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PubMedDate not supplied

Increase in diaphragm use in a university population.

A striking increase observed in the demand for the diaphragm method at a contraception clinic for university women was documented by means of a record review and questionnaire. Record reviews completed at the conclusion of each semester from December 1973 to December 1976 showed a statistically significant increase in diaphragm acceptors. In the fall semester of 1976, diaphragm acceptors (49% of 151 patients) surpassed pill acceptors (46%). Data from 123 questionnaires revealed that concern for pill and IUD side effects was the primary reason for diaphragm choice. The study numbers are small, but a definite trend is evident. These educated young women may be forerunners, and an increase in diagphragm use in the general population may be seen in the near future.

Contraceptive Devices, Female↗
PubMed1992

A survey of contraceptive use and unplanned pregnancy in Perth, Western Australia.

Contraceptive use and unplanned pregnancy were studied in a stratified cluster sample of 1,511 couples with women aged 16 to 44 years resident in metropolitan Perth in 1988. Twenty-one couples were excluded from analysis owing to missing data. The proportion of couples using contraception was 76.8 per cent (1,144 of 1,490), and all but three of the remaining couples gave a reason for nonuse. Among users, surgical sterilisation made up 42.3 per cent (484 of 1,144) of all methods, with a slight predominance of tubal ligation over vasectomy. Oral contraceptives accounted for just over half of nonsurgical methods. Comparisons with a Victorian survey performed in 1978 suggested that surgical methods and condom use may have increased, whereas use of oral contraceptives and intrauterine devices may have fallen. Unplanned pregnancies conceived during the 12 months before the interview affected 3.4 per cent (51 of 1,490) of respondents. The incidence of unplanned pregnancy was four times higher in couples with inconsistent usage patterns of contraception.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Evaluation of in vivo P-glycoprotein function at the blood-brain barrier among MDR1 gene polymorphisms by using 11C-verapamil.

UNLABELLED: P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is a membrane protein that functions as an adenosine triphosphate-dependent efflux pump for xenobiotics at the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Polymorphisms of MDR1 gene have been reported to be associated with the expression level of P-gp. (11)C-Verapamil is considered to be one of the suitable radioligands for evaluating P-gp functions. However, the metabolites of verapamil might complicate the quantitative analysis because of their possible brain penetration. In the present study, we investigated the P-gp functional differences at the BBB between the haplotypes (1236TT, 2677TT, 3435TT vs. 1236CC, 2677GG, 3435CC) of the MDR1 gene with different quantitative analyses of (11)C-verapamil. METHODS: Thirty-three healthy male volunteers were enrolled in this study after identification of the haplotypes of the MDR1 gene. Brain PET scans with (11)C-verapamil were performed for 16 min. Integration plot analysis, which yields brain uptake clearance, was performed with the first 3-min data. Integration plot analysis was then compared with several other quantitative analyses with 16-min data (1-input, 1-tissue compartment model, and the area under the curve ratio (AUC(ratio)) between brain and plasma). RESULTS: In the integration plot, there was no difference in the absolute values of brain uptake clearance (CL(uptake)) between the haplotypes; CL(uptake) of (11)C-verapamil for the haplotypes (1236TT, 2677TT, 3435TT vs. 1236CC, 2677GG, 3435CC) were 0.053 +/- 0.011 and 0.051 +/- 0.011 mL/g/min, respectively. CL(uptake) of (11)C-verapamil in the integration plot was significantly correlated with K1 and DV(K1/k2) (DV is distribution volume; K1 and k2 are plasma and tissue rate constants) in the 1-input, 1-tissue compartment model and the AUC(ratio). CONCLUSION: On the basis of the several quantitative analyses of (11)C-verapamil, the assumption that the function of P-gp at the BBB is different between the haplotypes (3 single nucleotide polymorphisms: C1236T, G2677T, and C3435T) of MDR1 gene was not supported.

ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Mem↗
PubMed2001

A comparative study utilizing open flap debridement with and without enamel matrix derivative in the treatment of periodontal intrabony defects: a 12-month re-entry study.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have demonstrated that enamel matrix derivative (EMD) has the ability to improve clinical parameters when used to treat intraosseous defects. The purpose of the present study was to compare at 12 months postsurgery sites treated with open flap debridement (OFD) alone to those treated with OFD and EMD. METHODS: Twenty-three subjects with at least 2 intrabony defects were chosen. Fifty-three defects received EMD in conjunction with OFD. Thirty-one defects in these same 23 subjects were treated with OFD alone. Stents were fabricated to serve as fixed reference points. Re-entries were performed at least 1 year after initial surgery. Soft tissue measurements were recorded prior to initial surgery and prior to re-entry for gingival (GI) and plaque (PI) indices, probing depth (PD), gingival margin position, and clinical attachment level (CAL). Hard tissue measurements were recorded during the initial and re-entry surgery for level of crestal bone and depth of defect. Statistical analysis was conducted using the method of generalized estimating equations to determine changes in GI, PI, PD, CAL, fill of the osseous defect, and crestal resorption. Percent of defect fill was also calculated. RESULTS: In all categories, treatment with EMD (test) was superior to treatment without EMD (control). Average PI and GI were not significantly different either initially or prior to re-entry. The average PD reduction was 2.7 mm greater with EMD than controls. The average CAL gains were 1.5 mm greater, and the average fill of osseous defect 2.4 mm greater with EMD than controls. The average percent of defect fill after adjusting for crestal bone loss was more than 3 times greater for EMD versus control-treated sites (74% defect fill with EMD versus 23% defect fill for control sites). CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that treatment of periodontal intraosseous defects with EMD is clinically superior to treatment without EMD (open flap debridement) in every parameter evaluated. Re-entry data demonstrate that percent fill of osseous defects treated with EMD compares favorably with the treatment results utilizing bone grafts or membrane barriers, according to published literature.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Periodontal surgery of vertical bony defects with or without synthetic bioabsorbable barriers. 12-month results.

The aim of the present study was to clinically and radiographically compare guided tissue regeneration (GTR) therapy with bioabsorbable polyglactin 910 barriers and conventional periodontal surgery in intrabony defects. In 26 patients with advanced periodontitis, 29 teeth exhibiting interproximal intrabony defects were treated; 15 by conventional periodontal surgery (control) and 14 by GTR (test). Before and 12 months after surgery, clinical parameters were assessed and standardized radiographs were taken. On the radiographs the distances from the cemento-enamel junction (CEJ) to the alveolar crest (AC), and the CEJ to the most apical extension of the bony defect (BD) were measured using a computer-assisted analyzing device (LMSRT). Twelve months after surgery, 24 patients with 27 lesions were available for examination. For both methods statistically significant (P < 0.001) probing depth (PD) reduction (mean +/- standard deviation) of -4.49 +/- 1.94 mm (n = 13, test) and -3.22 +/- 1.48 mm (n = 14, control), as well as clinical attachment gain (CAL-V) of 3.41 +/- 1.59 mm (test) and 2.07 +/- 1.10 mm (control), was observed. Radiographic changes of the distance CEJ to AC of -0.95 +/- 1.72 mm (n = 9, test), and -0.98 +/- 1.53 mm (n = 11, control) were not significant. A significant bony fill (distance CEJ-BD) of 1.05 +/- 1.22 mm was observed for the test group (P < 0.01); the 0.68 +/- 2.04 mm bony gain for the control group was not statistically significant. The PD reduction (P < 0.05) and attachment gain (P < 0.01) in the test group was statistically significantly more favorable than in the control group. Twelve months after surgery, statistically more favorable PD reduction and attachment gain was observed using polyglactin 910 barriers than compared to conventional flap surgery. Hence, the use of bioabsorbable barriers for therapy of intrabony defects may be recommended.

