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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

The use of restricted environmental stimulation therapy in treating addictive behaviors.

Successful treatment of addictive behaviors is difficult because of the complexity of relevant contributing variables. Restricted environmental stimulation therapy (REST) is offered as a useful, flexible tool that can facilitate change in addictive variables at each level of complexity, from habitual acts through attitudes to self-concept and spirituality. The nature of REST is discussed in terms of processes and effects. Basically two processes, refocusing and rebalancing, contribute to the various physical and mental effects of restricted environmental stimulation. These effects include profound relaxation, relief from pain, and a shift in consciousness to a state that is more introspective, less defensive, and more receptive. Research in treating addictive behaviors with REST is reviewed with smoking, overeating, alcohol consumption, and drug misuse. There is a substantial body of literature demonstrating the effectiveness of REST in modifying smoking behavior. Very little research has been done on REST and drug misuse. Each of the other areas has a small number of preliminary studies that suggest REST as a promising treatment. In general, chamber REST proves to be effective in facilitating attitudinal and behavioral change, and maintaining those changes. The scant research with flotation REST show it to be less effective in modifying behavior but more relaxing and pain alleviating than chamber REST. The characteristics of the REST experience that make it effective in treating addictions are discussed as follows: (1) the induction of a general relaxation response, (2) substance misusers find serenity and relief by nonchemical means, (3) internal refocusing to concentrate on personal problems, (4) disruption of habits through removal of trigger cues and response possibilities, (5) increased feelings of control over addictive behaviors, and (6) enhanced learning processes. REST is a versatile, cost-effective treatment modality with demonstrated effectiveness in modifying some addictive behaviors and promising applications with others.

Arousal↗
PubMed1992

In search of how people change. Applications to addictive behaviors.

How people intentionally change addictive behaviors with and without treatment is not well understood by behavioral scientists. This article summarizes research on self-initiated and professionally facilitated change of addictive behaviors using the key trans-theoretical constructs of stages and processes of change. Modification of addictive behaviors involves progression through five stages--pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance--and individuals typically recycle through these stages several times before termination of the addiction. Multiple studies provide strong support for these stages as well as for a finite and common set of change processes used to progress through the stages. Research to date supports a trans-theoretical model of change that systematically integrates the stages with processes of change from diverse theories of psychotherapy.

Aftercare↗
PubMed1992

[Severe personality disorders associated with addictive behavior].

After demonstrating the failure of a one dimensional approach to treating addictive behavior coupled with severe personality disorders, the authors suggest an organization of services based on the systemic approach. They recommend a personalized program with both external and internal services. With this in mind, the authors present a program developed by professionals involved in the fields of mental health and addictive behavior. Co-ordinated by a multidisciplinary team, it requires a specific contribution from all members of the team who are involved in different aspects of the person's life. To locate potential users of the program, brochures are sent to CLSCs (community health centres), hospitals, public and private resources, AIDS programs, social workers, and community health workers. Once in treatment, the patient goes through various treatment zones. The first, labelled the reception zone is designated with the initial contact between client and the program. In many instances, a significant other who is close to the client is contacted to take part in the program and help. In the zone of clarification, the client must come to terms with the program and indicate a serious determination to see the program through. The development zone centers on an active reflection of self and the development of new abilities for interpersonal relations, assisting the individual to function autonomously. The goal is for clients to attain a level of self-criticism of their own addiction. The zone of consolidation is optimally reached after about one year in the program. Clients are able to integrate everything learned in the development zone and apply it to their daily life. Community organizations are involved at this stage. The authors conclude that a multidimensional approach, a concerted commitment and a recognition of the contribution of all team members involved in the treatment, are essential elements for tangible results.

Humans↗
PubMed1985

Addictive behavior and the theory of psychological reversals.

Apter's new theory of psychological reversals is considered as a potentially useful paradigm for understanding and treating the additive behaviors. The theory departs from the usual homeostatic underpinnings of personality theory and instead posits a process of reversals between alternative, stable, and mutually exclusive states. The theory holds particular promise in accounting for certain crucial aspects of addictive behaviors including the phenomenon of relapse and the experience of loss of control. The concept of reversals may hold a key to the commonalities underlying the addictive behaviors.

Cues↗
PubMed1990

Cue exposure and relapse prevention in the treatment of addictive behaviors.

Cue exposure techniques have been increasingly applied in the treatment of addictive behaviors. The role of cue exposure in a comprehensive approach to relapse prevention is considered from several theoretical perspectives. Issues discussed include the optimal definition of both cue and response variables in cue exposure, the relation between exposure to drug-taking cues and elicitation of outcome expectancies, and the combination of extinction-based cue exposure methods and skill training in relapse prevention programs. Whether cue exposure effects are mediated by extinction of appetitive craving responses and/or by the modification of efficacy and outcome expectancies is discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Method for evaluating the reinforcing properties of morphine in a model of addictive behavior].

