Effect of urea on intestinal absorption of salicylic acid, benzoic acid and aminopyrine in rat.
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Aminopyrine↗
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Results for “Benzoic acid”
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The determination of salicylic acid and benzoic acid in pharmaceutical formulations by spectrofluorimetry.
Methods of extraction from pharmaceutical formulations and subsequent determination of benzoic acid and salicylic acid by spectrofluorimetry are described. The recovery of benzoic acid, in the presence of salicylic acid, was 99.3%, with a coefficient of variation of 1.04%, while the recovery of salicylic acid, in the presence of benzoic acid, was 97.7%, with a coefficient of variation of 0-68%.
Benzoates↗
Transport of oxalic acid, glycollic acid, glyoxylic acid and benzoic acid by resealed erythrocyte 'ghosts' prepared by a dialysis technique [proceedings].
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Benzoates↗
Thermal characterization of citric acid solid dispersions with benzoic acid and phenobarbital.
The glass transition temperatures of citric temperatures of citric acid glass were determined by differential scanning calorimetry to be 10.2 and 13.5 degrees for in situ and bulk-prepared samples, respectively. Mechanical stress on citric acid glass induced foci for crystallization. Benzoic acid addition to citric acid glass decreased its glass transition temperature while phenobarbital addition increased its glass transition temperature, the latter forming a glass solution.
Benzoates↗
Chemical structure and biodegradability of halogenate aromatic compounds. Substituent effects on 1,2-dioxygenation of benzoic acid.
Dioxygenation of substituted benzoic acids by whole cells of 3-chlorobenzoate-utilizing Pseudomonas sp. B 13, benzoate-induced cells of Alcaligenes eutrophus B 9 and toluate-grown cells of Pseudomonas putida mt-2 was examined. Electron-attracting substituents like halogen decreased the reaction rates of benzoate 1,2-dioxygenation. Dioxygenation of substituted benzoic acids by P. putida mt-2 was mostly undisturbed by steric effects of the substituents. Good correlation resulted between the log Vrel values and the Hammett substituent constant sigma. In contrast the reaction rates of dioxygenation by Pseudomonas sp. B 13 and A. eutrophus were decreased predominantly by steric effects of substituents. A non-polar reaction mechanism of benzoate 1,2-dioxygenation is discussed. Results from inhibition studies demonstrate high stereospecificities for the 1,2-dioxygenation by Pseudomonas sp. B 13 of benzoic acids with substituents in ortho- or para-position. In the case of P. putida mt-2 steric handrance by substituents was observed only with orth-substituted benzoic acids. Stereospecificities of the benzoate 1,2-dioxygenation by Pseudomonas sp. B 13 and P. putida mt-2 are illustrated schematically.
Bacteria↗
On the mechanism of p-piperidyl and p-benzyl sulfamyl benzoic acids transport by renal tissue.
The uptake of cyclic analogues of probenecid by kidney cortical slices has been studied in detail, in order to obtain more information on the secretory system for these compounds. Both p-piperidyl sulfamyl benzoic acid and p-benzyl sulfamyl benzoic acid were accumulated against concentration gradient, by renal tissue under aerobic as well as anerobic conditions. PAH, phenol red and probenecid competitively inhibited the active accumulation of these compounds by kidney tissue. Aerobic uptake of probenecid analogues was stimulated by succinate and octanoate at low medium concentrations while inhibition of renal accumulation of these compounds occurred at higher concentrations. Both p-piperidyl and p-benzyl sulfamyl benzoic acids like probenecid strongly interact with kidney cortex homogenates. Binding of these cyclic analogues to various cellular constituents of homogenate was efficiently inhibited by probenecid. The binding affinity of probenecid and analogues for kidney tissue, phospholipid vesicles (liposomes) and human serum albumin increased in the order : p-piperidyl sulfamyl benzoic acid less than p-benzyl sulfamyl benzoic acid less than di-n-propyl sulfamyl benzoic acid (probenecid). By contrast to the view put forward by Beyer (1950 & 1954), the results presented in this paper established that probenecid analogues are the true substrates of renal organic anion transport system.
Biological Transport↗
Protective effect of ketotifen and disodium cromoglycate against bronchoconstriction induced by aspirin, benzoic acid or tartrazine in intolerant asthmatics.