Absorbable Implants↗
PubMed1995

Endodontic pathogens: propagation of infection through patent dentinal tubules in traumatized monkey teeth.

Periapical pathology indicating endodontic infection, when present in marginal periodontitis-affected teeth, has recently been shown to be an aggravating factor in progression of marginal destruction. This has been associated with patency of dentinal tubules in the tooth cervix, an area normally devoid of cementum following periodontal therapy. These studies are, however hampered by that only circumstantial evidence such as presence of periapical destruction have been applied as criteria of endodontic infection. The purpose of the present investigation was to study to what extent a predefined selection of endodontic pathogens inoculated in the root canal can influence periodontal pathology and healing in areas of the root covered by or devoid of cementum, using root resorption as a histomorphometric marker. Exposed dentine surfaces, in the present study showed significantly larger areas of resorption in infected roots compared to non-infected roots, while cementum surfaces showed an almost identical distribution of tissue reactions regardless of root canal infection or not. It was concluded that endodontic pathogens or their products were not able to penetrate the cementum barrier. The significantly larger areas of resorption on exposed dentine surfaces in infected roots compared to non-infected roots indicated that endodontic pathogens or their products could spread through dentinal tubules to a root surface void of cementum. Extrapolated to the marginal situation this indicated that endodontic pathogens in the root canal might be able to aggravate marginal infection in areas of root devoid of cementum.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Clinical trial of cross-linked human type I collagen as a barrier material in surgical periodontal treatment.

This study was undertaken to evaluate freeze-dried cross-linked human type I collagen when used as a barrier membrane for guided tissue regeneration (GTR) in periodontal surgery. 14 patients with radiographic evidence of bone loss and residual pocketing of > 6 mm on bilaterally matched sites were given preliminary scaling, polishing and oral hygiene instruction before undergoing contralateral flap surgery. At the experimental sites, a collagen membrane was adapted to the root surfaces, extending from 2 mm apical to the bone crest to just subgingival, before replacing the flap and closing with sutures. The control sites underwent a similar procedure but without the placement of the collagen barrier. The experimental sites were selected at random. Plaque index (PLI), gingival index (GI), bleeding index (BI), probing pocket depth (PPD) and probing attachment level (PAL) were recorded at baseline, 6, 12 and 26 weeks post-operatively. The bony defects were classified and furcation involvement noted. The clinical parameters were recorded by an examiner, previously assessed for accurate reproducibility of measurement, who was not the surgeon and unaware of the experimental sites. PPD and PAL were measured using a constant pressure probe localised by a soft stent. There was significant improvement in the PLI, GI and BI at both test and control sites at 6, 12 and 26 weeks compared to baseline (P < 0.001 for PLI; P < 0.0001 for GI and BI) but not significant difference between these sites.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Nutrient intake and obesity in prepubescent children with Down syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to measure nutrient intake and body composition in prepubescent children with Down syndrome to understand dietary barriers involved in the prevention and treatment of obesity. DESIGN: Dietary intake was determined from parent-reported 3-day diet records for children with Down syndrome and control subjects. Energy intake was compared with energy expenditure measured by the doubly labeled water method. Body composition was determined by deuterium dilution, bioelectrical impedance analysis, and skinfold thickness measurements. SUBJECTS/SETTING: Ten prepubescent children with Down syndrome and 10 control subjects were recruited from the hospital community. The study was conducted in the Clinical Research Center of the University of Chicago Medical Center. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Nutrient intakes were compared with the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) to estimate risk for nutrient deficiency. Fat-free mass values determined by bioelectrical impedance analysis and measurement of skinfold thicknesses were compared with values determined using the deuterium dilution method. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED: Unpaired t tests were used for comparisons between subjects groups and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used for comparison of nutrient intakes with RDAs. RESULTS: The subjects with Down syndrome were significantly shorter (P < .01) than control subjects; however, body composition did not differ between the groups. Reported energy intake was lower in subjects with Down syndrome. In addition, several micronutrients were consumed, especially among nonobese subjects with Down syndrome, at less than 80% of the RDA. APPLICATIONS: To avoid lowering already inadequate intakes of several vitamins and minerals, we suggest that treatment of obesity in children with Down syndrome combine a balanced diet without energy restriction, vitamin and mineral supplementation, and increased physical activity.

