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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

Effects of a cognitive intervention package on the free-throw performance of varsity basketball players during practice and competition.

To examine the effects of a cognitive intervention package on the free-throw shooting performance of basketball players, with 3 Canadian male university caliber basketball players ages 20, 22, and 24 years, during practice and in competition single-subject multiple-baseline design was implemented. Each subject was introduced to the imagery-rehearsal intervention at different times during the 14-week competitive basketball season. Free-throw data were collected during 50 practice sessions and 32 games. Data from both practice and competitive situations were examined using a comparison of graphed means. In the practice condition an increase in free-throw performance for all three subjects occurred during the posttreatment intervention. In the game condition, Subjects A and B showed posttreatment improvement. The cognitive intervention package consisting of visualization and relaxation can be an effective strategy for improving free-throw performance of some basketball players. Further research should involve control-group examination using a larger sample across a variety of tasks.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Dynamics of wheelchair basketball.

A sport model wheelchair instrumented with a portable computer and a switch activated with each half revolution of a rear wheel was used to record serial time and distance data on two subjects (1 male, 1 female) during a portion of a basketball game. These and two additional subjects (1 male, 1 female) also completed a series of coast down and maximal sprint trials on the basketball court. The drag force while coasting was positively related to the mass of the subject, and the male subjects had a higher maximal speed, acceleration, force, and power output in the sprint trials. During the wheelchair basketball game, it was estimated that 64% of the time was spent in propulsive action and 36% in braking activity. Projections for a complete 40 minute game indicated that both subjects would travel about 5 km at an average speed of 2 m.s-1 and attain a peak speed of 4 m.s-1. Plots of speed and power vs time showed the intermittent nature of playing wheelchair basketball. The greater amount of propulsive work (52.6 vs 37.5 kJ) and braking ("negative") work (43.9 vs 30.8 kJ) in a game for the male subject can be related to the male's higher body mass and wheelchair drag force.

Acceleration↗
PubMed1991

Structural measures as predictors of injury basketball players.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between structure and injury in basketball players, with the goal of developing equations to predict injury. We examined 45 subjects who were participating in a community center basketball league. Each subject was measured prior to the season for bilateral weight, quadricep girth, calf girth, Q-angle of the knee, dorsiflexion of the ankle, forefoot varus, rearfoot valgus, and true and apparent leg length. All lower extremity injuries causing a game to be missed were recorded during the 16-game season. Average values for bilateral weight, quadricep girth, Q-angle, rearfoot valgus, and leg length measures for the injured players were all larger than the average for the non-injured players by at least one standard deviation. A logistic regression equation using three of the variables correctly predicted the injury status of 91% of the players. The three-variable equation was then used prospectively to predict injury status for members of a small college basketball team. Only one player missed a game due to injury, and the equation identified that player as the most likely to be injured. This study demonstrates a strong relationship between structural measures and lower extremity injury in basketball players.

Ankle Injuries↗
PubMed1991

Basketball exercise and secretory immunoglobulin A.

This study examined saliva levels of immunoglobulin A (IgA) before and after three games and three practice sessions during the basketball season. Saliva was collected from 27 prepubescent boys (10-12 years) in a small Fry league and 23 postpubescent boys (16-18 years) on a high school varsity team. Saliva samples were frozen for later assay using a standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. IgA levels were significantly increased after games 1 and 3 in both age groups and after practice 3 in the high school athletes. Over the 2 months of saliva collections the pre-exercise IgA increased significantly with games 2 and 3 higher than game 1, and practice 3 higher than practices 1 and 2, in both age groups. These results indicate that basketball exercise can increase saliva IgA levels and that chronic exercise over the basketball season may increase the resting levels of IgA. These changes may give athletes more protection against respiratory infections both after exercise and in the resting state later in the season.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

[Traumatology and athletic injuries in basketball].

