients (25 males, 76 females) who attended the Preventive Dentistry and Breath Odour Clinic of Kyushu Dental College. Their average age was 50.0+/-13.5 years old (mean +/- SD). SETTING: The subjects were classified into three groups: halitosis subjects with a probing depth (PD) > or = 4mm (P group), halitosis subjects without PD > or = 4mm (H group), and non-halitosis subjects without PD > or = 4mm (C group). METHODS: All subjects received a periodontal examination. Volatile sulphur compounds (VSC: hydrogen sulphide and methyl mercaptan) were measured using gas chromatography. The presence of Bacteroides forsythus, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Prevotella intermedia in the saliva was detected by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The presence of B. forsythus, P. gingivalis and P. intermedia influenced the production of VSC. Specifically, the presence of B. forsythus in subjects with periodontitis was strongly correlated to the concentration of VSC in mouth air.

Actinobacillus Infections↗
PubMed2004

Topical and systemic antibiotics in the management of periodontal diseases.

Both systemic and topical antibiotics are increasingly used in the management of periodontal infections. Whilst these drugs are used mostly on an empirical basis, some contend that rational use of antibiotics should be the norm due to their wide abuse and consequential global emergence of antibiotic resistance organisms. Here we review the rationale and principles of antimicrobial therapy, treatment goals, drug delivery routes and various antibiotics that are used in the management of periodontal diseases. The pros and cons of systemic and local antibiotic therapy are described together with practical guidelines for their delivery. The available data indicate, in general, that mechanical periodontal treatment alone is adequate to ameliorate or resolve the clinical condition in most cases, but adjunctive antimicrobial agents, delivered either locally or systemically, can enhance the effect of therapy in specific situations. This is particularly true for aggressive (early onset) periodontitis, in patients with generalised systemic disease that may affect host resistance and in case of poor response to conventional mechanical therapy. Locally delivered antibiotics together with mechanical debridement are indicated for non-responding sites of focal infection or in localised recurrent disease. After resolution of the periodontal infection, the patient should be placed on an individually tailored maintenance care programme. Optimal plaque control by the patient is of paramount importance for a favourable clinical and microbiological response to any form of periodontal therapy.

Actinobacillus Infections↗