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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

The social control of behavior control: behavior modification, Individual Rights, and research ethics in America, 1971-1979.

In 1971, the U.S. Senate Subcommittee on Constitutional Rights began a three-year study to investigate the federal funding of all research involving behavior modification. During this period, operant programs of behavior change, particularly those implemented in closed institutions, were subjected to specific scrutiny. In this article, I outline a number of scientific and social factors that led to this investigation and discuss the study itself. I show how behavioral scientists, both individually and through their professional organizations, responded to this public scrutiny by (1) self-consciously altering their terminology and techniques; (2) considering the need to more effectively police their professional turf; and (3) confronting issues of ethics and values in their work. Finally, I link this episode to the formation of the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research, whose recommendations resulted in changes to the ethical regulation of federally funded human subjects research that persist to the present day.

Behavior Control↗
PubMed2006

Dynamics of response-conflict monitoring and individual differences in response control and behavioral control: an electrophysiological investigation using a stop-signal task.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to investigate the functional significance of error (related) negativity Ne/ERN and individual differences in human action monitoring. A response-conflict model of Ne/ERN should be tested applying a stop-signal paradigm. After a few modifications of Ne/ERN response-conflict theory (Yeung N, Botvinick MM, Cohen JD. The neural basis of error detection: conflict monitoring and the error-related negativity. Psychological Review 2004:111(4);931-959), strength and time course of response conflict could be modeled as a function of stop-signal delay. METHOD: In Experiment 1, 35 participants performed a visual two-choice response-time task but tried to withhold the response if an auditory stop signal was presented. Probability of stopping errors was held at 50% using variable delays between visual and auditory stimuli. Experiment 2 (n=10) employed both auditory go and stop signals and confirmed that Ne/ERN effects are due to conflict induced by the auditory stop signal, and not the mere presence or absence of an additional stimulus. RESULTS: As predicted, amplitudes of both the stimulus-locked and response-locked Ne/ERN were largest for non-stopped responses, followed by successfully stopped and go responses. However, independently of response type Ne/ERN also increased with increasing stop-signal delay. Since longer delay invokes stronger response conflict, results specifically support the notion of Ne/ERN reflecting response-conflict monitoring. Furthermore, individual differences related to measures of response control and behavioral control were observed. Both low response control estimated from stop-task performance and high psychometric impulsivity were accompanied by smaller Ne/ERN amplitude on stop trials, suggesting reduced response-conflict monitoring. CONCLUSIONS: The present study supported the response-conflict view of Ne/ERN. Furthermore, the observed relationship between impulsivity and Ne/ERN amplitude suggested that individuals with low behavioral control were characterized by lower activity in anterior cingulate cortex, the neural generator of Ne/ERN, in situations of strong response conflict. SIGNIFICANCE: The present study, for the first time, employed a stop-signal paradigm to verify predictions regarding the temporal dynamics of response-conflict processing as derived from response-conflict theory of ERN.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Acute tolerance to alcohol effects on inhibitory and activational mechanisms of behavioral control.

OBJECTIVE: Acute alcohol tolerance refers to the observation of reduced impairment at a given blood alcohol concentration (BAC) on the descending versus ascending limb of the blood alcohol curve. Psychomotor performance measures used in human studies of alcohol tolerance provide reliable assessments of tolerance but do not identify specific mechanisms involved in the re-establishment of control, and little is known about how acute tolerance is expressed in terms of changes in fundamental mechanisms that regulate and control behavior. This study examined the expression of acute alcohol tolerance to impaired behavioral control in terms of changes in a drinker's ability to activate and inhibit behavioral responses as BAC ascended and declined following a dose. METHOD: Twenty social drinkers performed a cued go/no-go task that measured behavioral control after receiving a moderate dose (0.65 g/kg) of alcohol and a placebo. The development of acute tolerance was measured by testing behavioral control twice: once during the ascending phase and again at comparable BACs during the descending phase of the blood alcohol curve. RESULTS: Inhibitory and activational aspects of behavioral control both were impaired by alcohol. Acute tolerance developed to the impaired activation but not to the impaired inhibition of behavior. CONCLUSIONS: The results highlight the importance of considering behavioral requirements when testing for the development of acute tolerance under a dose of alcohol. By modeling behavioral control as the net effect of countervailing activational and inhibitory influences, the study suggests that fundamental mechanisms of control might not display uniform tolerance development.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

The pattern of influence of perceived behavioral control upon exercising behavior: an application of Ajzen's theory of planned behavior.