This analysis outlines the facts concerning sports injuries and damages of 473 active basketball players covering a 5-year period in more than 100 clubs in southern Germany. The average age was 26.8 years and 34.5% were women. 658 medically treated basketball injuries were described in detail. With 40.7% distortions were the most frequent injuries followed by ruptures of ligaments in 24.6% and fractures in 9.3%. In the majority of cases the lower extremities were involved (65.3%), of which most commonly the ankle joint was injured (45.6%). Another 14% were lesions to the fingers and 12.9% trauma to the knee. In 3600 reported cases players did not consult a physician after inflicting distortions to a ankle or a finger. Aside from interaction with adversaries (41%) also the relatively heavy ball (650 g) caused 11.9% accidents. Survey shows, that younger players and "center"-players were most often subject to injuries. More than 2/3 of actives in question suffer from permanent pain due to basketball activities. 43.8%, mainly younger players, report continues pain in the knee and 28.1%, predominantly older players, suffer from permanent damage of the ankle joint, caused by repeatedly occurring, however light, distortions of the ankle.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2026

Effects of Time-Based and Distance-Based Repeated Sprint Training on Physical and Physiological Adaptations in Collegiate Basketball Players.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to compare the effects of time-based (TB) and distance-based (DB) repeated-sprint training (RST) on athletic performance adaptations in collegiate basketball players during preseason and to examine whether the 2 training prescriptions produce different levels of homogeneity in the magnitude of individual adaptations. METHODS: Thirty young male basketball players (age = 21.3 [1.4]&#xa0;y) were randomly and equally assigned to 3 groups (n = 10): DB-RST, TB-RST, and an active control group. Participants completed a 7-week RST program performed 3 times per week, consisting of 4 sets of 4 to 9 repetitions per session. The DB-RST group completed each sprint by covering a fixed 35-m distance, whereas the TB-RST group performed each sprint maximally for a fixed 5-second duration. Performance assessments including countermovement vertical jump, 20-m sprint, Illinois change-of-direction speed, reactive strength index, Wingate anaerobic power, and cardiorespiratory fitness were conducted before and after the 7-week training period. RESULTS: Both training groups demonstrated significant performance improvements over the 7-week intervention and relative to the control group (P < .05). Similar gains were observed in the magnitude of adaptations in the countermovement vertical jump, 20-m sprint, Illinois change-of-direction speed, and reactive strength index for the DB-RST and TB-RST groups. Interestingly, the TB-RST group showed more gains than the DB-RST in the magnitude of adaptations in the peak and mean power outputs, as well as cardiorespiratory fitness. Moreover, the TB-RST group showed lower intersubject variability in adaptive responses across the measured performance outcomes following the training intervention. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that RST effectively enhances the performance of basketball players, and that implementing a TB-RST protocol is more effective than a DB-RST approach for producing greater adaptations in physiological variables-specifically anaerobic power output and cardiorespiratory fitness-over the 7-week preseason period.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Incidence of lateral meniscus injury in professional basketball players.

We reviewed National Basketball Trainers Association data over a 6-year period to determine the incidence of lateral meniscus injury among professional basketball players. Our results indicated that 58% of all injuries involved the lateral meniscus, while 42% involved the medial meniscus. This differs from what other authors have reported for basketball players. The lateral meniscus may be vulnerable to chronic injury and subject to microtrauma from repetitive submaximal stresses associated with cutting or changing direction while running, or from pivoting. A professional player is at more risk of injury during a game than practice, and thus is exposed to injury more than a collegian because the professional season has three to four times as many games. Also, magnetic resonance imaging may aid the physician in accurately diagnosing some tears that would otherwise have gone undetected or required arthroscopy for diagnosis. In addition, injury to the lateral meniscus could produce secondary symptoms such as instability or patellofemoral pain to structures other than the lateral meniscus.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Anthropometric, body composition and performance variables of young elite female basketball players.

The purpose of the study was to determine the physique and body composition of young female basketball players and to examine these variables in relation to their playing position. Eighteen members of the under seventeen England Basketball squad were measured on twenty different anthropometric sites from which somatotype and body composition were calculated. Four performance measures, vertical jump, anaerobic power, right and left grip strength and laterality were also measured. The variables of the basketball players grouped according to playing position were then compared statistically using ANOVA. Centres had the largest measures of physique and body composition followed by the forwards and then the guards. These differences were significant, particularly between the centres and the guards. The centres were much taller, had longer limb lengths, hip widths and were more muscular.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Safety of a preadolescent basketball program.

