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Results for “Behavior--determinants”

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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1979

Patients' percentions of physicians' behavior: determinants of patient commitment to the therapeutic relationship.

This study examines the hypothesis that patients decide to remain committed to their primary care physicians (or to leave them and "doctor shop") primarily on the basis of the "socioemotional" aspects of the physicians' behavior. It was hypothesized that physicians' demonstrations of caring for patients as people and their openness of communication would be predictive of patient commitment to the therapeutic relationship, and that the physicians' competence and role performance (including thoroughness of information gathering) as perceived by patients would be less important. Interviews were conducted with 342 inpatients and ambulatory patients in a large urban community teaching hospital after a visit with one of 38 house officers in internal medicine. Each patient was asked to (a) rate his or her physician on nine performance variables, (b) indicate his or her intention to return to that physician in the future or seek a different one, and (c) state his or her education, occupation, age, and present illness condition. The physicians' socioemotional behavior (caring and openness to communication), as well as their accessibility, tended to weight heavily in patients' decisions to continue the physician-patient relationship. In addition, the importance of some specific physician behaviors (for example, the physician's willingness to explain the medical condition) varied among subpopulations of patients.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1976

Electrophysiological and behavioral effects of transcortical polarizing current: comparison with the behaviorally determined characteristics of learning.

Passage of polarizing current through the cerebral cortex, with the anode at the surface (Anp), produces neurophysiological changes which may be related to those which occur during learning. This relationship was evaluated at the visual cortex of unanesthetized, Sprague-Dawley rats, under a number of experimental conditions, with chronic light flash (LF)-evoked electrocortical response recording and LF-shock avoidance. During experimental treatments electrophysiologically studied animals received either 30 paired presentations of Anp and LF or parametrically equal, unpaired presentations; behaviorally studied animals received either these treatments or 30 presentations of LF alone. Each LF presentation contained 15 LF at the rate of one/sec. Anp presentations consisted of a 15-sec rise of current from 0 to 9 muA/sq.mm, 15 sec of steady 9 muA/sq.mm, and a 15-sec period of current decrease from 9 back to 0 muA/sq.mm. Each presentation was separated from the next by a randomized interval of 45-120 sec. Paired Anp and LF produced large waves (50 muV or greater) in the late negative phase of the evoked response. These waves appeared towards the end of pairings, were evident in recordings made 48 h after pairings and again diminished, but rapidly reappeared when pairings were reintroduced. Anpp and LF pairings also produced a 55% decrease in the number of trials needed to reach criterion on the LF-shock avoidance task as compared to the performance of the group treated with LF alone. Unpaired Anp and LF had no discernable electrophysiological or behavioral effects.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Development, feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary impact of NutriSOS®: A behavioral mobile app to promote sustainable diets.

The primary objective of this study was to describe the development of the NutriSOS&#xae; app and to evaluate its feasibility and acceptability for its use in the NutriSOS&#xae; Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) to promote sustainable diets. A secondary objective was to explore preliminary changes in dietary and physical activity behaviors and environmental impact following app use. The NutriSOS&#xae; app integrates personalized dietary advice, educational content, self-monitoring, and social interaction features. A single-arm, pre-post pilot study was conducted in 37 young Mexican adults over four weeks. Feasibility, acceptability, quality, and usability were assessed using online surveys, alongside exploratory changes in dietary and physical activity behaviors, environmental indicators, and their association with perceived behavioral determinants. Feasibility and acceptability were high overall, with favorable responses reaching up to 100% in key components such as the nutritional guide and learning modules, and above 90% for messaging, registration, and design. Greater variability was observed in some sections, particularly the 24-h recall (41-86%). Reductions in red and processed meat and ultra-processed food consumption were observed (from 3 to 1 times/week, p&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.01), with &#x223c;60% decreases in their related environmental footprints (p&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.01) and favorable self-reported behavioral determinants (p&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.0001). Physical activity type and intensity changed (p&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.05). These findings support NutriSOS&#xae; as a feasible and acceptable tool, while highlighting areas for refinement, particularly those related to the time and effort required for data entry, prior to its implementation in the NutriSOS&#xae; RCT, in which its effectiveness will be formally evaluated.

Humans↗
PubMed1979

Striate cortex and visual acuity functions in the cat.