An animal model of addiction is described. The albino rats learned to come into the right arm of the Y-type maze where they received intraperitoneal injections of morphine in a dose of 5 mg/kg or distilled water (control group). It was found that morphine-dependent rats much more frequently visited the right arm. Thus it is possible to estimate quantitatively the positive reinforcing effect of morphine.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Eating disorders as addictive behavior. Integrating 12-step programs into treatment planning.

To be effective in treating eating-disordered individuals, we must be open to working with an electric model of treatment. Often health care providers have difficulty with the addiction model of treatment, even though many eating-disordered patients will attest to the assistance and support they receive from these programs. It will be useful for both health care professionals and 12-step programs to avoid taking competitive positions. It is far more useful for professionals to have a working knowledge of how these programs work and how they can be of use to the individuals with eating disorders. Knowledge of local resources will also be of great value. Given the assistance that the clients tell us they receive at these programs, it makes more sense to understand and use these programs more, not less. There is evidence that eating disorder behaviors are addictive behavior, both from a psychological and physiologic perspective. Use of a 12-step program will assist with the practical details of helping individuals to stop employing self-destructive behaviors as well as provide support and decrease feelings of isolation and depression. It is important to integrate the 12-step program components into an overall treatment program to make the best use of both programs and decrease the competition usually inherent in both programs.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1986

On smokeless tobacco, addictive behavior and warning labels.

This article will offer three primary positions: First, it will support the use of a warning label on containers of smokeless tobacco and second, suggest that an alternative to the present warning statement be considered. The Massachusetts Department of Public Health--presently the first state to consider a warning label for smokeless tobacco--proposes a label that would read as follows: WARNING: Use of snuff is addictive and may cause mouth cancer and other mouth disorders. Third, this article will suggest that a warning label will not have any notable impact on the public health. In order to support these positions, the following discussion will briefly examine the relationship between chemical dependency, addictive behavior, tobacco smoking, and the use of warning labels as a deterrant to the use of smokeless tobacco.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1991

Everyday addictive behavior of bulimic women.

The comorbidity of bulimia nervosa and other forms of drug use or dependence is frequently reported, but statistical comparison as well as reference to a theoretical background is rare to be found. In order to assess the associated dependencies of bulimia, 105 bulimic women participated in a structured interview with a focus on their everyday drug use. Our results suggest that there is little evidence of other forms of related addicting drugs among bulimics. A possible theoretical background which explains the resulting pattern of their taking of stimulants and drugs is the common belief about desired effects of the consumption of these substances.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Pavlovian conditioning and addictive behavior: relapse to oral self-administration of morphine.

The effect of conditional environmental stimuli on morphine consumption in rats was examined. Rats were first trained to consume a morphine solution (increased from 0.5 mg/ml to 1.2 mg/ml) by a forced drinking procedure spanning 235 days. Then, a period of abstinence of 81 days was given. They next received injections of morphine in one environment and injections of saline in a different environment (30 injections of morphine, dose increased from 5 mg/kg to 40 mg/kg). At the end of this phase, the effects of conditional environmental stimuli on tolerance to the analgesic effect of 40 mg/kg morphine were examined. Consistent with previous results, analgesic tolerance was most pronounced in the context of the cues previously associated with subcutaneous morphine injections. Finally, the effects of the different environments on consumption of morphine were determined in one-bottle and two-bottle tests. In a two-bottle test, there was almost no consumption of the morphine solution regardless of environment. In a one-bottle test, significantly more morphine was consumed in the drug environment than in the saline environment. The results are discussed in relation to theoretical views of the role of environmental stimuli in tolerance and drug dependence.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1989

Treatment failures: the role of sexual victimization in women's addictive behavior.

Women substance abusers usually labeled as treatment failures are described and case illustrations are presented. The role of sexual victimization in the substance abuse is considered, as is the use of substances to mitigate posttraumatic stress symptoms. Abstinence as a precondition of treatment is examined, and more objective case conceptualization and treatment planning advocated. Aspects of the long-term therapeutic relationship are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Addictive behaviors and benzodiazepines: 1. Abuse liability and physical dependence.

A review of scientific and clinical evidence indicates: (1) benzodiazepines have an abuse liability and can cause physical dependence, (2) abuse liability is of a lower order of magnitude than that associated with common intoxicants such as barbiturates, opioids or stimulants, (3) sustained, exclusive use of benzodiazepines for inducing intoxication occurs but, it is infrequent, (4) benzodiazepines tend to be secondary drugs to a preferred primary intoxicant; in experimental paradigms normals prefer placebo to benzodiazepines, (5) susceptibility to physical dependence varies widely as low doses are sufficient to produce it in some but very high multiples are not sufficient to produce it in many others, (6) factors predisposing to physical dependence are: total lifetime dose, previous exposure to drugs cross-tolerant, such as alcohol or barbiturates, concomitant severe medical/psychiatric problems, and severe persisting stress. Individual susceptibility to abuse and to become dependent on benzodiazepines should be investigated much more vigorously than it has heretofore.

Adult↗