A preadolescent youth basketball program was prospectively studied to determine injury rates and the kinds of injuries sustained. The overall injury rate was 7.6% (39 injuries among the 510 children aged 5 to 12 years). Girls had a higher injury rate than boys (P less than .02). Only 12 children (2.4%) suffered significant injuries as defined by the inability to play for at least one session. Most injuries were contusions (35.9%), followed by strains or sprains (28.2%), epistaxis (12.8%), lacerations (5.1%), and one finger fracture (2.6%), the most significant injury. Games were more likely to produce injuries than practice sessions; most injuries occurred in the second half of game play. This study documents a low injury rate in an organized preadolescent basketball program.

Basketball↗
PubMed1992

A comparative study of the muscle strength and mass of the arm flexors and extensors in paraplegic and in non paraplegic basketball players.

OBJECTIVES: to study the changes in the strength of the elbow flexors and extensors in paraplegic subjects, and the agonist/antagonist mass and strength ratio in paraplegic wheelchair users. METHOD: 10 paraplegic wheelchair basketball players were compared with 10 healthy basketball players. The 20 subjects underwent a clinical and dynamometric isokinetic assessment, and a CT scan measurement of the muscle cross-sectional surface area of the flexor and extensor muscles of the elbows. RESULTS: there was an increase in muscle strength in paraplegic subjects. There was no significant difference in the agonist/antagonist ratio between the dominant and non dominant upper limb in paraplegics whereas such a difference was found in healthy subjects. The muscle mass was increased in the paraplegics, but a correlation between muscle mass and strength was only found in the healthy subjects.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Set shot shooting performance and visual acuity in basketball.

Common sense suggests that decreasing visual acuity will have a negative effect on basketball shooting performance. To test the hypothesis that basketball shooting performance monotonically decreases with decreasing acuity, 19 subjects attempted 25 set shots from a fixed location at each of 5 different acuity levels: 6/6 or better and vision blurred (by optical defocus) to visual acuities of 6/12, 6/24, 6/48, and 6/75. Our results revealed a small but statistically nonsignificant decrease in shooting performance between the 6/6+ and 6/12 conditions. For visual acuities between 6/12 and 6/75, the number of baskets made remained constant. We conclude that decreases in visual acuity over the range of 6/6+ to 6/75 resulting from defocus do not significantly reduce set shot shooting performance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Factors affecting university women's basketball coaches' timeout decisions.

This study investigated the criteria that coaches of university women's basketball teams used when calling a timeout. Thirty-five of Canada's university coaches of women's basketball responded to Likert scale questions rating the importance of six factors in calling a timeout. Differences due to sex, coaching experience, and team success indicated that some factors were perceived to influence timeout decisions more than others. Specifically, responses from female coaches, coaches with less than 5 years of experience, and coaches whose teams were ranked in the CIAU's top 10 within the last 3 years indicated that they used offensive game events more frequently than their counterparts did. Interactions were also found for Experience x Gender and Experience x Gender x Success in the way that offensive game events were perceived, and for gender and success for the factor attentional state of players.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1991

The structural, functional, and nutritional adaptation of college basketball players over a season.

The purpose of this study was to determine the structural, functional and nutritional adaptation of college basketball players over a season. Structure was determined by somatotype and body composition, function was determined by peak work capacity and work efficiency, and nutrition was determined by plasma metals analysis. The tests were performed twice on each of the eight subjects, one preseason (PRS) and one postseason (PST). A small structural adaptation was indicated by a mean decrease (less than 1 kg) in fat free weight and an increase in ectomorphy (less than 0.03). Body weight and skinfolds did not change significantly. Functional adaptation was indicated by a one minute decrease in running time for the work capacity test (p less than 0.002), and an increase (p less than 0.02) in VO2 for the work efficiency test. Nutritional adaptation was indicated by a greater mobilization of plasma Zn after exercise during PST than PRS. Plasma Cu apparently was mobilized during exercise in PST but the change during the season (-10 to -6.6%) was not statistically significant because of the large interindividual variability in response. Structural and functional adaptation to basketball training over a collegiate season is small; however, the change in Zn mobility and the tendency for a concomitant change in Cu mobilization offers a unique finding to help explain the nutritional adaptation to training.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1979

Basketball: the mechanics of hanging in the air.