Using a two-choice visual discrimination paradigm, thresholds for size (gratings), parallelness (parallel vs. non-parallel lines), contour alignment (vernier offset), and angularity (polygon figures) were behaviorally determined in cats before and after ablations of portions of the geniculo-cortical system. Animals with a total loss of cortical area 17, and with a loss, in some cases, of up to 90% of areas 18 (with and without infringement into area 19), showed about a 30% reduction in grating acuity, a three-fold increase in parallelness and angularity thresholds, and a total loss of contour alignment ability. Control animals with ablations sparing area 17 showed no significant threshold changes. All animals were able to learn classic form discriminations postoperatively, but those with area 17-18 lesions at a somewhat slower than normal rate. Control procedures indicated that all tested discrimination capabilities did not depend on luminance differences between targets, local flux cues within the targets, or on the animals' use of residual portions of area 17 representing the peripheral visual field. Since the cat has multiple thalamo-cortical visual pathways, the results of the present study are consistent with the hypothesis that pathways parallel to the geniculo-striate system are capable of processing spatial information of considerable detail. The results also suggest, however, that the geniculo-striate system is uniquely necessary for the processing of the finest attributes of spatial contours.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

The organization of sleep and wakefulness after maternal separation in young rats.

Two-week-old infant rats were studied before and after 24 hr of maternal absence. This experience produced an increase in time spent awake, a reduction in time spent in paradoxical sleep (PS), and an increased frequency of state transitions with more frequent and shorter periods of both slow-wave sleep (SWS) AND PS. Body movements were increased and nonnutritive sucking decreased during PS after separation. Other aspects of sleep organization were relativly stable: the pattern of probability of direction of state transitions, the integration of the physiological and behavioral determinants of state, the pattern and amount of nonnutritive sucking, and the underlying PS cycle period. These findings, and the results of 2 control experiments, suggest that some aspects of the prolonged absence of the mother produce a shift in the infant's central neutral state regulation through processes yet to be understood.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Fusional vergence ranges of the monkey: a behavioral study.

Fusional vergence ranges were behaviorally determined for two rhesus monkeys and two human subjects using random dot stereograms as stimuli. The subject performed a two-alternative forced choice form discrimination of discretely presented stimuli and the fusional vergence stimulus was changed during the intertrial intervals. The fusional vergence measurements for the monkey were similar to those for the human subjects.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Responses of primate locus coeruleus and subcoeruleus neurons to stimulation at reinforcing brain sites and to natural reinforcers.

In alert rhesus monkeys the activity of 64-neurons was recorded in the locus coeruleus and subcoeruleus region, collectively referred to as coeruleus (C) neurons. C neurons were identified physiologically by antidromic activation from electrodes in the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) and medial septal nucleus which sustained intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) behavior, and/or anatomically by their proximity to microlesions at unit recording sites. The following results were obtained: (1) the current intensity that supported the highest rate of MFB and septal ICSS was similar to the current intensity for evoking antidromic responses in C neurons; (2) stimulation in the vicinity of the dopaminergic neurons of nucleus A10 did not activate C neurons; (3) C neurons were antidromically activated by ipsilateral and contralateral MFB shocks; (4) the C axons had slow estimated conduction velocities (1-5 m/sec), and a mean neural refractory period of 0.8 msec; (5) the behaviorally determined refractory period for MFB ICSS was also approximately 0.8 msec; and (6) mean firing rates while the monkey sat quietly were 15 +/- 2 Hz (S.D.) for subcoeruleus cells and 5 +/- 3 Hz for locus coeruleus cells, and activity of most cells changed negligibly during operant responding for apple-sauce reinforcement. These results suggest that the reinforcing effects of ICSS may be mediated by activation of coeruleus cells, but that these cells do not appear to be strongly involved in operant responding for natural reinforcers.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Central gray and medial hypothalamic stimulation: correlation between escape behavior and unit activity.

A chronic experiment and an acute one were carried out in the same rat in order to get information on the neuronal events correlated with the escape latency (EL) induced by an electrical stimulation in the mesencephalic central gray (CG) or in the medial hypothalamus (MH). Escape latencies as well as unitary MH and CG neuronal responses (104 units in 25 rats) were studied as functions of the intensity and the pulse duration of a 50 pulses/sec stimulation train. The CG and/or the MH neuronal firing rate was either synchronized or diffusely altered, either inhibited or activated, by the CG or the MH stimulations. Many neuronal firing rate alterations were highly correlated with the escape speed (ES = 1/EL) induced by the same stimulation. Intensity duration trade-off functions were computed from both the EL and the unit recordings. Chronaxie determinations were performed from these data: the behaviorally determined chronaxies did not differ from the unitary ones (limit values: 0.05-0.42 msec). The discussion bear on the possible role of the observed neuronal alterations induced by CG or MH stimulations in relation to their behavioral effects.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Strength-duration properties of single units driven by electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus in rats.

Cathodal strength-duration functions were measured for 27 single units which were driven by electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus. The distribution of chronaxies of these units showed four clusters at about 0.1, 0.25, 0.4 and 0.5 msec. These chronaxies are not fundamentally different from those previously reported for peripheral nerve. Two units fired repetitively during a long-duration stimulation pulse. Anodal strengitation. The data are discussed with reference to behaviorally determith duration properties were obtained from 14 units. Four units were not excited by anodal pulses of any strength or duration, four were excited during an anodal pulse (anode-make excitation) but not at the termination of the pulse (anode-break excitation), and six showed both anode-make and anode-break excitation. The data are discussed with reference to behaviorally determined strength-duration functions for brain stimulation reward.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1992

Patient education and compliance: a pharmacist's perspective.