The aim of the present studies was to verify the basic assumptions underlying the theory of planned behavior for the prediction of exercising intentions and behavior among adults of the general population (study 1) and a group of pregnant women (study 2). In both studies, baseline data were collected at home with trained interviewers and with the use of paper-and-pencil questionnaires. The self-report on behavior was obtained 6 months (study 1) and between 8 and 9 months (study 2) after baseline data collection. In study 1, perceived behavioral control influenced behavior only through intention. In study 2, none of the Ajzen model variables was associated to exercising behavior. Nonetheless, intention was influenced by attitude, habit, and perceived behavioral control. The results of the present studies suggest that perceived behavioral control contributes to the understanding of intentions to exercise but not to the prediction of exercising behavior.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Behavior controlled by scheduled injections of cocaine in squirrel and rhesus monkeys.

Rates and patterns of key-press responding maintained under schedules in which responding resulted in intravenous injections of cocaine were studied in squirrel monkeys and rhesus monkeys. Each injection was followed by a 60- or 100-sec timeout period. Schedule-controlled behavior was obtained at appropriate cocaine doses in each species. Under FR 10 or FR 30 schedules, performance was characterized by high rates of responding (usually more than one response per second) in each ratio. Under FI 5-min schedules, performance was characterized by an initial pause, followed by acceleration of responding to a final rate that was maintained until the end of the interval. Under multiple fixed-ratio fixed-interval schedules, rates and patterns of responding appropriate to each schedule component were maintained. Responding seldom occurred during timeout periods under any schedule studied. At doses of cocaine above or below those that maintained characteristic schedule-controlled behavior, rates of responding were relatively low and patterns of responding were irregular. Characteristic fixed-interval responding was maintained over a wider range of cocaine doses than characteristic fixed-ratio responding. Complex patterns of responding controlled by discriminative stimuli under fixed-ratio or fixed-interval schedules can be maintained by cocaine injections in squirrel monkeys and rhesus monkeys.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Alcohol and behavioral control: impaired response inhibition and flexibility in social drinkers.

This study shows that a moderate dose of alcohol (0.62 g/kg) can impair cognitive processes controlling behavioral inhibition and flexibility (i.e., inhibiting one response and making a different one). Two groups of male social drinkers (n = 8) received alcohol or a placebo and performed two change tasks that required high or low information processing. Results showed that alcohol impaired inhibitory control and response flexibility following a failure to inhibit a first response, and the intensity of impairment did not differ under the two information processing conditions. Response reaction time and accuracy were not affected by alcohol. These findings indicate that alcohol can impair some cognitive aspects of behavioral control before basic motor processes are affected.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Previous experience with behavioral control over stress blocks the behavioral and dorsal raphe nucleus activating effects of later uncontrollable stress: role of the ventral medial prefrontal cortex.

Previous experience with stressors over which the subject has behavioral control blocks the typical behavioral consequences of subsequent exposure to stressors over which the organism has no behavioral control. The present experiments explored the involvement of the ventral medial prefrontal cortex (mPFCv) in mediating this "immunizing" or resilience producing effect of an initial experience with control. Behavioral immunization was blocked by inactivation of the mPFCv with muscimol at the time of the initial experience with control, as well as at the time of the later exposure to uncontrollable stress. Inhibition of protein synthesis within the mPFCv by anisomycin also blocked immunization when administered at the time of the initial controllable stress but had no effect when administered at the time of the later uncontrollable stress. Additional experiments found that the initial experience with control blocks the intense activation of serotonergic cells in the dorsal raphe nucleus that would normally be produced by uncontrollable stress, providing a mechanism for behavioral immunization. Furthermore, mPFCv activity during the initial controllable stressor was required for this effect to occur. These results suggest that the mPFCv is needed both to process information about the controllability of stressors and to utilize such information to regulate responses to subsequent stressors. Moreover, the mPFCv may be a site of storage or plasticity concerning controllability information. These results are consistent with recent research in other domains that explore the functions of the mPFCv.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Neurochemical changes associated with schedule-controlled behavior.