Body Composition↗
PubMed2005

The combined use of enamel matrix proteins and a tetracycline-coated expanded polytetrafluoroethylene barrier membrane in the treatment of intra-osseous defects.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this split-mouth study was to evaluate the clinical response of enamel matrix proteins (EMPs, Emdogain Gel in intra-osseous defects with or without a combined application of a tetracycline-coated expanded polytetrafluoroethylene barrier membrane (e-PTFE, Gore-Tex). METHODS: Twelve pairs of intra-osseous periodontal defects in 11 patients received the application of EMPs on the exposed root surface (EMP). One of the two defects received randomly, as an adjunct to EMP treatment, a tetracycline-coated e-PTFE membrane (MEMP). At baseline, 6- and 12-month probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL) and probing bone level (PBL) were measured. RESULTS: After 12 months, the EMP defects showed a significant mean PPD reduction of 2.86+/-0.75 mm, a mean gain in CAL of 1.28+/-2.04 mm, a mean PBL gain of 1.63+/-1.21 mm and a mean increase of recession (REC) of 1.56+/-2.30 mm. The MEMP defects showed a significant mean PPD reduction of 3.02+/-1.55 mm, a mean gain in CAL of 1.65+/-1.29 mm, a mean PBL gain of 1.58+/-1.92 mm and a mean increase of REC of 1.38+/-1.63 mm. Except for significantly more post-operative discomfort at the MEMP sites, no significant differences were found between EMP and MEMP defects. CONCLUSION: Within the limits of this study, it is concluded that in the treatment of intra-osseous defects with EMP, the adjunctive use of a tetracycline-coated e-PTFE membrane failed to show more gain of CAL and PBL.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

A comparison of porous and non-porous teflon membranes plus demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft in the treatment of class II buccal/lingual furcation defects: a clinical reentry study.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this 9-month reentry study was to compare the regenerative healing using porous (P) and non-porous (NP) teflon barrier membranes plus demineralized freeze dried bone allografts (DFDBA) in Class II buccal/lingual furcation defects. METHODS: Twenty-four patients, 13 males and 11 females, ages 38 to 75 (mean 54 +/- 10), were included in this study. Each patient had adult periodontitis and one Class II furcation defect measuring > or = 3 mm open horizontal probing depth. Twelve patients were randomly selected to receive the NP treatment and 12 received the P membrane. All defects received a DFDBA graft. Measurements were performed by a masked examiner. RESULTS: No statistically significant differences (P>0.05) were found between NP and P groups at any time with respect to any open or closed measure. Improvement in mean open horizontal probing depth was significant for both the NP (2.33 +/- 0.78 mm) and P (2.75 +/- 0.75 mm) groups. Mean clinical attachment level gains at 9 months were significant for both NP (1.50 +/- 1.62 mm) and P (2.50 +/- 2.11 mm) groups. Seventeen of 24 defects had an intrabony component and > or = 50% fill was obtained in 100% of these defects. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this 9-month reentry study comparing the use of porous and non-porous barrier membranes with a DFDBA graft indicate that there were no statistically significant differences between groups. Both groups showed a statistically significant improvement following the treatment of Class II furcation defects in humans.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Clinical and radiographic evaluation of periodontal intrabony defects treated with guided tissue regeneration. A pilot study.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this clinical and radiographic study was to evaluate the effect of guided tissue regeneration using a bioabsorbable barrier in the treatment of intrabony defects in humans. METHODS: Intrabony osseous defects (2 or 3 walls) around mandibular canines and premolars were treated in 10 systemically healthy patients with ages ranging from 35 to 56 years. Prior to the surgical phase, patients were enrolled in a strict maintenance program including oral hygiene instructions and scaling and root planing (presurgical Pi and GI < 10%). Patients were seen for professional prophylaxis during the duration of the study. Clinical measurements were performed with an electronic probe at baseline and at reentry 8 months following surgical therapy. Measurements included clinical attachment levels (CAL), gingival margin levels (GML), probing depths (PD), bone defect levels (BDL), and alveolar crest level (ACL). A split mouth design was used. Quadrants were randomly assigned for treatment by GTR (experimental) or open flap debridement alone (control). Standardized radiographs were taken at baseline and at reentry. Digital images were analyzed by subtraction to assess changes in area (A) and optical density (OD). Data were evaluated using paired t test. RESULTS: Statistically significant differences were found in both groups when comparing baseline and post-treatment values for CAL, GML, PD, and BDL (P < 0.0 1). Greater reductions in BDL and gain in A and OD were observed in the GTR group when compared to control (P < 0.01). Both therapies were effective in improving the clinical parameters assessed. CONCLUSION: Clinical and radiographic findings from this study demonstrated more bone fill in sites treated with GTR.