Pharmacists are becoming more involved with patient education due to the increased emphasis being placed on primary patient care. Existing research in the area of patient education and compliance can provide pharmacists with the knowledge to enhance patient compliance. Changing noncompliant behavior can make a positive impact on patient's treatment plan. Such interventions involve the education of patients, whether it be during an outpatient consultation session or an inpatient education program. Of the five compliance theories identified in the literature, the Communication Model describes the best mechanism for pharmacists to educate their patients. During consultation sessions, essential knowledge and skills can be communicated to the patient that will maximize compliance. Monitoring medication refills is the most accessible method for pharmacists to identify noncompliant behavior. Determining patient noncompliance and making adjustments with patient education tactics will enable pharmacists to expand their professional role while improving patient outcomes.

Communication↗
PubMed1979

Cutaneous masking. I. Psychophysical observations on interactions of multipoint stimuli in man.

1. Psychophysical masking of cutaneous sensation at the locus of punctate test stimulation has been quantitatively examined with phasic mechanical and brief air-pulse stimuli using a conditioning-test stimulus paradigm. 2. Masking was maximal at the minimal interstimulus distance effective with this paradigm, varies inversely with interstimulus distance, and is demonstrable with the conditioning and test stimuli up to 10 cm apart on the forearm. 3. The degree of masking was found to be a direct function of the relative intensity of the conditioning stimulus with respect to the test stimulus. 4. Variations in the interstimulus interval permitted an investigation of the temporal features of cutaneous masking. It was detectable from 10 ms before to 70 ms after conditioning stimulation. Maximum masking occurred when the test stimulus was delivered about 10 ms following conditioning stimulus onset. 5. We also noted the much less marked, but still significant, enhancement phenomenon, in which weak conditioning stimuli, at just-threshold intensity levels, lowered the detection threshold for sensation at the test stimulus locus. We found this enhancement of sensation to have the same spatial distribution as did masking, but a much reduced time course. It began with the test stimulus presented simultaneously with the conditioning stimulus, peaked with 10--15 ms interstimulus intervals, but decayed in less than 40 ms. 6. Since psychophysical experiments often form the framework for the understanding of physiologic processes, it is suggested that these behavioral determinations of enhancement and masking may be correlated with the electrophysiologic properties of excitation and inhibition in neurons of the major primary somatic pathways of the central nervous system.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Newborn dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, minor physical anomalies, and infant temperament.

The authors examined newborn anomaly scores for 193 normal infants in relation to obstetrical history, newborn dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH), and 5-month (N=185) and 1-year (N=123) infant behavior, determined by a questionnaire completed by their mothers. There was no significant relationship between anomaly score and obstetrical history or 5-month infant temperament; low significant correlations were found between newborn DBH and 1) infant irritability and unsociable response and 2) 1-year anomaly scores and reported activity levels. The authors discuss the possible importance of these findings.

Child Behavior↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Development of hearing loss in kanamycin treated chinchillas.

Behaviorally determined auditory thresholds of chinchillas were monitored before, during and after daily administration of kanamycin sulfate (200 mg/kg per day). Drug treatment was terminated as soon as a shift in high-frequency thresholds was observed. In surviving animals, hearing loss spread toward lower frequencies and stabilized after eight to nine days. The stable hearing loss was limited, on the average, to frequencies above 3 kHz. The magnitude of the loss was constant across frequencies and averaged about 40 dB. Virtually complete outer hair cell loss was seen in the basal portion of the cochleae of all surviving animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Household-based malaria control in a highly endemic area of Africa (Tanzania): determinants of transmission and disease and indicators for monitoring--Kilombero Malaria Project.

