Anomalous origin of posterior choroidal artery from basilar artery.
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Arteriovenous Malformations↗
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[Roentgenological aspect of the basilar artery and its significance in clinical diagnosis--angiographical study a of the basilar artery (author's transl)].
Topometric study of basilar arteries was performed, using 130 normal vertebral angiograms of cases consisting of 83 males and 47 females aged 2 to 67 (mean = 38.1). The cases having clinically and/or neuroradiologically had obvious positive findings such as cerebral atrophies, cerebrovascular diseases and space-taking lesions were excluded. Selective vertebral angiography using Seldinger's technique in 120 cases and retrograde brachial angiography in remaining 10 cases was carried out. The following results were obtained. 1) The position of vertebrobasilar junction was almost at the midline in frontal view with a mean distance of 0.3 mm +/- 3.6 leftward from the midline. 2) The length of basilar artery was 25.5 mm +/- 6.6 in frontal view and 32.8 mm +/- 5.8 in lateral view. 3) The position of basilar bifurcation was almost at the midline in frontal view with a mean of 0.0 mm +/- 2.0 from the midline, and 9.3 mm +/- 4.7 above the Twining's line and 24.5 mm +/- 3.4 posterior from tuberculum sellae in lateral view. 4) As for the configulation of basilar artery in frontal view, 'straight type' was common in young age and 'curved type' in old age. 'Curved type' was divided into four subtypes. The concave rightwards curved type and/ or the reversed S-formed tortuous type were almost twice many as the concave leftwards curved type and/or the S-formed tortuous type. This result seemed to support the reports on the hemodynamic mechanism of verteral arteries that the dominant flow was present on the left side at the rate of 50 to 80%. 5) Internal diameter of basilar artery at the point of 1 cm proximal to the apex was measured. The mean value was 3.3 mm +/- 0.6 in frontal view and 3.2 mm +/- 0.5 in lateral view. Maximum diameter of basilar artery was 3.5 mm +/- 0.7 in frontal view and 3.6 mm +/- 0.6 in lateral view.
Adolescent↗
Superficial temporal artery to superior cerebellar artery anastomosis for distal basilar artery stenosis.
The conceptualization, rationale and surgical technique involved with a superficial temporal artery to superior cerebellar artery anastomosis for midbrain ischemia in a patient with symptomatic mid-basilar artery stenosis is described and discussed.
Arteries↗
Models for investigating the aetiology of cerebral arterial spasm: comparative responses of the human basilar artery with rat colon, anococcygeus, stomach fundus, and aorta and guinea-pig ileum and colon.
1 The pharmacological similarity between human basilar artery and a number of isolated tissues (rat colon, anococcygeus, stomach fundus and aorta and guinea-pig ileum and colon) has been assessed during investigations of the aetiology of cerebral arterial spasm. 2 The responses of each of the six tissues to human normal and abnormal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and to human serum were compared with those of the human isolated basilar artery. 3 These studies revealed the presence of a vasodilator factor in CSF from subarachnoid haemorrhage patients and several tissues may be of use for further work in identifying the vasoactive substances in CSF. 4 No tissue displayed exactly the same spectrum of biological reactivity as the human basilar artery. The rat stomach fundus showed the closest similarity and was further studied for similarities in drug-induced responses. 5 The rat stomach fundus, like the human basilar artery, was contracted by 5-hydroxytryptamine, prostaglandin F2alpha and histamine and relaxed by dopamine. However, noradrenaline relaxed the fundus but contracted the basilar artery.
Animals↗
[Oculomotor disorder, paralysis of all extremities and consciousness disorder (angiography of the vertebral artery): (thrombosis of the basilar artery)].
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Basilar Artery↗
Experimental evaluation of the spasmogenicity of dopamine on the basilar artery.
Arteriograms of the basilar artery reveal that dopamine given intracisternally to dogs can generate cerebral vasospasm. This finding supports a recent hypothesis of others that dopamine may play a role in the pathogenesis of vasospasm, especially since many substances are known which fail to produce such spasm. Compared to blood or prostaglandin E2, however, the spasm induced by dopamine was delayed in onset, less in incidence, and usually less intense. Possible explanations for such experimental differences are discussed.
