The halls of the Barbers, Barber-Surgeons and Company of Surgeons of London.
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General Surgery↗
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The barber-surgeons of London.
The Company of the Barber-Surgeons of London was formed by the union of the Company of Barbers and the Fellowship of Surgeons in 1540. It marked one of the great milestones in English surgery. The barbers had carried out minor surgery such as bleeding and lancing of abscesses, while the more erudite surgeons attempted to evolve some principles in surgery, and were involved in the mutilating surgery of warfare. The Barber-Surgeons became responsible for instigating teaching programs and the licensing of men to practice the art of surgery; they also appointed surgeons to the armed forces. An inevitable rift between these two different types of people occurred in 1745. The surgeons broke away and formed the Company of Surgeons, which, in 1800, became the Royal College of Surgeons.
Barbering↗
A seroepidemiologic study of hepatitis B virus infection among barbers in Huangshi City, Hubei, China.
Between March and August 1986 in Huangshi City, serum samples were collected from 316 apparently healthy barbers as a study group, as well as from 361 healthy employees of department stores as a control group. They were tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), antibody to HBsAg (anti-HBs) and antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) by enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assays. Barbers showed a prevalence higher than that in controls for HBsAg (16.8 vs. 9.2%, P less than 0.01), anti-HBs (67.1 vs. 45.9%, P less than 0.001), and anti-HBc (39.2 vs. 21.2%, P less than 0.001). The prevalence of at least one marker of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection was significantly higher in barbers than in controls (86.1 vs. 61.7%, P less than 0.001). Although the socioeconomic status and education level did not correlate with the frequency of HBV markers, the prevalence of HBsAg increased in parallel with the duration of practice. Because of their high risk for HBV infection, barbers need to be screened for markers of HBV infection on a routine basis, and are prime candidates for immunoprophylaxis with hepatitis B vaccine.
Adolescent↗
Antigenic analysis of Barber's protein antigen prepared from Salmonella typhi and demonstration of protein-specific antibodies in sera of typhoid patients.
A crude protein antigen (Barber's antigen) was prepared from Salmonella typhi by mild extraction with veronal buffer followed by repeated precipitation with trichloracetic acid according to the method of Barber. From serological studies and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, Barber's antigen was found to be highly heterogeneous and contain both the lipopolysaccharide and Vi antigens in addition to the protein antigens. Nevertheless antibodies specific to the proteins in the Barber's antigen were demonstrated in typhoid patients' sera by radioimmunoassay, indicating that proteins were also a major antigenic component of S. typhi and might play a role during typhoid infection.
Antibodies, Bacterial↗
Marshall Barber and the origins of micropipette methods.
Current methods for the study of renal physiology depend heavily on the use of micropipettes fashioned from glass capillary tubes. The technique for making glass micropipettes and manipulating them in the field of a compound microscope appears to have been invented about 1904 by Marshall A. Barber, a bacteriologist at the University of Kansas. Barber's methods were passed on and successively modified by G. L. Kite and R. Chambers, and were finally adapted for renal studies by A. N. Richards. The apparatus for perfusing isolated segments of renal tubules in vitro is remarkably similar to the original device used by Barber over three-quarters of a century ago.
Bacteriological Techniques↗
[Transmission of "barber's itch" by bathing?].
Pathogenic fungi find a favourable environment in baths for multiplication and distribution. So diseases caused by dermatophytes are often observed in connection with a visit of a bath. With regard to transmission of a "barber's itch" caused by fungi in consequence of the visit of a bath, there have still no results been published. Considering previous knowledge about epidemiology, mechanism of invasion, living, and multiplication of pathogenic fungi it seems unlikely that a transmission of the germs of "barber's itch" takes place due to the visit of a public bath. The expression "barber's itch" is not uniformly used; thus, if visitors make complaints about this affection, an etiological differentiation is required.
Arthrodermataceae↗
The British use of the Barber Suggestibility Scale: norms, psychometric properties and the effects of the sex of the subject and of the experimenter.
The Barber Suggestibility Scale, as a measure of hypnotic susceptibility, was administered to 130 British undergraduate students by 13 student experimenters in a 2 x 2 factorial design withe sex of the subject and the sex of the experimenter as the two variables. The results showed no significant differences among the scores obtained by the 13 experimenters and no significant effect of either the subject's sex or the experimenter's sex though there was some tendency towards an interaction effect. The distribution of scores from the present sample was similar to the American norms reported by Barber (1965) except for slightly lower means on certain test-suggestions. The scale also showed satisfactory internal consistency and item-scale correlations. A principal components analysis revealed evidence for a general factor underlying the scale in addition to three special factors associated with direct motor, motor challenge and cognitive suggestions which confirms the work of Hilgard (1965) on the Stanford scales. The distinction between objective and subjective responses to suggestions is discussed and some improvements are recommended in the scale. It was concluded that the BSS appears to be a simple and reliable measure of hypnotic susceptibility and is suitable for British usage.
Female↗
[Interdigital pilonidal sinus in barbers].