The Kilombero Malaria Project (KMP) attempts to define operationally useful indicators of levels of transmission and disease and health system relevant monitoring indicators to evaluate the impact of disease control at the community or health facility level. The KMP is a longitudinal community based study (N = 1024) in rural Southern Tanzania, investigating risk factors for malarial morbidity and developing household based malaria control strategies. Biweekly morbidity and bimonthly serological, parasitological and drug consumption surveys are carried out in all study households. Mosquito densities are measured biweekly in 50 sentinel houses by timed light traps. Determinants of transmission and indicators of exposure were not strongly aggregated within households. Subjective morbidity (recalled fever), objective morbidity (elevated body temperature and high parasitaemia) and chloroquine consumption were strongly aggregated within a few households. Nested analysis of anti-NANP40 antibody suggests that only approximately 30% of the titer variance can be explained by household clustering and that the largest proportion of antibody titer variability must be explained by non-measured behavioral determinants relating to an individual's level of exposure within a household. Indicators for evaluation and monitoring and outcome measures are described within the context of health service management to describe control measure output in terms of community effectiveness.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Digital Structured Education With Behavioral Nudge Tools for Adults With Type 2 Diabetes: Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Digital interventions offer scalable alternatives to traditional face-to-face diabetes education, but often face challenges related to inconsistent clinical effectiveness, and declining user engagement. However, whether a digital structured education program integrated with behavioral nudge tools can improve metabolic, behavioral, and psychological outcomes in adults with type 2 diabetes remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a digital structured education program integrated with behavioral nudge tools in improving metabolic, behavioral, and psychological outcomes among adults with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: This multicenter randomized controlled trial was conducted in the endocrinology departments of 4 hospitals in China. Adults with type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned to an intervention group receiving a digital structured education program integrated with behavioral nudge tools (n=146) or a control group receiving standard digital diabetes education (n=147). Assessments were conducted at baseline and 12-week follow-up. The primary outcome was hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) at 12 weeks, adjusted for baseline HbA1c, and study center. Secondary outcomes included fasting blood glucose (FBG), weight, BMI, waist circumference, blood pressure, lipid profiles, self-management behaviors, self-efficacy, and habit strength. RESULTS: Among 293 participants (mean age 49.19, SD 10.02 y), 287 (97.9%) completed follow-up. At 12 weeks, the intervention group demonstrated significantly greater improvements than the control group in HbA1c (adjusted mean difference -0.38%, 95% CI -0.68% to -0.09%; P=.01), FBG (adjusted mean difference -0.75, 95% CI -1.27 to -0.44 mmol/L; P<.001), weight (adjusted mean difference -0.84, 95% CI -1.61 to -0.07 kg; P=.03), BMI (adjusted mean difference -0.38, 95% CI -0.65 to -0.11 kg/m&#xb2;; P=.01), systolic blood pressure (adjusted mean difference -2.71, 95% CI -4.62 to -0.79 mm Hg; P=.01), diastolic blood pressure (adjusted mean difference -2.92, 95% CI -4.47 to -1.37 mm Hg; P<.001), and total cholesterol (adjusted mean difference -0.27, 95% CI -0.48 to -0.05 mmol/L; P=.02). The intervention was also associated with significantly greater improvements in self-management behaviors, self-efficacy, and habit strength (all P<.05). CONCLUSIONS: Digital structured education integrated with behavioral nudge tools improved metabolic outcomes and strengthened psychological and behavioral determinants of self-management among adults with type 2 diabetes over a 12-week period. These findings suggest that a digital structured education program integrated with behavioral nudge tools may enhance diabetes self-management beyond standard digital diabetes education. Further studies with longer follow-up and real-world implementation are warranted to evaluate the sustainability, generalizability, and long-term clinical impact of this integrated intervention.

Humans↗
PubMed1979

Health for and by the people.

The need to extend the search for health beyond the current efforts to control disease is emphasized by citing the deficienceis of the current health care model systems. The escalating costs of health care delivery, the emphasis of the current system on treating episodic illnesses rather than chronic disabilities, and the fact that the health care system has less of an impact on health status than socio-economic and life style factors represent major deficiencies in health care delivery. Further, the fragmentation and specialization in education and health care, the exclusion of behavioral science teaching, and the teaching of behavioral determinants of diseases are additional deficiencies of health professions education. The need to develop clear and explicit national health policies, including monitoring of health both of people and communities using indices that relate not only to diseases but also to the qualitative aspect of life, is viewed as an essential prerequisite for the health care system. The assignment of much greater priority to the training of a community health worker and health educator is stressed.

Behavioral Sciences↗
PubMed1978

The treatment of malignant melanoma of the skin.

This review of 117 melanomas occurring in 115 patients treated by a single surgeon suggests the appropriateness of the therapeutic decisions to be mentioned based upon tumor behavior, determined by microstaging. Local control of level II lentigo maligna melanoma was achieved, in most instances, by local excision with visibly free margins and primary closure. In most of the other instances of melanoma, adequate local control was accomplished by wide three-dimensional excision, 5 centimeter margins--closure usually required grafting. Minor amputation was performed with satisfactory results in those patients with appropriate lesions in the volar-subungual area. Regional lymphadenectomy in patients with level IV and V disease in whom the tumors drained to a single node basin revealed occult metastases in 25 per cent of the patients and, therefore, appears warranted as prophylactic treatment. Preliminary data on recurrences suggest that the frequency of the recurrence paralleled the biologic aggressiveness of the tumor, determined by microstaging in association with the presence or the absence of lymph node metastases.

Adolescent↗