Absorbable Implants↗
PubMed2001

Clinical evaluation of anorganic bovine bone xenograft with a bioabsorbable collagen barrier in the treatment of molar furcation defects.

The purpose of this study was to compare Bio-Oss (BO), an anorganic bovine bone xenograft, in combination with Bio-Gide (BG), a bioabsorbable collagen barrier, to open-flap debridement (OFD) surgery in human mandibular Class II furcation defects. A total of 31 furcations (18 treatment, 13 control) in 21 patients were treated. There was a statistically significant improvement in most clinical indices for the BO/BG group, with minimal improvement noted for the OFD group. Vertical probing depth reduction of 2.0 mm and horizontal probing depth reduction of 2.2 mm were noted for the BO/BG group, with 0.3 mm and 0.2 mm reductions, respectively, noted for OFD. Hard tissue measurements showed 2.0 mm of vertical furcation bone fill for BO/BG and 0.5 mm for OFD. The BO/BG group had 3.0 mm of horizontal furcation bone fill, and the OFD group had 0.9 mm. The BO/BG group had a defect resolution of 82.7%; 42.5% was noted for the OFD group. There was a statistically significant difference between BO/BG and OFD in all soft and hard tissue measurements with the exception of attachment level, recession, and alveolar crest resorption.

Absorbable Implants↗
PubMed2002

Clinical evaluation of a 35% hydrogen peroxide in-office whitening system.

This study evaluated the effectiveness of light-curing (heat conversion) vs no light-curing (no heat conversion) of a 35% hydrogen peroxide in-office tooth whitening system. Twenty patients with sound medical history (without tooth sensitivity) participated in this randomized, parallel clinical evaluation. Only six maxillary anterior teeth with discoloration and a tooth shade of A3 or darker were selected. Patients received a complete prophylaxis and were evaluated for initial (baseline) shade by three independent evaluators, precalibrated at 85% rater reliability in determining shades before the experiment began. Participants received a 20-minute chairside whitening treatment with a 35% hydrogen peroxide agent using a reflective resin barrier for gingival isolation. During the whitening treatment, the 35% hydrogen peroxide agent was light-activated with a halogen curing light on teeth Nos. 6 through 8 (Group I), but was not light-activated on teeth Nos. 9 through 11 (Group II). All patients returned 24 hours after the whitening application for shade evaluation. Although there were isolated instances (7 out of 20 patients) of greater degrees of lightening in the light-curing group, there was no statistically significant difference using the Mann-Whitney U test (P > .05). This study indicates that light-curing is optional with this 35% tooth whitening system.

Cuspid↗