A theoretical technique to permit basketball players to "hang in the air" prior to the release of a shot is presented. The purposes of this study were (a) to determine whether skilled players used such a technique when delaying the release of their shot and (b) to determine whether such players could be readily taught to "hang in the air" using this technique. Six current members of the Iowa basketball team were filmed, executing jump-shots. During each trial the players "faked" or "pumped" to delay the release of the shot. Qualitative analysis of the film revealed that none of the players demonstrated the coordinated limb movement involved in the theoretical technique. Prior to a second filming session, two former Iowa varsity players practiced a predetermined sequence of body movements. Each player performed eight trials and the results were analyzed quantitatively. The vertical displacements and the vertical velocities of the center of gravity, vertex of the head and mid-point of the hips were plotted against time. Results clearly indicated that the players were able to maintain the same vertical position of the head and hips (and thus, the trunk) for about 0.2 sec at or near the peak of the jump. It was concluded that a skilled player could be taught, in a relatively short period of time, to "hang in the air" using the techniques presented.

Arm↗
PubMed1978

Effects on traction of outsole composition and hardnesses of basketball shoes and three types of playing surfaces.

The purposes of this investigation were to determine the effects of outsole composition and hardness, playing surfaces and player weight on the dynamic torque, traction forces and static drag developed at the shoe-surface interface. Basketball shoes of polyurethane and elastomer outsoles, each of three different hardnesses, were tested on clean and dusty hardwood floor samples, and on a sample of an artificial gymnasium flooring. The tests were conducted using a laboratory apparatus which included a player leg assembly with simulation of two player weights. Dynamic torque, traction forces from side and rear impacts and static drag were measured at the shoe surface interface. The results indicated that in basketball the magnitude of the resistance forces and torques are influenced by the outsole material and outsole hardness of the shoes, the playing surface and player weights.

Body Weight↗
PubMed2026

Effects of blood flow restriction training combined with plyometric training on lower limb muscle strength and motor unit recruitment in basketball players: An experimental study.

OBJECTIVE: Previous studies have shown that plyometric training (PT) improves neuromuscular function and explosive power but not maximal strength. Blood flow restriction training (BFR) combined with low-intensity resistance training (RT) increases muscle mass and strength. This study investigated the effects of PT, and BFR combined with PT on lower-limb muscle function. METHODS: Twenty elite basketball players were randomly assigned to two groups: PT-alone group (PT, n&#x202f;=&#x202f;10) and BFR combine with PT group (PT-BFR, n&#x202f;=&#x202f;10). All participants underwent bodyweight-based plyometric training three times per week for eight weeks. Peak torque values for hip and knee flexion and extension, as well as root mean square (RMS) values derived from electromyography, were measured before and after the intervention. RESULTS: After the 8-week intervention, both groups showed significant improvements in knee flexion and extension peak torque at 180&#xb0;/s (all p&#x202f;<&#x202f;0.01). Between-group comparisons revealed greater gains in the PT-BFR group for hip extension and flexion at 60&#xb0;/s (p&#x202f;=&#x202f;0.036-0.002; &#x3b7;p2 = 0.225-0.233). RMS of the rectus femoris increased significantly more in the PT-BFR group than in the PT group (right: p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.004, &#x3b7;p2 = 0.385; left: p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.020, &#x3b7;p2 = 0.266), whereas no significant changes were observed in the gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior, or biceps femoris (all p&#x2009;>&#x2009;0.05). CMJ height also improved more in the PT-BFR group, with a significant group &#xd7;&#x2009;time interaction (p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.042, &#x3b7;p2 = 0.210). CONCLUSION: Both training protocols enhanced bilateral lower-limb strength, with notable gains in the non-dominant leg; however, the magnitude did not differ substantially between groups. In contrast, compared with PT alone, BFR combined with PT produced superior enhancements in lower-limb muscle strength and neuromuscular recruitment. These findings suggest that when PT is employed to improve explosive power, it may be effectively combined with BFR to further augment muscular strength.

Humans↗
PubMed1992

The effect of exercise on anterior knee laxity in female basketball players.

To study the effect of physical activities on the anterior laxity of the knee joint, the anterior knee laxity of female semi-professional basketball players was measured during a typical day. The participants worked in the office in the morning, and practiced in the afternoon, which included a 60 minute warm-up, followed by a 150 minute game style practice. The laxity was measured six times in one day at different activity levels. The anterior knee laxity did not change during sedentary work in the morning, but increased significantly with game style practice. After 1 1/2 hours the increased anterior knee laxity had not recovered completely. However, after five hours it had recovered completely.

Adult↗