Oral challenge tests with acetylsalicylic acid, tartrazine or benzoic acid were performed in 7 intolerant asthmatic patients after a 3-day treatment with either orally taken ketotifen (1 mg twice daily) or inhaled disodium cromoglycate (20 mg four times daily) at random. Protection was noted with ketotifen in 5, with DSCG in 3 patients. On the evaluation of the mean percentage of the maximum decline in the forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1) only ketotifen afforded significant protection statistically (p less than 0.05). All the intolerant asthmatics studies showed, as an immunological abnormity, a slight, but significant decrease of the C1-inhibitor levels. Moreover, in three out of these the alpha 1-antitrypsin serum values were under the lower normal range.
Adult↗
The anaerobic decomposition of benzoic acid during methane fermentation. III. The fate of carbon four and the identification of propanoic acid.
Anaerobic rupture of the benzoic acid ring was investigated. Carbon 4 was converted primarily to carbon dioxide. Following ring rupture during methane fermentation, propanoic acid is an intermediate, and carbon 4 of benzoate becomes its carboxyl.
Anaerobiosis↗
The influence of cosolvents and substrate substituents on the sorption of benzoic acid derivatives by polyamides.
The sorption of some substituted benzoic acid derivatives by polyamides (nylons) from aqueous solution has been examined and the influence of their nature together with those of the cosolvent and polymer have been assessed. In all cases the sorption isotherms were linear and could be expressed by a simple distribution law, enabling the influence of cosolvent concentration to be predicted. The sorption of a series of p-substituted benzoic acids and some of their esters is related to their solubility except where the p-substituent is capable of hydrogen-bonding with the polymer. The extent of the interaction is also dependent upon the amide frequency of the polymer.
Adsorption↗
Partial characterization of the mode of action of benzoic acid on aflatoxin biosynthesis.
Aflatoxin production by a toxigenic strain of Aspergillus flavus was greatly reduced by benzoic acid and sodium benzoate in synthetic media. The reduction was accompanied by the appearance of a yellow pigment. Spectral analyses partially characterized this pigment as closely related to an acetyl derivative of a versiconal-type compound. A cell-free extract prepared from A. flavus grown in synthetic media was active in converting this yellow compound into aflatoxin B1 in the presence of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate at 25 degrees C (pH 7.4). In the presence of benzoic acid and its salt or autoclaved cell-free extract, conversion of yellow compound to aflatoxin B1 was prevented. These results suggest that the yellow compound is an intermediate in the secondary metabolic cycle involved in aflatoxin B1 production. Benzoic acid, sodium benzoate, or autoclaving the cell-free extract appear to have respectively blocked or denatured an enzymatic step late in the biosynthetic pathway of aflatoxin B1.
Aflatoxins↗
Mechanism of benzoic acid uptake by Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
A fast uptake of the preservative benzoic acid was observed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, reaching saturation in about two min and then remaining constant at this level. The strong dependence of benzoic acid uptake on pH was due to the relative distribution of molecular and ionic forms in solution and not to the pH itself. The molecular form was the only one taken up by the cells. The specificity of the uptake mechanism was evidenced by the pattern of irreversible heat inactivation of the uptake system resembling protein denaturation by heat. Furthermore, the effect of temperature on the uptake was similar to that observed in enzymic reactions, whereas the kinetic data of uptake conformed to the Michaelis-Menten curve of saturation with a Km of 1.54 X 10(-2) M and Vmax of 3 X 10(-3) M/10s. The evidence presented in this paper indicates that compounds of protein nature are involved in the uptake of this preservative.
Benzoates↗
Interaction of substituted benzoic acids with polysorbate 20 micelles.
Equilibrium solubilities of a series of substituted benzoic acids in different concentrations of polysorbate 20 at controlled pH were measured. The maintenance of pH was achieved using a pH-stat assembly. A linear relationship was found between the amount of benzoic acid solubilized and surfactant concentration. As solubilizate polarity increased, the amount solubilized also increased. Solubility data were analyzed, and the interaction between solubilizate molecules and micelles was calculated in terms of partition coefficients of ionized and unionized molecules between aqueous and micellar phases. A linear relationship between pi values (log partition coefficients) of functional groups and aqueous-micellar partition coefficient was found.
Benzoates↗
Ultraviolet spectrophotometric determination of benzoic acid in soy sauce.
Proteins and other interfering substances are precipitated from soy sauce, using sodium tungstate under acidic conditions. After centrifugation, the supernate is successively extracted with ethyl ether to isolate the benzoic acid in the organic solvent. The ethyl ether extract is washed with dilute HCl. Benzoic acid is then quantitatively determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometry. Recovery of sodium benzoate added to soy sauce ranged from 94 to 104%.
Benzoates↗
Benzoic acid inhibits peach root growth and lateral root emergence by disrupting auxin homeostasis through salicylic acid accumulation.