Three cases of barber's hair sinus of the hand are presented. The lesion is produced by the penetration of extraneous short hairs into the interdigital spaces of the hand. The hairs produce an inflammatory reaction and foreign body granuloma. The clinical picture is usually benign but can be complicated by repeated infection which may require surgery. The structure of the lesions varies from epithelial-lined tract, cyst with surrounding foreign body reaction, to fibrotic cicatricial tissue. The exact reasons for the lesion are not known, but several theories are offered. It is, however, clear that since the 1970's Italian barbers have changed their methods of cutting hair, using their hands more than the customary instruments, i.e., combs, brushes, etc. The authors discuss the occupational problems due to the complications of disabling lesions.
Adult↗
Barber's interdigital pilonidal sinus of the hand: a foreign body hair granuloma.
Interdigital pilonidal sinus of the hand is an occupational disease of male barbers. Customers' hairs penetrate the supple interdigital skin, cause a sinus, and later a cyst. Through the sinus, the hairs get entrapped and may occasionally be expressed. Excision of the sinus or the cyst is curative.
Barbering↗
Mortality of hematopoietic disorders and hair dye use among barbers.
A total of 8,316 barbers were followed up from 1976 to 1987 to examine the relations between hair dye use and deaths from hematopoietic disorders. The follow-up rate was about 95%. Three leukemia deaths and two malignant lymphoma deaths were observed in this cohort. The observed deaths were less than the expected number calculated from age- and sex-specific mortality of the general population in Japan (3.8 and 3.0, respectively). No deaths from aplastic anemia or the other hematopoietic disorders were observed.
Adult↗
Isolation of human pathogenic fungi from barbers' shop of Chhindwara (MP): a preliminary study.
Isolation of human pathogenic fungi was made from the barbers' shops of Chhindwara. Trichophyton mentagrophytes showed highest percentage of occurrence (30%), followed by Trichophyton rubrum (26%) and Aspergillus fumigatus (18%) whereas, the lowest relative density was exhibited by Aspergillus niger and a hyphomycetous fungus (2%).
Barbering↗
Rapid diagnosis of typhoid fever by detection of Barber protein and Vi antigen of Salmonella serotype typhi.
Co-agglutination (coagg) and latex agglutination (LA) tests were used for the detection of Salmonella serotype Typhi Vi and Barber protein (BP) antigens in sera from five groups of individuals (A-E). Group A consisted of 30 blood culture-positive cases of typhoid fever and group B consisted of 30 suspected cases of typhoid fever who had sterile blood cultures but positive Widal tests. Thirty cases of pyrexia of unknown origin (PUO) were placed in group C, while group D consisted of 15 cases of septicaemia caused by organisms other than Salmonella serotype Typhi. Group E comprised 50 normal healthy individuals with no history of typhoid fever or TAB vaccination in the previous 5 years. The Vi-LA test performed best with 96.7% of group A sera and 90% of group B sera giving positive results. No false positive results and only 2.58% false negative results were obtained with this test. Considering patients with positive blood culture results or positive Widal tests as true positives, the sensitivities of the Vi-LA, BP-LA, Vi-coagg and BP-coagg tests were 93.3, 91.7, 83.3 and 86.7%, respectively. The specificities of these tests were 100, 98.5, 98.5 and 98.5%, respectively. It is suggested that the Vi-LA test can be used for the rapid and early diagnosis of typhoid fever.
Agglutination Tests↗
The use of a foam anesthesia donut for the positioning of a patient in the barber chair position.
The foam anesthesia donut proves quite useful in the positioning of the patient in the barber chair position. By placing the donut on top of the patient's face, it protects the patient's eyes from trauma by the assistants holding retractors. The endotracheal tube also can be secured to the ring, protecting it from disconnection during surgery. The inner foam of the donut, which is removed when applying to the face, also can be used to pad the ulnar nerve at the elbow.
Anesthesiology↗
[Interdigital pilonidal sinus or barber's disease].
A case of barbers disease is presented. The pathogenesis, clinical course and therapy is reviewed. This rare occupational disease must be regarded separate from the postnatal sinus pilonidalis. Therefore the authors suggest a revalorization of the distinguishing name of fistula interdigitalis crinogenita given by G. J. N. Vleugels Schutter in 1963.
Adult↗
Facial hair barbering in rats.
Facial alopecia was observed in three of four adult, female, Fischer 344 rats sharing the same cage for 2 months. Alopecia was characterized by irregular areas of hair loss between the eyes, which occasionally extended below the eyes and between the ears. These areas were nonpruritic and were not associated with dermatophytes, pathogenic skin bacteria, or ectoparasites. When the unaffected rat was removed and allowed to cohabit with new cagemates, facial alopecia became apparent in those animals within 6 days, and the hair of the original cagemates grew back within 3 weeks. The alopecia was caused by hair barbering by a dominant female rat.
Alopecia↗
Blood letting. Barber-surgeons' shaving and bleeding bowls.
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Barbering↗
H.A.A. at the barber's?
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Anesthesiology↗