Animals↗
Experimental alterations in cyclic adenosine monophosphate concentrations in the cat basilar artery.
Levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP) in the basilar artery and in circulating blood of cats were determined after the production of spasm by topical application of blood to the vessel and following treatment with agents known to alter cyclic AMP. Isoproterenol, known to stimulate adenyl cyclase, and aminophylline, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, were studied alone and in combination. Cyclic AMP of the basilar artery fell from a mean control value of 43 to 26 pmoles per milligram of protein following the production of vasospasm. Intravenous administration of isoproterenol alone and in combination with aminophylline produced dilatation of the basilar artery, which was associated with a marked rise in the cyclic AMP concentration in the vessel. The finding that cerebral vasospasm is associated with a fall and vasodilation with a rise in cyclic AMP concentration supports the hypothesis of an active role for cyclic nucleotides in the regulation of cerebrovascular smooth muscle tone.
Aminophylline↗
Basilar artery occlusion in childhood: report of a case.
Basilar artery occlusion occurred in a 13-year-old boy. Eighteen cases in children reported in the literature were also analyzed. Basilar artery occlusion is more common in males. The main clinical manifestations are disturbance in consciousness, hemiplegia or quadriplegia, and pupillary abnormalitites. The prognosis is better in children than in adults.
Adolescent↗
[Basilar artery thrombosis (author's transl)].
Arteriosclerosis is the most common cause of basilar artery thrombosis. Rarely basilar occlusions are observed after cerebral concussion and hyperextension of the neck; occasionally they are founded in craniocervical dysplasia, arteritis and hypercoagulability of blood.--Clinical data and differential diagnostic aspects are demonstrated in 4 own cases and the present literature. Characteristics of clinical symptomatology are discussed with respect to the sites of predilection in distal and proximal part of basilar artery. Angiography examination is the most important diagnostic method and shows prognostic indications by demonstration of collaterals.--The treatment consists of inhibition of blood viscosity, reduction of perifocal edema and stabilization of blood-pressure.
Adult↗
The electroencephalogram in childhood basilar artery migraine.
In two pediatric patients with the clinical picture of basilar artery migraine, transient electroencephalographic disturbances were seen. Both children manifested posterior rhythmic delta activity in close temporal proximity to their attacks. Resolution of these abnormalities was documented by serial electroencephalographic tracings. These electroencephalographic findings are consistent with transient dysfunction in the neural structures supplied by the basilar artery and its branches. Pediatric patients in whom there is a clinical picture of basilar artery migraine and who have a family history of migraine and transient electroencephalographic changes of the type herein described need not undergo invasive neurodiagnostic study.
Basilar Artery↗
Age-dependent alteration in the response of isolated rabbit basilar arteries to vasoactive agents.
Responses to vasoactive agents were compared in helical strips of basilar arteries isolated from rabbits, 15 to 360 days of age, which were stretched under optimal resting forces. Contractions induced by serotonin, histamine, norepinephrine, angiotensin II and K+ increased with increasing age. However, the maximum forces developed by these drugs relative to those by 50 mM K+ as well as ED50 values of these drugs were not significantly different in the arteries from mature and immature rabbits; only the response to serotinin at day 360 was significantly less. Basilar arteries contracted with histamine relaxed in response to isoproterenol; the relaxing effect was suppressed by treatment with 10-6 M propranolol and was inversely related to age. On the other hand, relaxations induced by adenosine and prostaglandin E1 did not significantly differ in the arteries from rabbits of different ages. Relaxations induced by small amounts of K+ (0.5-10 mM) increased with age; the relaxations were suppressed by ouabain. It may be concluded that the cerebroarterial relaxation related specifically to the beta adrenergic mechanism is reduced with increasing age. The electrogenic Na+ pump mechanism appears to mature in rabbit basilar arteries during an early postnatal period.