Studies of monoamine metabolites within the cerebrospinal fluid compartment have indicated that this approach may be useful in examining central metabolic changes in vivo. By combining the technologies of radioisotope chemistry, operant behavior control and modification, and brain perfusion with push-pull cannulas, we have been able to examine minute to minute changes in the disposition of radiolabeled monoamine transmitter candidates and their metabolites. These substances appear to co-vary with changes in complex behavior maintained by operant schedules of reinforcement and affected by changes in schedules or administration of psychotropic drugs. In agreement with other perfusion studies, we have observed changes in fractional distribution of radiolabeled urea, a so-called extracellular marker, along with shifts in monoamines; but the former appear more transient. These observations nevertheless support the concept of dynamic changes within the extracellular environment of the CNS that may be part of a hormone-like communicating system with functional significance. Furthermore, the presence of peaks and/or troughs, in perfusates of [14C]urea of similar substances should not be taken as a priori evidence for nonspecificity of the technic, since selective release or inhibition of release of monoamines can be shown with appropriate drugs that are thought to act through these aminergic systems. Destruction of catecholamine nerve terminals with 6-hydroxydopamine likewise attenuates the signal-locked release of radiolabeled norepinephrine by a conditioned stimulus after conditioning occurs. No such release is seen on presentation of the to-be-conditioned neutral stimulus in control or 6-hydroxydopamine treated rats. These initial studies indicate the availability of a powerful tool for the study of drug-neurochemical-behavioral interactions using subjects as their own controls for extended periods of time so that phenomena of plasticity, tolerance and dependence may likewise be examined.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

levo-Alpha-acetylmethadol and metabolites: some effects on schedule-controlled behavior in the rat.

The behavioral effects of acute IP administration of 1-alpha-acetylmethadol, its metabolites, 1-alpha-noracetylmethadol and 1-alpha-dinoracetylmethadol, and morphine were studied in the rat using behavior controlled by a fixed-interval schedule of food reinforcement. Administraiton of all compounds produced a dose-related decrease in response rate. The metabolites were approximately three to four times the potency of the parent compound which was approximately five times the potency of morphine. Data obtained from cumulative response records suggested that the onset of effects for the metabolites was more rapid than for the parent compound.

Animals↗
PubMed1968

A technique for controlling behavior in natural life settings.

A behavior control technique is presented, consisting primarily of having a patient give up some portion of his reinforcers (usually money) with the understanding that he must behave in therapeutically prescribed ways in his natural environment to re-earn the reinforcers. The critical features and requirements of the technique are discussed, various applications are suggested, and implications for research are drawn.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1998

The relationship between parental controlling behavior and perceptions of control of preadolescent children and adolescents.

Previous research has suggested that a noncontrolling, independence-encouraging parenting style is correlated with children's having an internal locus of control. In the present study, children's and adolescents' reports of parent behaviors were used. Parental acceptance and child-centeredness were found to be related to more internal control beliefs in both preadolescent children and adolescents. Parental controlling behavior, however, was related to more internal control beliefs in preadolescent children and more external control beliefs in adolescents. The relationships among structure, parent controlling behavior, and the age and developmental level of children are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

[Disordered behavioral control in psychiatric illnesses. Neurophysiological aspects of impulsive behavior].

OBJECTIVE: Dysfunction of behavioral control represents a central component of many psychiatric disorders and may be connected with self-mutilating and antisocial behavior. However, only a few studies have investigated objective assessment and quantification of impulsive behavior, which is relevant for psychiatric practice and research. Because new techniques enable objective assessment of behavior generation and execution, the current knowledge about neurophysiological aspects of behavioral control is summarized. METHOD: The contemporary literature on neuronal mechanisms of initiation and execution of behavior and movements and new neurophysiological methods and findings are discussed in respect to their application in psychiatry. RESULTS: Behavior, defined as movements of a body in time and space, is the result of cortical and subcortical processes. These consist of two general components: (1) perception and selection of a stimulus and (2) execution of a movement, including decision and planning phases. Planning and execution, modulated by cognition and emotions, are dependent on the balance of inhibitory and excitatory aspects of behavior control. Combined detection of electrical brain activity and kinematic analysis of peripheral movements enables the analysis of control mechanisms. CONCLUSION: Impulsiveness and inhibition of behavior depend on neuronal control mechanisms which can be analyzed by neurophysiological methods. Objective assessment of impulsive behavior related to psychiatric disturbances including eating disorders, substance abuse, and personality disorders may clarify underlying neurobiological mechanisms and enable rational pharmaco- and psychotherapeutic interventions.