We established a non-sterile root transformation system in peach seedlings. Using this system, we demonstrated that BA treatment inhibits plant growth and lateral root emergence by SA-mediated disruption of auxin distribution. Allelopathic autotoxins, particularly benzoic acid (BA), are recognized as primary contributors to peach (Prunus persica) replant disease; however, the molecular mechanisms by which BA disrupts root development remain poorly understood. BA treatment significantly reduced stem and root length and inhibited lateral root emergence without affecting lateral root initiation. To investigate the underlying mechanism at cellular resolution, we established a non-sterile Agrobacterium rhizogenes-based root transformation system achieving 27.11% transformation efficiency. Auxin biosynthesis (PpYUC10), influx transport (PpAUX1), and response (PpARF19) genes were markedly downregulated following BA treatment. Transgenic roots expressing the DR5::GUS auxin reporter exhibited reduced DR5 activity in root tips and suppressed expression in tissues surrounding lateral root primordia, indicating impaired auxin signaling at both developmental sites. Hormone profiling revealed a non-significant trend toward reduced auxin metabolites alongside significant accumulation of salicylic acid (SA), an auxin-antagonistic hormone, and its storage conjugate SA 2-O-β-glucoside. Supporting a causal role for SA, exogenous SA phenocopied BA-induced root growth inhibition, whereas co-treatment with IAA or the SA-biosynthesis inhibitor aminoindan-1-phosphonic acid (AIP) significantly rescued lateral root number and root fresh weight. Multi-treatment RNA-seq identified "response to auxin" and "response to salicylic acid" as the most enriched GO terms in BA-treated roots, and AIP treatment restored the expression of key auxin-related genes while reversing BA-induced SA-pathway changes. Together, these findings suggest that BA-induced SA accumulation suppresses auxin biosynthesis, transport, and signaling, thereby inhibiting peach root growth and lateral root emergence. This study elucidates the molecular basis of BA autotoxicity and establishes a transformation platform for functional genomic studies in Prunus.
Indoleacetic Acids↗
[Chalcones and flavonones deriving from beta-resorcyclic acid. Demethylation of dimethoxy-2,4 benzoic acid derivatives (author's transl)].
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Animals↗
[Polymer linked N-(hexyl)-5-azido-2-nitro-benzoic acid amide; a photoreactive resin for the immobilization of ligands (author's transl)].
The preparation of a new photochemically-activatable polymer was accomplished by condensation of aminohexyl-6-yl-agarose with the N-hydroxysuccinimide ester of 5-azido-2-nitro-benzoic acid. The latter compound was obtained by diazotization of 5-amino-2-nitro-benzoic acid, exchange of the diazonium group through azide and condensation with N-hydroxysuccinimide. As shown for the photolysis on the monomer level, irradiation of the polymer led to the intermediate formation of a highly reactive nitrene, which is able to immobilize ligands e. g. L-phenylalanine to the polymer.
Azides↗
The fate of saccharin impurities. The excretion and metabolism of [14C]toluene-4-sulphonamide and 4-sulphamoyl[14C]benzoic acid in the rat.
1. 4-Sulphamoyl[carboxy-14C]benzoic acid was rapidly eliminateda after oral administration to rats (94% dose in 24 h). After 6 days most of the 14C (73-83% dose) was recovered in the urine with significant amounts (18-32% dose) in the faeces due to incomplete absorption. 2. The 14C in the urine and faeces was unchanged 4-sulphamoylbenzoic acid. No 14CO2 was detected in the expired air. 3. After oral administration of [methyl-14C]toluene-4-sulphonamide to rats the label was rapidly eliminated largely in the urine (66-89% dose) with little in the faeces (2-8% dose). The 14C in the faeces was 4-sulphamoylbenzoic acid, which probably originated in the tissues since the gut flora was unable to effect this biotransformation. 4. The urine of rats given [14C]toluene-4-sulphonamide contained 4-sulphamoylbenzoic acid as the major metabolite (93% of the urinary 14C) together with small amounts of unchanged compound (1.5-2.3% of urinary 14C), 4-sulphamoylbenzyl alcohol (2.0-3.9%), 4-sulphamoylbenzaldehyde (0-1.5%) and at higher doses N-acetyltoluene-4-sulphonamide (2.1-2.3%).
Animals↗
Rapid, stability-indicating, high-pressure liquid chromatographic determination of theophylline, guaifenesin, and benzoic acid in liquid and solid pharmaceutical dosage forms.
Theophylline, guaifenesin, and benzoic acid were determined by reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography without interference from active and/or vehicle decomposition. A degradation product of sucrose, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, can be identified and quantified in liquid samples simultaneously.
Benzoates↗