Aging↗
[Vertebral-basilar artery insufficiency nystagmus (author's transl)].
The vertebral-basilar artery insufficiency nystagmus is the nystagmus induced by torsion and extension of the neck, continued for more than three minutes, after nystagmus of other origin has been excluded. It stands particularly in opposition with the nystagmus of cervical origin, which is proprioceptive. On the contrary, vertebral-basilar artery insufficiency nystagmus is of vascular origin. It enables the detection of an infra-clinical vertebral-basilar insufficiency. It deserves to be elicited before subjecting patients to any operation requiring prolonged cervical rotation.
Basilar Artery↗
The microsurgical anatomy of the basilar artery bifurcation.
The vascular microsurgical anatomy in the area of the basilar artery bifurcation is described in 30 autopsy dissections. Particular emphasis is placed on variations of the posterior thalamoperforators and their relation to the proximal posterior cerebral artery and basilar bifurcation.
Basilar Artery↗
Basilar artery migraine 12 patients, with an attack recorded electroencephalographically.
Basilar artery migraine is distinctive disorder characterized by symptoms referable to dysfunction of brainstem structures in conjunction with more typical migrainous phenomena. Our experience with 12 cases, seen in a period of 10 years, is reviewed. In one instance, an attack of basilar artery migraine was captured by EEG, and appeared as a typical photoconvulsive response. More than half of our patients responded well to anticonvulsant drugs.
Adolescent↗
Supranuclear ophthalmoplegia with basilar artery aneurysms.
In two patients, large aneurysms of the basilar artery produced a supranuclear gaze paresis, involving horizontal gaze in one case and vertical gaze in the other. In both cases the diagnosis was suggested by computed tomography and confirmed by vertebral angiography. Autopsy findings in one case confirmed the diagnosis. Although supranuclear gaze palsies must reflect damage to structures deep within the brain stem, these cases illustrate that an extrinsic lesion may produce such damage indirectly. Basilar artery aneurysm should be considered in patients presenting with supranuclear gaze paresis and long tract signs.
Aged↗
Basilar artery migraine. A review of 30 cases.
Thirty patients with basilar artery migraine were followed up for a period of six months to three years. The mean age of onset was 7 years. The patients were seen with recurrent transient attacks of neurological disturbances localized to the vertebrobasilar arterial tree. Attacks often included pulsatile cephalagia. A history of migraine was present in 86% of the families studied. The majority of family members with migraine were female and on the maternal side. Permanent neurological residua developed in only one patient. There was a tendency for attacks to be more severe with an older age of onset. Basilar artery migraine is a migraine variant that may affect children from late infancy through adolescence.
Adolescent↗
In vitro assay of contractile activities of spastic canine basilar artery and its surrounding blood clot.
A prolonged vasospasm was produced in the canine basilar artery by injection of fresh autogenous arterial blood into the chiasmatic cistern. Homogenates of lyophilized blood clot around the spastic artery, were made, and their contractile activities were studied in vitro. The homgenates of the lyophilized spastic arteries usually induced a dose dependent sustained contraction, whereas those of the lyophilized normal arteries often produced a dose-dependent transient contraction, and those of the lyophilized blood clot induced a dose-dependent transient or sustained contraction. The initial maximum contractions produced by the homogenates of the lyophilized normal and spastic arteries were significantly different in their values, suggesting the presence of a vasoactive agent in the spastic artery itself. Preliminary pharmacological analysis of the vasoactive agent was attempted using methysergide and phentolamine.
Animals↗
Trigeminal neuralgia: compression of the trigeminal nerve by an elongated and dilated basilar artery.
A patient with trigeminal neuralgia caused by direct compression by an elongated basilar artery of the 5th nerve at the zone of entry of its sensory root into the pons is presented. Rhizotomy of the portio major is a treatment of choice in such a case instead of simple microsurgical decompression. The elongated basilar artery is very firm and not readily movable with manipulation.
Basilar Artery↗