Brain↗
PubMed1994

Associations between parental psychological and behavioral control and youth internalized and externalized behaviors.

In this study, psychological control of children was conceptually and empirically distinguished from behavioral control. Further, it was demonstrated as hypothesized that psychological control was more predictive of adolescent internalized problems, and that behavioral control was more predictive of externalized problems. Subjects were 473 fifth-, eighth-, and tenth-grade males and females from a Southern suburb. Control was measured by the Child Report of Parent Behavior Inventory and the Colorado Self-Report of Family Functioning Inventory. Problem behaviors were measured with the Child Behavior Checklist. First- and second-order factor analyses discriminated psychological and behavioral control, and structural equation analyses demonstrated the differential prediction of internalized and externalized problems. These last analyses were conducted using youth-reported data and validated using a subsample of 227 mother-youth pairs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Weight-control behaviors among adolescent girls and boys: implications for dietary intake.

OBJECTIVE: To examine associations between healthful and unhealthful weight-control behaviors and dietary intake among adolescents. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey (Project EAT [Eating Among Teens]).Subjects/Setting The study population included 4144 middle and high school students from Minneapolis/St. Paul public schools from diverse racial and socioeconomic backgrounds. Statistical analyses Dietary intake patterns were compared across adolescent girls and boys reporting unhealthful, only healthful, or no weight-control behaviors in unadjusted analyses and analyses adjusted for sociodemographic factors and energy intake. RESULTS: Among girls, mean intakes differed across weight-control behaviors for all foods and nutrients examined. P values ranged from P=.006 to P<.001. Girls using unhealthful weight-control behaviors had significantly lower intakes of fruit; vegetables; grains; calcium; iron; vitamins A, C, and B-6; folate; and zinc than girls using only healthful weight-control behaviors. Compared with girls reporting no weight-control behaviors, girls using unhealthful weight-control behaviors had lower intakes of grains, calcium, iron, vitamin B-6, folate, and zinc. In contrast to the girls, boys reporting unhealthful weight-control behaviors did not have poorer dietary intakes than boys not using weight-control behaviors or using only healthful behaviors. Among boys, there were no significant differences in mean intakes of vegetables; grains; calcium; iron; vitamins A, C, and B-6; folate; and zinc. Furthermore, boys using unhealthful weight-control behaviors had higher fruit intakes (P=.002) than boys reporting no weight-control behaviors. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescent girls who engage in unhealthful weight-control behaviors are at increased risk for dietary inadequacy. The findings demonstrate a need for interventions to prevent unhealthful weight-control behaviors in adolescent girls, and to promote healthful weight-control behaviors when indicated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Prevalence of overweight misperception and weight control behaviors among normal weight adolescents in the United States.

Weight perceptions and weight control behaviors have been documented with underweight and overweight adolescents, yet limited information is available on normal weight adolescents. This study investigates the prevalence of overweight misperceptions and weight control behaviors among normal weight adolescents in the U.S. by sociodemographic and geographic characteristics. We examined data from the 2003 Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS). A total of 9,714 normal weight U.S. high school students were included in this study. Outcome measures included self-reported height and weight measurements, overweight misperceptions, and weight control behaviors. Weighted prevalence estimates and odds ratios were computed. There were 16.2% of normal weight students who perceived themselves as overweight. Females (25.3%) were more likely to perceive themselves as overweight than males (6.7%) (p < 0.05). Misperceptions of overweight were highest among white (18.3%) and Hispanic students (15.2%) and lowest among black students (5.8%). Females (16.8%) outnumbered males (6.8%) in practicing at least one unhealthy weight control behavior (use of diet pills, laxatives, and fasting) in the past 30 days. The percentage of students who practiced at least one weight control behavior was similar by ethnicity. There were no significant differences in overweight misperception and weight control behaviors by grade level, geographic region, or metropolitan status. A significant portion of normal weight adolescents misperceive themselves as overweight and are engaging in unhealthy weight control behaviors. These data suggest that obesity prevention programs should address weight misperceptions and the harmful effects of unhealthy weight control methods even among normal weight adolescents.

Adolescent↗